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THE
OAS MANAGER'S
HANDBOOK.
Fl FTH EDITION.
K:.v^\;>(; ■: ■■■;■,
THB
<iAa MANAGER'^
FIFTH EDITION.
IVclvnUc^"*"
3>-
r^
V ^
^
U. E. F ri-pi.r^^^g
HANDBOOK
FOR
GAS ENGINEERS
AND
MANAGERS.
St
THOMAS NEWBIGGING,
VfMAtr of th€ tiutitiiMan of Civil £»^i»rin.
FIFTH EDITION, ENLARGED.
Ronton :
WALTER KING,
Office op the ''Journal of G^s Liqhtwo," &c-
II. BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET. E.G.
JA^\3
I. %• *- DurLicA-m
TH€ NEViT YORK
PUBLIC LICIJARV
60305A
ASTOr^, LrNi"*X AND
.ILDLN FlLJ:;OAllLtNr^
ntuniD «T
la, OOUOH BflUUM. im i, BOLT COW*,
FlABT ITMUT, LOVDCIll, l-D-
:J
■TA. IJ*. JCi M -3
1
r
PREFACE
TO THB
f
FIFTH EDITION.
I AH gratified with the raceplioK which h&^ been accorded to each
successive Edition of the Hai^dbook. It has been my earneab desire
to make the work of the atmost possible use to those for whom U
is epeoi^j intended- The Book is the fnut of long experience,
ftnd of mach reading and thought. U; ombitien is that it maj
be referred to by the membera of the profession, especially the
younger members, and that it may afford them valuable assiatanoe
on occasions of difGcultj and doabt.
I have reason to believe that the present Edition marks an im-
portant advance on those that have gone before- Considerable
additions have been made to the text^ and much of it haa been
re-written and otherwise improved.
T, N.
WkKCBESVMKj December, 1889,
I
i
4
THK
GAS MANAGER'S
HANDIJOOK.
FIFTH EDITION.
hs^\-.L ■ ■■■■:.
fiir CONTBKTS-
PAOK-
^tatioD Meter House and Melei^ 160162
Pressure Gauges 162-16$
Pressure and Exhaust Registers 163-164
Gasholder Tanks 165-190
Gasholdera 190-218
Station Qovemor and District Governors 214-217
Main Pipes and Distribution 218>26&
Discharge of Gas, in cubic feet per hour, through Pipe^ of
various DiaiueterB and Lengths, at different Pressures . 247'259'
Service Pipes and Fittings 260-288
Pubhc Lighting 269-274
Consumers' Gas Meters 275-292
Testing Meters _ ■ - 277-292
Internal Fittings 298-806
Bronze for Fittings 308-804
Lacquer and Varnish 804-807
l^iblic Illuminations 307-829
Coloured Fires Sll-818
Devices for Illuminations 814-82^
Illuminating Power 330-855
Various Standards of Li^t 345-849^
Jet Photometer 851-862
Specific Gravity of Gas 855-861
Tlje Use of Qas for Goohing> Heating, ^'entilnting* ami
Motive Power 862-868
The Residual Products 867-894
Applications of Sulphate of Ammonia^ Ac, in Agricultiin^ ^ 870-880
Coal Products 881-894
Chemical and other Memoranda 395-409
Eolative Value of different Ilhiminating Agents ... - 401-40*^
Calorific Power of Gases and other Substauoes .... 4O8-40&
C0KTENT9,
l-AOR
Specific Heat of Bnbatancea . . / 406-407
The Gm Induatry of the Unitod Kingdom . . » . . i07-412
The G&pital Employed in Gaa-Works 412-416
Sundry Useful Notes 417-421
Co-efficients of the Cost, &Cm of the Buildings, Apparatus,
Machinery, and Plant of B Gas- Works 422-428
MisceUaneouB 42B-44R
OfBce Memoranda 448-456
Epitome of Mensuration 4S6-458-
Arithmetioal and Algebraical Signs i69-
Approximate Multipliers for Facilitating CaloulationB 160-461
Table of Diameters, Circumferences, and Areas of Circlee*
and Sides of Equal Squai-oB 462-405
Weights and Measures 466-471
French Weights and Measnrea. Decimal System . , . . 472-476
Money Tables 477-478
Alphabetical Index 47^
ILLUSTRATIONS.
•
FJO. *"■
1 Specific GrAvitj Bal&aoe 50
2 CoaJ Testing Apparatus tl
a Stage Floor Retort Hoaee 60
4 GrooBd Floor ditto 01
6 Bench of BetortB 62
Q-Q Sections and elevations of Buckstavee 68
9 Coke-slaking Apptkratas 68
10 BetortB— Round, D-ehaped, and Oval 66
11 Furnace Asb- pan 68
n Brick Retort and TUes, section 71
18 Fraser's Bibbed Iron Retort, section 72
11 Tar' Furnace 74
15-18 Betort Mouthpiece Lid and Fittings 81
18 Lug for Retort Mouthpiece BI
19 Price's Coke aud Coal Barrow 84
20 Cockej's Charging Barrow 84
21 Charging Scoop 86
22 Discharging Rake 86
28 Ash-pan Rake 86
24 Ditto Shovel 85
26 Pricker 86
26 Auger 86
27 Fire Tongs 86
28 Bridge and Dip Pipes 87
29>S2 Hydrauhc Main — various sections 88
82 The "Livesej" Hydraulic, section 88
sii 1LLUSTBATIUN3.
no. rtOB
88 Atmospherical Vertical CondeuseT 100-
84 Kirkbom and Wright's Annular Condenser . . . . 100
85 Horizontal Condenser 101
86 Horizontal Condenser for t^mall Works . . , 10&
87 Tubular or Battery Condenser 108
88 Beale's Exhauster 112
89 Jones's ditto 112
40 Laidlaw'B ditto 112
41 Anderson's ditto 113
42 Cleland and Korting's Steam-Jet ditto 114
48-44 Gwynne's Exhauster 114
45 Exhauster Governor 115
46 Tlie Tower Scrubber 120^
47 "Standard" Washer- Scrubber 124
48 '^Echpge" ditto 125
49-50 Separator for Tar and Ammoniacat Liquor, section and
plan 127
61 Purifiers and Centre and Four-way Valves .... 141
52 Tray or Grid for Purifiers 144
68-56 Drory's Main Thermometer 148
56-57 Sheard^s Apparatus for Estimating Carbonic Acid ^ , 148
68 Referees' Sulphur Teat 150
69 Harconrt'a Colour Test 161
60 Sulphuretted Hydrogen Teat 156-
ei station Meter— Cylindrical 161
62 Ditto Rectangular 161
68-66 Pressure Gauges 168
65 King's Pressure Gauge 168^
66 Differential Preaaura Gauge 168-
67 Crosley's Pressure and Exhaust Begister 164
68 Wright's Prewure Register 164
ILLIISTEATIOKS. xil'
no. vAoi
69 Gasholder Tank— Brick and Paddle 166
70 Ditto Cftst^bon 165
71 Ditto Annular 165
72 Natural Slope of Earths 166
78 Trammel for Gasliolder Tanks 167
74-75 Inlet &nd Outlet Pipes 168
76 Gaaholder— Single Lift 191
77 Ditto Three Lift (telescopic) 191
76 Livesey's Hydraulic Seal 198
79 Braddock^s Station Governor 215
80 Cowan's Station GoTemor 216
81 Peebles's District or Differentia! Governor .... 217
82 Turned and Bored Joint, with recess 221
83 Ditto Ditto without recess 221
84 Ditto ... - 228
«5-86 Open Joints 224
87 India-rubber Joint 226
88 Ball and Socket Joint 226
69 Expansion Joint 226,
90 The "Kimberley" Collar 228
»l-fl2 Syphons or Drip Wells 280
9S Bag for Pluji^ging Mains 281
94 Lyon's Main Testing Arrangement 284
95 Hnlett'a Service Cleanser 261
96 Service Pipes and Fittings 268
97-98 Street Lamp Posts 270
99 SujTg's Street Lamp and Burners 271
100 Bray's ditto ditto 271
101 Bray's ditto ditto 271
102 Siemens' ditto ditto 271
103 Parkinson's Motive Power Meter 277
xlv ILLU5TBAT10NS,
no. tnioe
104 Apparatus for Testing Meters 27t»
105 Cowan H Ventikting Globe Light 296
106 Strode's Ventilating Sun-light 296
107-175 DeviceB for IllumiDations 814-329
107-120 Brima wick Stars—Bee Hive ttnd Scroll— Prinoe of
Walea' FeatherSt Etephant and Castle— Compaaa and
Sgnare — BoBette, Shield, and Croaa — Shield and Bars
— Crown, Coronet — Eight and twel^-o pointed Stars . 814
121-122The All-seeing Eye— Three Legs of Han .... 815
128-184 Eloaette and Circle— BUr— Bird and Shield, SUr—
Slftltese Cross — Bible, Sceptre and Sword of State —
Globe and Cross — Crown — Aureole — Maltese Cross
with Queen's Head — Cross Keys, Anchor. . . . 81C
ldC-18SHead of Britannia and Legend — Britannia Rules tlie
Waves 817
137-148 Maltese Cross-^ Crescent with Bays— Windmill, and
Legend — Hour Glass — Mitre, Lion Bampant —
Masonic Emblem 81&
144-14C Medal with Legend — Rising Sun 819
146-152 Harp — Bose, Shamrock, and Thistle — Lighthouse and
Legend — Crescent — Star and Circle — Anchor and
Cable — Anchor, Heart, and Cross 820
158-154Honey Bee— Basket of Fruit with Legend .... 821
155-l(i0Star — Star of India — Hand and Hearts- Finger Post
and Globe— Star and Circle — Crown, Cii-cle, and V.R. 822
161-162 Spider^s Web— Horse Shoe with Legend . . . , 823
168-165 Union Jack— Coronet with Legend — The All-Seeing
Eye 824
160-167 Star of the Bath— Star of the Garter 825
108-170 Lion and Unicom— John Bull— True Lovera' Knot 826
171-172 Star of St. Patrick— Star of the Thistle 827
ILLUSTRATIONS. xv
nO' tun
178-174 Justice — Angei uid Trumpet with Legend .... SS8
175 ninminated Arch and Colnmns 829
176 Lotheby-Banftan Photometer 880
177 Sugg's '' London " Argand, No. 1 885
178 The Referees' Cubic Foot Measure 88ft
179 Ditto Pressure Gauge 842
180 Horcourt's Aerorthometer ,,..----- 844
181 The Cancel Lamp 846
182 Methven's Standard 847
188 MethTen'a Carburetter 817
184 H&rcoart*8 Pentane Standard Lamp B48-
165 Lowe's Jet Photometer 351
186 Boalefot ditto B52
187 Sugg's Illuminating Power Meter 353
188 Thorp and Tasker'a Jet Photometer 354
189 Lethebj's Specific Grauly Apparatus 856
190 Wright's Specific Gravity Balloon 86ft
191 Lui^B Specific Gravity llalance 300
192 Coke-breaking Hammer 308
198 Stephenson's Appariilus for Testing Spent Oxide 87K
NEWBIGGING'S HANDBOOK
FOR
GAS ENGINEERS AND MANAGERS.
THE CHIEF KINDS OF COAL.
Oiu»i-l itr Parrot Coal. — The rioheflt Gas-producing Coal, well-known
by its Lard amooth texture. The b«st varieties are found in
different parts of Scotland, and at Wigan and Newcastle- The
tis-c latter yield Coke of fair quality ; that froni the former is leaa
valuable, and much of it useless as fueL
llitumiaittin C'uil. — For GaB-producing purposes the Coal most suitable
lA the bituminous class, which iccludeacaking, splint, cherry, and
other Coals containing bitumen. It is found widely distributed
throughout the Kingdom ; the better kinds being those found in
Northumberland, Durham, LancMhire, Yorkshire, portions of
Scotland, and to some extent in Wales. It yields Coke generally
of excellent qnality.
Anthroi-iie or iziance CoaL — Chiefly Welsh, containing a large propor-
tion of fixed carbon, but little volatile matter, and almost smoke-
less in burning. Excellent for steam purposes ; but quite useless
Ibr the production of lUuminating Gas.
U^iu or IJroicn Cofd. — Found at Bovey Tracey, in Devonshire, in a
small field near Lancaster, and near Lough Neagh, in Ireland,
Of no great interest to the gas maker. Yields hut little Gas and
that of a low illuminating power, and a very unpleasant odour*
Gives off a large quantity of water charged with acetic acid.
Coke valueless as fuel.
NEVBIOODi'G'S HAVDfiOOE VOR
TABULAE VIEW OF THE
TRUB, PERMIAN, AND CABBONIFEROUS SERIES
IN ENGLAND AND WALE&
(FftOFBSSOK Hull.)
- fBed mar),
i Lower Eeaper aandstone.
Upper mottled sandstone,
I Banter Gongloinerate beds.
Lower mottled sandstone.
Xev reil. sandstone or trias
Pormtajj I'ocks
Cai^lioiiifurous
rouka
Upper
carboniferous
Upper red sandstone of St. Bees, &c.
Upper and lower magneman Umestojies and marls of
tbe Norbbem coonliee.
Lower red sandstone of Luieasbire, Cumberland,
and Yorkshire, &o. (on tbe same horizon witbl
Bed aajidstoneSi marls, conglomerates, and breccia,
of tbe central comities and Salop-
Upper coal-measures with lime-
stone, and thin eoal seams-
Middle coal-measures with thick
coal seams.
Lower eoal-meaHures, or Gannister
series, with thin coal seams and
lower carboniferous fossila-
Millstone grit, with thin coal seams.
Upper limestone 8ha.le, or Yoredale
rocks.
Carboniferous limestone with
shales, sandstones, and coal iu
the KortLem counties and Sect-
land.
^ Lower limestone shale^
Old red sandstone and Devonian rocks.
Lower
carboniferous
QAS ENGTNEBHS AND UANAOERB.
TABLES
Showing the Gmfif Subbtangbs of which Coal
IS Couponed.
Pm^centttf/s CamfKwHan*
NEWCASTLE COALS.
Nmme cJ CotH.
aiBa
On-
TltJ.
SS:i ^
NIlTD- BoL-
OiT-
Alb,
Gokfl.
BG'8l| 4-M
1-06 i 0-98
S'3B
108
7fll9
TuAftld ....
1 i-aa
aa'&a; s-si
1-20 1-32
4-39
a- 14
6618
Bovdan CIoh . .
85-47 «"6a
0^96 ' OGS
G'6e
fl-3S
69-69
HuwAll WkUhd^ ■
1-38
r42 008
&'i7
oaii
flfl-TO
Newoulle Bulley >
lfl9
8t'81 5-60
138 1-63
2-58
7-14
04-61
Hadley'A HutlA; .
1-31
80flfl, A-aa
lia 1 1-78
2-40
919
7931
B^tM'ft WHt Hullej
V26
80-fll! 5-20
1-fia 1 1-85
e-51
4-2&
. .
Wh( Hu-tley Mftio
1-BS
8L-8aI G-29
1-69 1-18
7 08
a-51
wao
OrJcin^ KvtJar -
l-M
81 IB' G'fi6
Oli 1 1-44
8'03
307
«8'3a
Atctb^ at Ai^btoui lUDplAa
■
From diffvfBbt minefl . i 1'26
fifl'ia G-ai
ISG 1 1-34 6-60
a-77
60-67
LANCASHIRE COALS.
IncB Hftll CompuiT'i ArLe;
UAydook.RubfljPu^ ■
BLukbrook, XjittU D«]r -
Wj^ui Umt feeb . ^
,, Cuuifil ....
CAldwall uid ThompioD'.
HigharDAlf ....
Avvn^ ot twanty-sight lua
127
132
laa
I'aO
1-23
1-37
1-27
1 82-fll
r 77' M
82' 70
1 78-86
' 79-23
5-88
G'&3
G-39
308
7fi'40
4-68
77-90
s-aa
1-76
O'fiO
1-48
0-H6
■1-18
1-41
1-80
0-80
1-73
107
1'19
1-48
a-ja
1-44
7-44
10-91
4-89
9-87
7-34
19-98
l-M
3-68
4-ai.
61-00
69-40
68-48
60-00
«0'Sa
6-95 64-90
4-88 G0-2a
DERBYSHIRE COALS.
KHlFit>wEUi«ia'»Bbie«ftr .
HolTlududCo'ABLwr .
BDtt«rL«yCaillp«i7'l Jjtjtgitj
SMTslaj
AnrmgB ol «T«n winplaa
l-awl fll-98|
1-817 80-06
1-2641 77'97|
1-^0 70-8^.
l-a92: 79'
4'86
4-98
6-68
4-H4
4-94
69-^
GLOUCESTERSHIRE COALS.
Cobrord Hl^h DsU {FoTHt of
1
1
D««n) .
]'ai97e-8:0| 6-303 1-750
9-063
9-065
S'OM,
63-97
.
1-813,76-602 6-.180 J-09C
i-fies
fl-6BE
6' 700
6-2 -SO
-
1-88J
74'410; 4-47C
o-7oa
2-370 S'fllf
9-210
69-7fl
^
1-884
74-484 6'29fi
0'6]I
2-607
6-831
10-23&I
60-36
rPMn^KaWI
I-S64
30-709 6-426
0-736
1-271
7-oec
48001
63-38
If flv Bovwm
Clodarford
J '332
7fl'8effl 6-430
79'3lOl 6-250
l-ti8C
1-94C
9'33C
4-760
68-24
1-307
l-2li(]
0-86C
9-lOC
1-230
69-22
P^rkflald. .
l-87fl
1-277
1-301
«a-0e9| 6-613
76-MOi 4 630
3a-4l0| 4 '870
0-940
0-630
0-770
1-467
2-440
6-89E
fl-fi30l
60-97
R-4B0in 480l
68-86
0-870 6-230' !i-8fi0l
71-16
'
\: ^
KEWBIGGl^'O'S HA?;DB00K FOB
SOMEBSETSEIBE AND OTEEB GOALS.
Kuiseft
DerbyiLirv Gu Coal
„ Caonel
Bolmll XottiDghun Gu Co&l
,, CmnDel .
I'oao, i-»3 aaao. 4-166 79iiO
0-840f 1-686 4'le6 3-fi20^ 7B-2y
OOe ri9D 1039 6&42i
7S-B7
l-3aoe2-^0j G-G40 0-910{ a-yTO 5-130^ 8'680' 66-39
1-286 77-249 5Bi3
1120
1902
1-271
1-291
74T20 49701
7e-9Q& 6-436
74-34fl'; fl-2S5
77-1B4I fi-517
l-2a973-6H0 G'tf7Z
1-120' 1-667 lJ-195 3'a56 6601
0-910,0-720 7'3]0,ll-jr70 6495
0-B40 1-47110-928, fl-420 &6'40
360^ 1-31814-2011 B-600 &4-76
0'770; l-'Z5l 12-61** 2-760 60-04
0-700 OWO 9-378; 4-G80 &6-«4
SCOTCH COALS.
Boflljud ]-21863'930| H-B&& 0-962 320 4 70221222 3170
Wftii>H;jjd Ekln I 1 '300 7r>'090| &'230' 1410 l-fi?10 G-OfiOlOTOO SHi^
GruKemonUi | l-29079n60, b'SaOJ 1-3G0 1420 t»-6H0 3-620' 66-60
KfcUacoo i-a&oao-oeo a-cooi i'650 rsBO B-oeo, 2-440 64-94
WELSH COALS (Fu>deb).
AtWrdHTH Co., JdtrlhjT
ADtUracitii (Jodu ud Co.)
CdnhiJi . . ...
LiUltVLt . ^ . , , .
„ . r . - . .
NiiDtfnnv Llantwlt
UboaLlautwJt ....
KoUy liusii .'.'.',[
T?r FllktiiH
LUbhilleLb .....
Abar tLtionddk . . , ,
Pontypridd .....
W*lUei,d
l^nerfflvii .....
Itock y%wr .....
30090
31088
376 91
20073
273 77
262 77
82679
282 76
302 75
302 73
866.33
274 97
320 30
81179
317 78
312 83
29077
940
280
4401
840
4L0
310
130
995.
452
410
134;
II7I
640
e75r
820,
270!
120!
980'
240
460'
140
553
642
6IO1
455,
497
507i
M5|
064'
0b5i
032'
470i
380
840^
am
1-210
1-660
0'210|
1-4701
0-560,
0-420,
0-700!
0'7O0
0-640
360
0-61SI
0-5i*5
ri2of
0-9lO[
O-7O0I
0-770,
0'930l
o-67o;
I-I8OI 0-940
0-910i lefiOl
0-790 2680
2-3401 8-290!
2-366112 0611'
2-037,10-366,
8-460 7-390'
1-643 12 8761
2-312 13-0231
2-414 14'l^fl'
2-27flf 8-6291
2-537I 6-794!
1-636! 2-209;
8 075' 2-763
3 960 3-7501
rSBO 8-900]
1-870 5-81«|
0-960, 8-560,
1 460
3-2G0
1-620.
8-920
2'OBO
4'226.
3-780
2-3.T2'
2-8761
4-043i
a"602
3-903;
1-310:
6-896
6-3101
4-820'
2-SOOi
7-650
-00
-83
-90
-00
-70
-82
-67
'30
-03
■32
-4V
'86
-39
-81
-80
-00
-30
'50
ANALYSIS OF THE ASH OF A GOOD NEWCASTLE
COAL (Tatlob).
PflT Cent,
Sirica 69-66
AlomiDB 12-19
Put>xidfl ol Iroti 16^90
Lime - . 9'9fl
MAflntftiA 1-13
PuUBh 1-17
100-00
GAS ENGINEBES AVD MANAQEBS.
TABLE
SHOwnfo THE Total Area of Goal MEASinas ik the United
KrNoi>oif.
ArH of Co4l Mtunni,
■nUi« Araa af Ccnntrj-
. . I'Fnrvlrtinn fA
MUiM.
Acnn.
Acni-
Gati to th*
In Englind ....
In SootUnd ft IpUsda, }
fliolasLTrf of Lukaa ,'
la North WkJoi- . .
In BoaihWftln. . ,
In Ireluid - . . .
In BritlHh IsIh . .
6,089
1,720
210
9G0
£.010
3,eei,9flo
1,100,000
184.400
008,000
l,U6l,600
ai ,770,61 B
18,944,000
4,7G2,000
30,399.608
1,110,159
49.640 l-8t]i
29,600 i-imii
7.42JJ 1-Oth
81,874 I'lltb
3,746 —
ToUl . , .
11,859
7,680,060
76.906,862
130.290 ; —
Exoliulv« of wood-Doal uid lignite forDutioaa, and lome iduU aadfiflaed bhab.
ANALYSES OF COALS.
The following tabulated reonita of the analjaes of the different kinds
of Cannei and Bituminous Coah. by Mr. Lewis Thompson, though
pablishod as early as the year 1851, still constitute the most compre-
iieiiflive and useful series of experiments (if we except those of Mr.
Jamea Pat«raon) that have appeared in this department of the science
of Gas Lighting ; and their general correctnesa and consequent value
have frequently been proved.
It ia to be noted that drif samples of coal were employed in each
experiment. The importance of using dry material will be apparent
when it ia remembered that when coal in a wet or moist condition ia
placed in the retorts, the results are unaatiafactoET in several rospecta.
In the first placet the temperature of the retorts is reduced, and, as a
consequence, extra fuel is consumed in restoring the temperature, and
in drying the coal by evaporating the moisture and driving it off as
steam before the coal is in a fit condition to undergo destructive dis-
tiUauon. A^atn, a portion of the moisture or steam is decomposed
in contact with the snlphide of iron produced hy decomposition from
VEWBIGQIHG'E QAlfDBOOK FOB
the bisulphide of iron or iron pyrites contained in the coal,^ The
oxygen combines with the iron, forming the oxide of that metal, and
the hydrogen with the salphar* producing gulpburetted hydrogen.
BiBuIphide of carbon and other sulphur compounds are also formed in
considerable volume. In this way the whole of the sulphur preaent
in the coal i& canoed to pasH o& into the gas, and has to be subac'
qnently removed in the procem of purification, thus increasing the
oost of manufaoture. On the other hand, when the coal fa distilled in
the dry state, rather more than one-half of the sulphur present is left
behind in the residuary coke.
* Sulphur ekiHU in CfttmAl Id ■ fioe sUta* uid id BltumlnonB Coftli chiaflj in
oombiofttioD with iron, u pynt«i nr bitulpbideof iron. FeSi, uid ttui la lh« retort U
coDTBFtad into lolpbide or protoanlphnret ol iroD, FeS.
GA.5 SNGINBEBS AKD HAKAOBBB.
ANALYSES OF COALS * (Thompbon.j
CANNEL COALS.
Nuneuid
a«Aar>l OliumoUl of ,
Volt
Matttt
AJaoTon . — Bavem blinx I ig-
Dita, ftQdoontuQlDfioryi-
Uli of oftrboDHte at limn,
with lmpr«BiloDH of IsATH
Aod depofliliB of iroD py-
rites. Compaot. PriDelpu
fnotara, olatj ; oroii Czu-
tare, irragolAr. Stnak,
dull browniih bluk.
Tbrown on tba fln. It
daonpitfttci, bnt doM not
fly. Coloaroluh,ft dirt;
enyi with oitnte of co-
Hit, )fr««DiBh bUok. Spfr
Difio KrtTiby of 00*1, 1 - 1967
16-G
Coka,
G4-5 4-18
AAbporCanL
la
Co*].
In
Coke.
Hqlptanrhi
VfttDn
at »
Ltf lime,
■lomi-
lu, uid
oiide
t>i iroD.
CoaJ^
I'70
05 , -7S
Bmbkad. -^ Browfi, oom-
jnct, Lnd DLkABivAj con-
LaioiDK ■ fowinipreuiDDH
of ilgillAriA. Frioaipml
IncL, wAmXjy dopcIioLuI;
aroflfl frvitara, Irrfl^Hr,
Slreibk, Tfi^low. Tbrowo
on tba an, d«orflpiUt»
■lightij} do«t Dot lnH, I
but ft[Hll4. Coloar of uh,
white; with aitrnte of
oobftlt, blue. Speoiflo
gnTit J, 1 - 221.
6a 4
aiO 22-8
CiFiujKi£, — Bfuiive, doll
blAok, ioipnuioDi of sl-
giUuiB, with dApoiJbi of
oftrboDsta of tioie uid
pyritei. Fdaoinl frmct.,
oonoholdfel uid ftlftty \
onu EnotTire, diiUiuuj
ootjoholdd. StrAftk, jel-
lowiab brown. Tbrown
on the flr«, dMreplt&tfiB,
■pIiEfl» uid fliM, but do«a
BOB tut^ Aah, trhiC«t
vltb DitAte of oobftJt,
blQfl. 3peoiQo ETHTity,
13275.
TS'lfi
of ft)q- [
mins.
■oe
G4 6 45<fl 10-fi
aao7
SilLoate 65 -20 1^
of Ala- ' I
miuit '
From Uh Joarnai of Oat Lighiing, Yoi. II., pp. 209, 323, 24S> 202.
llBVBia<nKG'B HANDBOOK FOE
AAtaparCmL
■
Hulphnr Id
Nune wid . Vols'
TiktqrB
Of '
CakB.
In
IB
Gok&
VolB-
GuuL HMMl
Mb.
«^ ^"^- M^^r
KiuirvfiB.— VunTAudfo- 60- '40' 1 lS-5
S3 -76
Sitiute
1-40 ' '58 -tW
liitt*d, tnt tfota Fonlgn , i
of mla-
1
m«MBr«. Dnlt bran. '
miiu.
1
PntJVip*] erHtnn, tUt; ; |
LimemDd
eroM f natim,ootii]holdM. !
1 Dildo of
Btmk bnnm. Soitroe];
'
Jnm,
1
!
Colonr of Hh, wbllUb
1
1
Dobut, dull dirk bluB.
Speoiflfl gnTit7, 1906.
KniaHTflWDOD, •— CompBct, ; iH-'t
duU, bUck, muflivB, with i
JepOtlU of OATtWDAte of
lime 4nd iron pyrltn.
PriQflip^ frmotuM, fllaty. '
OOiiahDidfe|;{irDM(rACCu», '
OOnaboldkl. Btrenk, Hblii'
{pf^biMck. Thrawa on tht
flrfi^dPorepiLateBBndfliefl,
but doen QDt fuH, Coloar
of ub, pile nmber, vith
Ditmta of oobiUt, dull
bbok.
b\-5
LEBVin^ao.'^MuilTB, dull
blade. PriDolpBl frutnn.
fiiitjr, iTDPDb^idal ; dtobi
frKtnre, DDQcboidHt and
•asuUr. StTBHlc, bluk
uid Boni«vb&t thJDiag.
Thrown an tbfl fira, de-
OrepiUt44 HliKbtly, does
not iplit or fuH, Colour
of ub, whito; witb ah
tnt«oi'ooh4]t,dlrt7 bloB,
SpeoLAo gTHvity, I 022.
'VJf[ I riO-4
I
i
I
I
LocnaELLr. — Colour, dull |
bUflk Bnd alftty, FrK- I
tli», luolming to fliAtj;
DTOflO fnctaro, JmffqrEhr ^
ooQoboidH]. SlrcBk^flhin- 1
1d£ bltok. On tbB fire,
dftonpltBteB «pd flt», I
Aih,vhita; witb Qitntfl |
of oob<, blae. 8pecifla l
835
CQ'G
OA8 ENGINE£BS AKD UANA0BB8.
Cuin«Z. Viii«T
Oe» Wihtbb, — Camput, G£fi
dnU browciih blmck ; free
from foreign [D«tt«n.
Prindp»l frftciure, sUtj? i
crotB fn«ar«, anffiiUr,
JQcUtiiuff to coPoboidHl.
Stj^nk. dnll bpowTjJHb
bUcJL Tltrowu on thn
flr&, dsflrepitatiH and
Bpliu. baC acrvfl Dot fly.
(.(AtruTot mah. dull white ;
vitb Qltrfetc of CL>bilt.
cliie rrc«D- SpooiSa gnt
Coliv.
47-5
A4b p*r Out
Id
Cul.
lei
COllV.
of
srTBioxidffoi
liFOn Add
I iiliutfl
I OlDlk-
Snlplwrla
QoftX.
CokL
I 30 -00
WiaiM,— Comput, bUdi! 37'
mad ■hiDEDir. PrincipLl I
Imct. coQohoJdAl ; tiroul
fnfMnm, conr^hoidtl Hnd
ODbkttJ. Streak, ehminff
bla«k«iii^ woxjr Throwb
on the flre. dfcrepltttea,
din, frod ihutAly fnflna.
Cotonr of tfih, yelloviflh
brocTD, iTioLiTjiitg to rtd;
witii LitT&tfl or oob^t,
dUtb bikck. SpeoiflB gim-
Tlty, 1-271.
»a-
3-
1 76 ;Oxid«el
liroD kad
1 ailHAbc
1-U
'60
oS bId-
i
miUL
Ida
UMlar
■70
W
lUii3*-t'» Ubttcabtli. —
Cqmptet ibd mafiaiTS.
BliMhily tiopdwUlioiide
M iron. hiv\ and ahln'
iaf. Prlnoipftl (nctnrs,
bifhlv coDchoidnl and
nuiaoid ; cro« Irftatun>,
flQii<?hoid&l lod onbicjil.
Thrown dd the £ro, de-
cr«piUt«B AQ^ ItieB ta
Eitce*, iaclinftd to fasf.
oIoTir of »h, rHdiFih
browa^ with ]ijtrjh(e of
eobalt, dull blurk. Spc-
cULogrftTiiy, J-aw^
!)C-tf
BlJO Of Cawhe 1. I M
Lrveraon'i Wall^fi'l
Coal. — Tlili Ih fe dull
bUck' buid) wliiob rojia
thmnffh tb« muH of (.ha
oool. nvitn™,a!atT,oon-
choldAl; or«» frtctare,
nn-a I 6^0 :lO-44:Oxidaof I'TS
i iiroD aod
lilLoAto
of lima,
with
almiuDi
H -SI
90^8 fi1J-a
9-36
IS -61 Oxlda of
I iron M]d
liiUoBU
of lima,
with
lolamiDH
100 -SO
'60
10
WWBiaaiHG^8 HANDBOOK FOfi
.,
Cok..
Asta fw Cunt-
NUtOH
or
AKh.
Baipbiu iu
GumL M^nat
In
la
Coftl.
Dnbicftl ud eobcb&i- '
dal. BLjt«k, bbck >od
Bblnin?. Oa tha fire,,
dplita, bat doBB DOl fly or
tOH, AhIi, datl v|ijt«»
ttitb abiidc cf piok; vitb
Dimtu oE cobalt, dull
fclKtfk^ !:}E«oifia Er&Tity,
1-Aao.
1
BiSD or Cajtsel ih FtUon
Main Coal.— CD\aar dall
bUck, with ■ tkmdf at
bravn. Strnctan, com-
pKC( Aal unifDroi. Fr&o-
tarf.cnrLchmda] «ad ilaty;
oroflH frai^Liire, jrrfliral>r,
coQchoidoJ, njtb dDp40iU
cf iron pviHes, StnLk,
bl^oli Pkud ibiaiug. Oa
the nre flpliu, bnt doea
i>ct fljr ; b^tflntiDJitefl and
inldiaflBoa* sliffhtly. Aah.
Uirty wLitfl, ttiLh shAdn ol
pinlc , Ijt nttrhlfiof cobftlt,
bl4£b. Kptf iflc flTftrJCy,
13S0.
31' fi
«8'5
O'd
ia-7a
Oxide ni
fljlinala
of Lime,
with
flllBllllI'
-96
w
-u
BuiTi or CujHiL IV WoMh-
ijiglan Coal.—Thit Te-
HiDblH PdtoQ ftbd Lanr-
Boa'a bii,udB, CoJour, dull
brown lab bjtck. Fn«-
tarp, TfTf^Lbr, aan-
CboiiUl , crobB EnHtore,
oubkHl iLiid cnrohoidmL.
BLrulc, ahmiDjjbluk, On
tbfl £re, BpJite bud foHS
flli^hU;?. Aflh.dirtvvhita,
vith Hbjide of pibh- Bpo-
omcgimvLty, I'52a.
27-1
7a-B
»-37 ■ lag
L
1
f
1
1
MO
■ea
-u
Btif POACBBEU, — Com put
And oniforti], FrKctore,
in Lll dlifoUiriiti oab^
ahoidkl, wjlb dajicaita of
o&rbciTiiLl« of limB. 3tn4ll.
■ibl[>i[tr{ ^Lfeck, On the
f]n,dtor«piuUB iind fUn.
bat doea d« iatt. Aiih,
gffcTitjf laao,
BO-
eo-
fl-W
J'B
1-90
■£2
-
■Th
GAS fiNGIKBERa AJUD UANAGBB8.
11
Aihper Cenl.
Snlphnr In
NlUBflHtllT
0«t-
Vola-
tile 'OfAfc
UatHr
.
In
coti.
In
Goka.
Owl.
Coke^
Valft-
bllA
H«U«r
pjufay lookicu;. Fnctnre, liLgbly
DoaobcnElb] mnd Tt^ttinoiiX ia ul
dirAatioDi. Stt-ebh, dull uid
[iJtflhj. On the Bre crLcki Mud
ipLtB, ih^D f nHsi ■ail boila up vith
eolabla ld o&pbthft, oil a( turn^D-
tiufl. And bianipbam at cvaon.
Sp«iQc gTAvibx, 1 (fM The votw
ia light iDd ErUbl^, like tlist From
pitaD.
06-a
83' 7
-6
1-78
'07
■07
BITUMINOUS COALS.
CffiHninE ! HaTgcattif.—Stmntan,
lauds. Priuaipai fractur*!. Ajatv-
inaliiLmB 1,0 ftDkriiUr; troan fru-
tUTti cmbical, witbdepoflitaofoir-
boDAte of lime utid imn pTTitea.
St»&k, dull bluk. On tbd Ufb,
■AlQbinntdfi & iJlbh- Aah. dirtj'
ai-5
fi8-5
fi-
7-3
fllO
I'lO
I'OO
uid coB-rse tfnyo^. FnattLre»
p^ngb inii Lsdkkj?, incliniDfc to
oabicol^ oroBU FniaLqrp,il!iLy,»t]d
ftDRUlu, Blru^, dcH bUek, Do
ttaa Are, nepiulinitea nod iwbIIi
■ littls Aab, dirtj* vbibo. Spa.
Cumbtrrlan^I. 2Ttt. H— CuhI black,
vitb daEl liLiiiiDB. Fructnre, irre-
rdIbt, iuoliuuii; to cubical; crosa
Inctnrv, rongli •ud Ani^lHr, with
dbu-coHl dcpuBitt- Strc4lr, bl&ok.
Cn lb< Qre, aveUa uid tana
■ligbtly- Atih, grey. Spccilla
CunAfWdrHJ, fTo. 3,— CoaJ bluk,
ftuii or^&ns gminBi^.nanil-firynT*!'
line. JTrBDlnr^Tt h&DkVy^nod «rigQ-
kr, vith layvrB r»f cbtrooU : croAB
IrvuCurv, irrv^lAr mud hUKulHT.
SCrebkf bra»iiiJib bluk. Un the
Jin, Hw«lla&iid u<luiJiiiiti3i. A^b,
Htbw wbitfl. Stwifio BrB-vity,
30-1*
74-fl
ll
1'
9-ai
L 30
1.10
1-70
'70
'SO
■HO
■50
Jft
NHWBIOGING'B HAIfT>BO0E FOB
OeneraT Ctaaxmcterof
VoU
bllv
rruktMr
CQKO.
ABbE^tConb
In
CuJ,
In
Bnlpbnrio
J I VoU-
GoaL Got«. ^ me
'HMtCT
iDnhTeiiDUi : Ji/fl I'f tfly.^Colonr, jot
b^k. Stnintnrp. Rjihiilry unci
pridOiBtio, FraoLure, ality uid
lar aud cubl^mJ, nlth dtiKHttB of
fiaiboDftto of lime and frDDpvntetH
Con (A inn fO^ani] blHi^Ji: bind?
vjtb clunxql. Streab. bUcb- On
tbe dre^ cntoklcB&Dd eplilfl ; fiisw
ahghUf. A4h, dirt; pa.lf> red.
3p«mb BnTiby, l-27!r.
40-S m-l 2-1 I 4 fi7 I 1-90 , ^aO <W
—Colour, iiQfcl blHOh, Rtrnflnrp,
gTuii]]fl.r jud oryeUUirje, Trao-
itarfi, c^DLriv |^TBiD«d ■r>d invgnljir
In fttl direclioLS, whb LUJuDrouB
iBjenof charcokroni] iron pyri tea,
ADcl Lraoea oE corbuuali^ ai llmi^-
Oii thn nr^. HWella imd tawR
slightly- Axil, brick icd. 9pooUlD
Btmvity, )S70.
Giralaea and ftbroiiB. P'rlnoLp^
1r>ctun>, hAokk^r and elMty, with
d«pOflEU ol cbircmt: croas IrU'
tnro, DDFv^n, inclining to rbom-
boid&l. vitii Ab'poaUs of carbnnate
of liiuB «Q4t iiDD pyrites. ^Eioftk,
dnlJ black. On tbe ^rc. fiiHs
■lijfhtlj'. A»h, d«Bp rPd. ^peaiflc
jEnvitjr, I 401.
ao-1
34'3
Q9-9
05"7
G-B sa
111 lO'SD
4-10
S^IO
2-20 ' l-SD
I'OO
I'20
Laticahdtri^ ■ .^r/#rv — Colonr, eoal
black, niiljHfiiiiiij^lnyFni. Stnc-
tare, mBHBivt*. I'Vaoturp. iacUnlUff
to 'b^tj, vf lb oharpo&l dopoEitB |
oroBE rrftctiire,?ubic«l. wltb traon
of cmrbontlft ol liine, On the
flroifplLLflBli^litly^AiidiiitiimeBoefl,
Abb, dull KvQ roJuur Spooific
gravity, l'27U.
St Eeima.—CM] blnck and kmi-
niitvd. PriucipHl fnftuT^, ilaty;
DTDW fmobare, cubital, ulih nu-
nwrODH dppitHttB of r-tiLmnl in
4» priDDJpfti frAcLare^ aud car-
Ijonntaaf liiu^ m Ih? nrosa fno-
tlire. Stmk. dull falacb. On
tb« fire, HvellH and HElntiEiatn.
AirhjUwncoloar SpfciSo^^Tity,
33-7 I B6'3
37 'fl
S'fl
G-48
1'20
11
1-91
I'lO
■GO
'60
■54
■66
GA8 EtrOTNEEBS A»B UANAQEH&.
lU
I* una itnil
Btrnknuop. — C<ttl bUcti; Uml-
TiDlftT- era* frmotnTv, tf^lritrj.
iDcliuiiiE ic cnbiojiL. i^Crnttt dull
Ubj}].. Op tbe^n, fua&i sliglitl^,
■Dd mtaoieoD^e, Aab, icrey . Spa-
oifiti ^p:«4it5, 1 '293.
Xbun'i Pf-imrojp,— Colour, trowniih
bUck» wilb abiDinir liyen. Fru-
tore m lil dircctionB, cubical &nd
BOmewhat irr^giklAr. with boru-
BiaiuE dtpwla ot iivE pjriLce.
Od tlia are, flplita uid crmE^ldcH
■Ligbtly, Awelli, lod iutumeuzB.
Aj4i. brick r«d, SfHcifio gnvitj,
Ganh/Jtf/J (J?rifp't].— CohL Muk lad
rttbar friable, with tbiu bvidi at
dvk LtmiuRp llirougboQt. Kmc-
tnn>, nneven and onbicml ; Ofoaa
tnoliire» utfcuUr and UiiDklfl;,
eonttining trfttm of okuictM].
Stmk.dnll bliak. On tbo An,
nrtUfl uid fuBD» CoEether, Aih,
Ufiljtred. Specific gr4vtt7.1£0U^
Gaffiijield (Coiran'O. — Coul bUcL
Kud BbluiikK* niiJL LUiu dbrk
Jkmlaic, Fnoturr, in-pgnUF and
cablet] ; crots fracture, fujgular.
und aflDrdJcgdepoaiUoTclivcDid-
Sir«i)(, dnll blaclt. On ihp fir*,
A^fflutlDittCB. Bwelli, ikDd p«.rlEKtly
luKB- Aab. palfl crouD tdour.
Spccifla gnfity, l-^lj,
<^oi/ort)t. — GcaI black, vith ■hiaJDfC
Uycrv. Fracturf, iirppikr, in-
dibibK Lo cnbioal ; croen fraclur?,
fntjiuJ, vitb indirjitioiih uF ehar-
e»L StrBLk, doU black. Oo ibe
Biv»«wHtH andaif^LiLtiiiatBA. Aab.
dull yaUov, tipecific KraTitr,
o&Lco acd apjibtry. FnoLnrR,
oabical sod alii'btl}' couchojdal ^
croHB fntDturp, Tuiiiral and irrS'
jj^lar. Strpak. blucli, wtLli 4 nliftdt
d( lirovu. i}o thp tito. enciia
■ndapli^a. wilbaLiidiu^teudaLfoy
\o a^^Iqt^nat*. Ash, «hit«, with
nd ttmkb. SpHido uraTitr,
I27&.
VaU-
Mattel
CokD.
38"
2a-2i,
3ti-3
70^76
71 '7
SO" 1 704i
AahperOeni.
eulpbarlo
In
Coal.
fli
fl-«
^In CoaL
Cole.
HW MWI
J'4 \'4C
Coka.
■m
71
a-:^ i-vy
00
'40
Vnla-
Matwr
-»0
■«'
O)
■Ul^
i-\ii
■Kj
;t5' I G5"
Mfl-li , S3"4
lU
1-1
i-ai , 1*10
3 Ifi
■9C
'50' 'W
■GO
'45
14
KEWBIQOINO'B HANDBOOK FOB
Nuavkod
OanormJ ChuiAlar of
CchL
West Harti'y.-3et black, with
thm dull IftiiiiDDi iti thi direation
of Ibo ptiTjtrj)*! fruturc, apd
HLii^bLdepoeiu oj chu-cuat. Fna-
tLire, alfltv, cubiortl, iijt'JiEiittg lo
ooDDliDidal , orutt fniclarv, LUbi-
fmlf niLh Iftjcn of oBrbcrialfl at
Vitas- Slreak, Lrowu bJAfk, Dc
thefirp, iiplirj^ iitid ftfptui, but Anet
net fuflc. A^h. dull cr^VJI cotoLir.
Spfidficgnvity, -259,
Zrucreoii'j TTi/^prri-/.— Colour, aokl
black, qjlL altmitig liyi^m. I^'rvs
LUrtf, DuLicbI. iLuil nlL|;Jitly d^Lyj
crcBB IrHctur", cabictil, ^tJth thin
lasers vt ixua pjriicri, Slmkt
black Aud Bhiniue. On thv firg,
ap«iiB Dnt.&ndH«Klqi1iiau>« Ath,
brick red, !J]Jtci]ia i^iivit)', l'27d.
^01*/^ P«afff/7i.— Dall blflck, witli
brlflbt lamimo, ropTse j^ralnnl.
FncCuTCr LTT^ieulvii't h&ckJfij, aud
in cl In tog ta piibioal, with cliarcoU
Stremk. OaW black. On tLfl firi?,
intTiiD«HCeH Lnd rugfia fiArlEally
ABh^ligLtTBltoT, SpfciacfiraTitTn
Pelitw ]llitin.^Co\oar, coaX block.
iticUuiug lu jet ia VBj-iable ^a^eri^.
Fraatnrt, ciiDJcal in lU diFectioDB,
and cirhoFtnie ol lim?. On (hn
Qti?^ op«i!H oiit^ ftppluiinaUR, and
iatxnuF^ci'i. Anh, fnle iawu colour.
Sp»uGcKT»ViL>f I't^Tl.
i'fjfon MniH.—CfAour, coal blaok,
with fihiDiufE iay^i-a^ KrLirEure,
ID both dirtci^ujid cubiciU. witL
tliiudfpo^JtP^cBrbnnai^of iLme,
Uid ircu p}rLtP4 jn lIi? croaa tiao-
ture, Streak, bliirh and bbluinj;,
Ob tbe Arc, opviiji out And Fcua
■lifilhtly, AbIi, pKlo ivhr; yellov,
Ollniiipta JEl in lajeri. Fmcture,
alarj andcuNral: oioaBfractnrp,
irrwiUr aod oubicaL. Stnak^
bUtok uid BbiiuDg. On thA An,
opcni oat, luHi uiahtlv, and id-
tanieB««, Aah^ liR^Jt brjok red.
9p«lflo graTltj, 1-206.
Vola^
tilA
MatMr
8&-ti
Coke.
61'2
AlbpnOflnL
Id
Coal.
4"
In
Coke,
7-3
Solpbnr In
C4»L
I'lO
ToLa-
Coka. til*
Matter
■<50, fiO
^■9
6G1
J-0
T-5fl 1-30 I 65 , -05
27-6
72-2, I'M
2-6
l-20\ 00 I -GO
30'3 ti«-7 2G
3' 73
38-4 71<> in ^ loe
30fl
69B J I 75 a 6
I'M) : -70
■50
110
110 I '5fi
'46
OAS ENOTNEEBB AND IfAHAOESS.
1ft
N&meuiS
0«unl ChBfBDMr ol
I lUa
Cgko.
labpuCnt.
0041.
Id
Cnkfl.
SnlphuT {u
CCKl.
JtfmtHr
KoicT-numEiiuyp art Dithbam: Jfi-l Gfl'T
AniM T^fia-— Rhioinffbkck.wilb
dull IbubIhb!, Fj-iftiirv, Komewhiit
rhomboLdK.] Hitd invKulv. wfth
lt>cri *>t charcoal Kud pyrit«a ;
rif^tdi fTitatiirp, Kii^nlFkr. ^Iivak, '
dali bro^uiah LIuk. Ou tiie TjrE,
ft^trlntiriflte* And evclla aLiihll^.
A«b, dvflp ptDJi. Spooific vnTitTi j
I'SSS. I
^7rp*/^."Co^o^T, cciI IUdV ^'ith -2ti'7 71"9
■hinlnjf tayprB. Fm:tur8, in Jkll
dirKbiDQA. tDbical,u-jth Uyernof
arbonaUfif ItmeiDdiroupyFitw.
on the croBii fnolDrflr k^irpftk,
bluk idd phr-iiiifi. On tlifl fire.
It. Ajh. dull ochry jellow. Spc-
ahogrmwity,l-^L
a>g
61
fl-W
MO
1-8B
iTdi'ii'tiyf^fi —Colour^ r<DKl bluik, 31'2&
»iUi HbLtsln^ Ibferi, Ff6ota«j
ia aU direcrbriB, curncAl »ei1 im-
KulAr. On tbf' Aro, n[#iifl outkud
hlxck. Aatj, reddiAb ^pJIot Spe-
G&-7o a<fl
1-W
I'W
*60 10
82
1-30 ' '67 1 -03
;i4-9
6&-1
blick, ooArse friihtd aod £brv)Lr&.
FfKcture, btckley, InoUnksK lu
rhomboiflAl, witb aumerotii de-
poeiiU of alifij'coL] Add tron pipntt-a:
Sireak, browQ blirk. Vii the firt,
■■vtlli Had fnAof Utgfitbor. AbU^
flnh-colonrpd, viih red Biniknr
Specific KTBvilj, 1'3]^2. |
^HiulffDfit. — ColoDT. dall blicL. !M-2Jj'61^TG
Slructurt, fraarts ^raio^d and '
iTTt^D^ATr FrAcmrF. sUi^litly sliLy : I
ETDH Ir&ctnrt, huckl^i'v, lucUoinK
to aabLCAJ.vitb lAjftn'of clitn?De.l
■jilJrvD pjriloB, m cubicriil crys-
Uk; dfrpoaitn of earbontle of
Lme. Su-ukH dull )i\Kk. Un ihc
fire, allprB bet little, uid inm- 1
n«i«i jdifftitir, Afth.dtillyfllov
■od flocOQUDt, Specific i;n\ity,
8-5
4-6
A -66
a- 35
1» I'M
3-10
1-BO IHD
IB
NBWBTGOING'& HAlfDBOOK FOR
SmtaB fcod
0«n<rm] Chancier of
CokL
Colift.
Aih per CflbL' HiJpliiiTin
In
Coal,
JfiE blut, ud in fcquHr?. ipliutry
fr^rajflDlB, PriDQipql FriKtura,
■lity^ Aad atigbtL; t^aurht^idik] ;
orosH IractuTT) irrat^liLr, Lud iiu-
merouB blmck h&nda. Oa tbe &ra,
decrepilioea uidopeaa; d06fl Dot
fuel'. Ash, d«6p fawn «oJi>ar. ' , I
iplintryAud hird. PnitcipjU frwi- ! | ^
lure» alatv; croaH fracture, iiTc- f *
flDlAT and ftu^inr tDciinint; Lo | '
onbioTbl. 9truk. KbiDinK bluk, j
On thii f^TB, crai^klflB hnd hurik* i
irvolyr biLt triuaina D|ieu, wilUduL
ftDy 117 inpto mi] at (iKiotir Aah.dAep
rod, SpeciJJC KHtvitj, 1 ;i07.
IB
GnU.
'80
IJ'I , I'M
Haathfrit^ — tJoloar, doll bUak.vitlj
BEiiEilDtc lijen. I''rb]tiira, ilatr.
DDJilaibiag depgAJti of ebmcintl ; ,
aroaa fracliire, cubiial, wiUi Uiibi
lajei-d ml cartiOUHtq of JlUlt: urul
iiMu pyritna On the fire, spliLfl 1
■.nd (uBefidJigblLy. ^ab, pvio dull
jbUow, Specifla gr*iitr, lacK).
^tJcen^K ID fi- — Bp\iatty Abd 1
luniaftted. PriEcip&l fnctmv. .
■latr; crosa frEhotimrau^I&r, imd |
■liRntl; mnrhoidbl. Srrrak, dull
btuk. Oa tfar Jjre, epliu kud :
OTftokli^A Hli^hUy: does not fnn*,
Adj.duUrad. Si«,cnv[ty,r90l, '
I
WoodMhufU. 7 /^, B-m/-«r^,- ;
ribrouB and dou-hb ^rnlasd, I
Prijicip*! frafitnrc, bMlfiley; cnwb .
ffkcCuiu, irrevaJu-, iualiulmr li; '
rboinboidal, wUb U^on of ohir ,
whI. Oq the bre, §weilB, but dm^H
Dot tuHB- Anb, deep fawn Dolour. |
8p«iacgiavUy, 1 291.
8eatii.—C^ biiiok. wJLb nbinli^j
Uren; [aminatT'd- Fraclurfl^plfrty
aud uubical. «ilL ahan^nul de^
p»jt9| cross fractqif. oabical.
Blrnik, black. OniJiH ftre, *wytl4.
ftbd afii^lntiEuleB. Aah.paleUvu
Mtonr. bp«dfle gnvlty. J-30U.
■K'fl
£T-L I L-TpI J-UU l'r*0
Volt-
Coke, ' Ulff
-8B
4^
■ba ub
■7P
sr)
^1
WJ- IfK ' 2-90 1 laO -70 ^ "(iO
JU"2 I iiy-tt I 12:? L '/(M , '90, 'W
■aiJ
a7-j
ti2-j 2^5
!-40
•m
■m
GAIi BNOINBfiBS AKD HAKAGBBB.
JT
GofeL
MikUflr
FrKclure, irreflular, iaolioiDg to
DuttLoil ; croflv Irkotura. foItAtad
mad iplJntr^, nitb DUbiarotu
Utbti oC ahmnioBi, mod aomih ladL-
QUrani of iri:^ pyrites. Uu-Bftk,
dal] blujk' Ou the Grt, btbU> uid
foieitofletLw. Ash, puis jelJow.
Haahon, Turd Sfffn. — Cotl hl^tk,
vith diiUUmiaa-, FraotDrttt irr^
Knlmr^ iiicliaiDD to eublckl; oroiH
inctaret ftPguliri with cnTiBiiter-
•bid dApomta cl charcoAl, And
ALa LtjcrB d( cArliaiiHLe o| Lime,
Sinak, dulJ bUck. On tba Qn,
■nlTitiontet And iritDioeHQai.
Avi. fAwu coluur. SMCiAo gm-
Tity, 1 271,
Uuabon yaitt SffJpn-ShlninKbbot,
ud i& DalnmuLr asnoTt9t>ii>as.
Frulon, Man* ^nd^Uioklef ,vitb
cbu-coul ilepotitn ; crtiui ttioiim,
rliamlu-iidal md crj^ilalltDa, with ,
ihio JAyem ul cArbouAW u( LJUJB, i
Slr»hk» biuk. On th« Df«. iigRlt]-
tiuAtra aligbtly niid iiitunmooi.
cotl blftck. [^trnrkiire, on&ne
grmined. FructuTQ^ alftty add jrtE-
(!Ul«r; OTOaafnCtmv, b(k?lili-yHrLd
iiDHTi]»r. On tbt tiro. BWtita
llient]^. ABb. ligbC fiwu colour.
Biionda Low Maim, — Ccdoar^ od&I
biuk^ooftHegrtiDL-daiid hkckley
Frurture, irretrulit *nd akgritiv
DBbiD^ ; crou friLCturi?, raD^h
nd AOtrqlHr. Str^itk, dull blftrk
Qd Ibfl Lie, la^OiaaMcca &qiI b^Iu-
UDatH Feebly, Aah. ptla red.
BpedOcenTi^. 1-260.
41'a
SI*
31-9
CofecH
se-B
64'
JuhptT C«fiL
1b
OdaL
1'4
1-4
^■8
aa'i
77'ti
709
a 7
111
1-71
A-ia
S-BS
Solpbar In
Cdtl^ I Cokfl.
*W
110
IID
'4fl
AD
VcIa-
HftUv
'10
'50
■70
«>
S-« , 9-30
£1
a-7a ' fl'90
1-20 J I'lO
I'lO
1-10
p
^^^^^^^^^E
p
1
■
w^m
J^^^^K ^^^^^^^^^^^^^B
H
r^
It XeWBIOOIKO-S HANDBOOK FOR
4
SuwHd TvU-
4«]a pv OtQL . lul|ibuT !■ B
flM##«l OiAMelrt iVf nte
CAka,
V*U-
c«aI, »un*t
III
I
Cak*.
Tauunnu: HUteoi h\:>vt l*il-— \ 37'
ea^ 1 ]'i ' I'Ti ' 1-ffi -ci
'«
Oolonr, )itb]uk,ir]ih doUlATtn.
1
Buvcturp. UmLoAlod, I'ncturB,
Irviatr. riitim, tttch rmmproui
de|R>*lLi ul c^*M:i:rfkJ,uid irAci« of
f«'l>-in«t« i>T [im* SET|4l[, b^kok,
Oil ittc flrr, HHvliK und fnuR wllb
;*Ilew. I^jwoiflfl KtAvily, l-Zit!-
,
r^nj^-.^Hin f^/ifT. ■'*'■/' -Ci>loHr,w»l
BVA
«-l
1-0
fl-UI \^\ TS
-A
t>:ft4:k ^IruntiirP, «[iljt]1r^. and In
WjiTt. l^r*oturT,i<)*ty,«]Llj tdudi
Iff I'nknv^l ' frt^A fra^ff p<- hiflnlfr
1
ttn Elid rir«,4]i«rf bot ULUc,«iid
■
^^a
dHH nal fiiiifi<ird<ifin>plUI*, Ath,
■
^H
biick red, S|i«oiac jfia^UT* I'iAO.
iicrrt^"il]/ -i'v%\ MurL, i^Jtb it^ilo-
37
ea'
■
^H
1-B
i'A4 i-m
AO
'U 1
^^B
lof Ift^tn. Ill iplluiry ftOfjEnfuU.
1
^^1
Kririiirn, lirtitJrni«! •ml pii^toi];
^^H
v(uu riauLuEf, [uLic&I null irr»'
,
^^^
HuUr, Stt'di, liuLJ b]4^b, Oej (Lo
^^^^^
. ^rv, *X'l\XM ADil DpnriB, but «(!*>
T
^^^H
■ WBfdt wlullnAkA AD«i lutn-
^^^^1
F naaifliin, Aah. li«hl bwo colour.
^^^^
S|wiino tfrivity. ]':£W.
^H
£|iJft'vn(H ■^'4*' 1 — Cokiur, |*l bluk-
11- 1 lU-!>
fl'W
4'ai I'frD
'SO
'^0
^^B
8iropbqfT. Utalbbtrid uid prlft-
^H
^^L
^^^^H
L Witli Jdiiuniiij u| iiLrljiiijiiftEiJ Ximn
^^^^H
1 Mi<1 fihari^'vl. fdtronb, liltei and
1
^^^^H
■ «rj|u]ijfr. Ou [lit* nm. xplU* nnj
^^^H
1
^^^1
f Bp*«ifl»«rk*Jty, 1-flflO-
^^^^
HtrutCflrr, uiiirorui. pFAntnrp,
aa-
tt-
l'»
4'i 1*10 1 m
'tf
^^■^
^^^^^
- Id «II dllrroU?i;iiH cnblcil: tntM,
^^^^H
m ol tAfbouabeot limf »&4 ohftrcokt.
[
^^^^H
B Hlrrth, hntfc-ntili hla^li Ou th*
^^^^H
fl Aid, tAm *li|(bllv, tnd inui-
■ PMunn, Alb. ;ivrlowlah fawn
'
^^^^H
^^^1
r eoloor Rp#rtno flr*vily, l"ijW.
^F
iltttiaaiiit. ffi.n — LolA<ir,ooiiI bkalr.
us M-8
l-B 1-3 1-U tt
■»
^^L
Smulufa. LBuluAbfed uid iini-
1
1
^^^H
1
1
^^^^1
lOBifitf : otMB fnoton, LrrtciikF
'
\
^^^1
mdeubkiftliivJUi&poiiuaf »Uu-'
cc^ *o^ tnufi* of ctrbon»t« of
'
^^^^^1
^^^^H
?lm« SLr«k. bJaoh. Od Eb* Or*,
1
^^^H
fUitnliuiv, Atb,pdv(Ainipoloiir-
1
1
^^^^1
OAS EITGIN&EBS AJtD llANAaBBS.
10
» M
ttl4
CokL
Alb )ftt Ciiit.
Hvlptauln
nkms UH
Cc»J.
Iq
CofeJ.
Id
Coka.
Com,
Coki.
Tolft-
iLla
ttmtm
YoUiHiBi : 5oap Souvt Pit —Dull
bluik aod ilf^t wi^ EmprwloDB
of laav«L Fruiini*, roimh and
hicUn, IdbUqId^ to ooDohofdal ;
tfTTttm tncton, Irrpftntfj uid ut-
pllwr. On ths flrn, ipLitit uid
Bbsn «t(fcti]tdiut^ uid Awalta,
BLrHk, diJl bramiAh btA«k. Ash,
li^t brown. BpnriAo grmvitf,
anifoTin in iippeviuun ; rvHmbln
ommlooul, FnutqrVpOoiicbolditt;
crosi Iractan, grlEnLrT imd oou-
otioidft], vitb Uj^n di oiLrbaQjtta
of limh Straftk, bl»k. On Uw
fin, deonpitatfli sliKhtlj ud
■pliti, bat doei not toH. Aih,
(Uitjplnk. BpeaiflcgnTit7,l-U7.
36-
38-1
65'
66-9
10- a
1-33
16-7
■76
1-90
■40
■70
-60
AoVH min«d ud tll^tlir flb-
mu. FrMtarfl, JrT««iU*r, !□-
oUaEnff (0 oabio^* vltfa Utjtn of
■obAnnal ; orim fnotor*, hb)kl«T
ud BDcaUr, with tAOH ot IrvD
prriBfls. On tbo An, but Uttlv
uitfited, IntDmoaoa «tid a^liiti-
uAoi. Aahf fftvn oolonr. Sp^
daogrmvity, 1-365.
99-B
701
a-
e-56 - 3-40
1
•
1 1
1-SO
110
COAL AND CANNEL.
Eyerj-daj eiperiened ahova that vamtiona occur in the quality of tbe
^coal obtained from the aame aeam and in the aame locality. The identi-
cal Beam of ooal alao variea in quality in different diBtriats. Coal got
from thoae porta where the aeam ia thickest ie more likely to posBesa
nniformity of stnictnre than that got near to the circamferenoe of th%
l»4m.
Hi, E. W, Binney'fl observations led him to the conolnsioii Um ~
Beams of ooal are materially affected by the nature of the m
imposed strata. If tbia ia of an open character, aoch ae sandstooi
o 1
HfiVDIOGlSad HABDDOOK rOB
^niUKiiii; matter can rv*di1y oBcnpn ; vbiU, on tht* oUi«r luiid, if tb«
rouf la of 'blmoid ^t tij^lit tlftoli >ha]o or bine bljti^, llie ^im U
rctuned, FiLrtbcr, it irt Di>t burvAKiuablc to iufer tLat tb<« n*^euUi»
niAlUr of irlirt^i com] ii coinjHHrtt nuuli) bn d^ponit^tl irre^il&rl^.
iTor oiABi|iK cluni^ tli« pg«i of prtuiVT*) vcgvUiliJo growtli, a J&rgcr
propoxbon of Icares worild l>t itcpoTiitcd m Mtac places titau la othen
where Uio dDiHieitH i>f bjirk adJ coliulnr iwnc vtnM he in *iom.
TheM PO&flilicniK would niilunLny (einl to [)roJi]C4' vamiians in (Jiiftlitj-
Id Mami (ft oa&nel there is moru uuiforiuiL^ of quality Uiaii in thoM
of OTfliUAry <:o&l>(lrtff to tho ciruuiuMatice^ &a ib tJuppaAodt of their
liu\iji^ hvisa furuied rioiii ^t|;tlablL< luaitvr luii^ uun^-rvtcit in wat^r,
Ibiu litiuriDg a men? intimate adniiiiur^ of this vegL'ttUilo itabAtances,
lliSR«U blown that variat ions m tho gDs-proilL^ciii|{ i|uatiliwi of
aoal arc cuujvwi I7 lIl<< iimU-riitl Imving Wii s^mrlcd for a lougtlt of
limn at t!io jnt a uioutli.
Tije pnitit^uliLrH cuixlaiiipil in tbo fottowiiig Tabtefl, aliowJng t]](-
Prodncinii To^'c-r of varjoun kinds of Conl and Cannel, h&vo been
dorived front the itiuidard workn on Gei3 LigUting, from ParLiaiaeiitaij
Beturu8, ant) from tJi« tccuiilcil le^ulle oft) to diire»uL eipuiiQciutaliHlv,
in vhatevipiT aiitlientir form Uicy may have app&arBd. Th^re tw^
ovidoiit diKCTOpanQivfi bfitwMin i^onio of tiiQ resaltE, ospeoiaJiy bntwccu
the aarlicat nnd tho ico^t recent. Ths ninge of tiii)«, boireA-:!r> vm
Vfhioh %\\« ftcvi?nii cxpiirimtTiit!^ Imve hveii made. emlrra,i^e[i & £H?ricid of
taorfl tlian Afty yt^nm ; ntid it in doulitlcr^ 10 the itppfuleot appamt&s
(Mod in tJ]0 cArlior triuU that tlio diffortiiio^ bctwoon these and tiiti
later reiiiiltv may cliic^Hy bt^ atLributtil, In »omc iaslaucuA ihn
diffi^nna-j' in HJily apimi'imt, tlic fUftLillntoty piut*™ having liean pio-
longud at iho tixpciiau of lli*j illumiuaiiiig power.
It i« e^n-rtliiwly di»nJriiblp, in ieoonlin>j tlio resulta of expurimj^tilg
vitb mittiiv'^A of rnHoUfi rnnlu wit3i ^ttt^h otbor, and along with otLti
siihatanceD, that Iho nxact pmport^oiin na^id aIioiiIH bo dLatcii. Whi^Jt
Ui««earoni>t »pcolJt(^d, tlio oilier parLiciiIara gi\\-ii are couipiLnitiiiJly
vahiHc'AK. Tho Wiirtli nf wmin of the informiiioTr rontaiiied in tlis
anbjoinod Tablci woulcj bav« b««n much enhanc&d had thi8 ncocanory
role been followed.
Tha veiffht of tb« coke proJiie^d in the ditTer^ni trials ubould also
ba fifivon in oTory in^tanco. The abaenoo of such iufonnation, to
caaJy obt^ued, and of vach obvioua valne, ifi dwaya to be ru^ebud.
dA
QJkS ENQINEBBS AND HANAaBR3.
COAL AND CANNEL,
QwinUtyof G<t9 obtained from Cwd tiiid Cannel per Ton : Itlwnijuiiiiiff
Pow^ of the Ot» ; Specific OravUtf of th€ Gm ; Weitjht oj Coks in
Pounds per Ton ; and Percentage of Ash m Coke.
The reflnlta described in the third colamn of the following tables were
obtained with the old burners, nowdiscardedfor the *' Standard"
burner ; it is necessary, therefore, when desiring to ascerUin the
illuminating power which the latter burner waald develop, to add
about 16 per cent, to the figures here given.
Ciibla
SpeoL-
of
Fa«I
qf Ail*
Gthv,
AifaEo
Haiott of Co^-
of Gns
Id
oMbv
^S'^'-
AvUHTltT^
)l4itnad
HCrLrKi,
Ou.
pnTm,
Coil la.
AlT
l-OOO,
fS,.\
CtV7l£Li CoALp
ia,«oo
E9»5
-630
iwr
766'
Cb*rt«red Gu Co.
lfl,334
4fi-
. ,
717
..
Mr. T- Q, Bm-1ow.
Ditto
ij^.ax)
ti--?i
■753
708'
73^ 16'
CllKrt«raii Qu Co.
Ditto
lir.-ltH;
a-1-
■720
700
6396
Dr, Fyfe,
BndgtiTatoT, *
u.aoo
Mr. J. Leigh.
4,050
ao-
■Hn ".!
. .
€ibpol«]r«s . . - ,
14,100
1M'7j
'677 , 1019'
a3"07"
Clurtered Gm Cd.
Ditto, No. I , . ^ .
ll^fiOfl
i\-M
■041 ' fl99
17'20
Dr. Fyfe.
Ditto, No.3 , . - .
lf,flOO
-w-
-650 1350
43-7
Ditto.
Cli^pelniJe, AirJria
11,272
.In-PU
3ia
19-08
Dr. WktlLOP.1869,
lO.TBO
[4'a7
Nil.
, ,
Ut. J. FmtersoD.
Danlbriaila . . . .
»Mi
37-6^
■693 1220
7^95
Dr. Fylo.
Haywood, Soatab .
10.876
22 -75
.. 1 IMS
»■
Mr. LoQirworth.
11,400
:\\i'2l
. J
1167
17^ 9
Mr. F, J. Ethdh,
12.SO0
ii-2
■563
898"
S37"
CbirUind Gu Co.
9,620
,,
■711
,,
Dr. Pvfe.
Kciffhtflvood
9,730
,,
■590
,,
Mr. Wright.
13,900
ifl-
-660
116J'
4-66*
CbHTt«red Qu Co.
e.gco
■667
,,
Dr, F5fe.
LurrubAffo, No. 1 GluL
18.600
27- ]
'64a
1129"
1806
Cbmrtend Gu Co.
Dilta Ho. l^Q. .
VA.tm
a4-H
■616
, ,
,,
Ditto.
Ditto ,,,...
io,i7a
i4ii
-669
1360
0-68
Dr. FjfB.
Diuo
ia,7£0
U-Si
, ,
106a
1086
Mr. F. J. ^nat, 1868.
Li,fioa
la
12,030
;i4-s
tc
"
lOSL
11M7
Prol. PadDj, 1809.
Ditto, tit eiperi aunt ■
ii.aai
-'
-640
»•
Mr.Wrigbt.
* Mr. L, ThompuD.
^^^^
■
^^ 1
^^H
^I^^^B^I^H
^^^^^ti KBWBIOGnJG'S HANDBOOK FOB ^^B
^K
Cuhl?
1 1
ufOM Otftr, 1^^
1
^^^^^^H
FhI
A»hte
■
^^^^H tQe or CotJ.
nlOm
COkB
AnlbCVLtJ, H
^^^^^^^^p
OtlAJIwd
ainfia. o»K '7 p^rOrti-
V
H
f4iTaik.
^^1 € iKH El.— tiint mil ftl.
1
i
^H IxbiukIiud, fiudsipml-
fl,»7B
.. '€M
> I
>•
Ur, J. Hcdi-^ ■
11319
.. ' 'TOT
,.
,,
^H LflvPTVin ....
UJ»D
16' 1 Ata laAC', Id^QI*
CbiLrh^rod 0»« Co. ■
^^B Loohji^llj . 1 • .
V^A
■fi(37 liW'i IP"7"
Dr, INfo. M
lo.ow
TiGU
Dtrio. ■
^H McLhUnd
10,IVO
'MI7 : ..
,,
DItUi, ■
^^^^B Xntv Rrunawi/"!!
TIU
V79
Ur^ Lh TboiiupfOD- V
" ■■
10,000
1S'4fl1 ..
■ ■
4-aa
Mr. KiuN^ ■
^H 1'eltou , . • . •
1I.AO0
J8-fi £30
16a*'. iti-7a»
lo^aoQ
Sl'l '£4H
_.
_^
Cfiftrurvd Ou Co,
^H B4maer'« XowoNtUo ,
W.T<C
., '&A-JIO
"
"
Dr, Pyrp.
V.Uffi
lU'U
ififlo
,,
Dllto
«,l<16
flC^
_,
__
Ur. WrlKH.
u,m
•■
era
• ■
"
Ur bA>,puadt4GM
Co.
Dn XsKtoa , M i 11 vr,i c.
^M Dillo
0JJ67.
TBI ,■ ..
•«
U,t5]
117-a
^ ,
tUfl
JO-U
Ur. L. Tbotair#0ii, _
^H S^lrhPiTTOfi . - .
«^>
'640
,_
^^M Hoou>[i . 1 t - 1
3100C
teo
• ■
■ •
38,818
-600
,,
Dilto, ■
^H KUtCriTLlivhlf* , . .
■ ■
iiao
6-8
Ur. fj. ThomrflQo
ai^ftoc
tl^
,,
Dr, F|f*.
lO^GW
IH'
600
laae*' ifl-9"
Mr. J. H«ll»y.
^1 -KtUh ...
n.i»
-■J37
..
hma.
10.B7C
-070
Mr- Wright,
10, IV^
■1101
, J
Diitn,
^B DUto
H,300
&4-b
bSO
1064'
fli'ja
Mr. KTfcut. ChrUdjCo
10,000
■IH2
, 1
]>T, i'rfo. ^
V,£OC
■leoia
Ditto. ■
n,soo
'tioa
,,
Ur.J.nA!l«7. ■
ll,M(J
Cnfi
, J
LivtrpQiiJ G«ft Co^ H
^H Ditto. tiiMHill . .
ii^7a
-tiHO
1174
Mr. J.I.BiRh. fl
^H Ditto, do. . . ,
11.100
«■
'6W
iin*
4'7fl
Ur, l!vauft, (;lirlid,Co ■
^H Dliio, B«l«urM> . .
11,600
,,
,,
, ,
Mr. J, l^xgU, fl
^m Ditto, maaddl'ft . .
Il.AOO
,,
^ ,
DUto, ■
Lf,4M
■478
^ ,
UrWilgHtp ■
^B Ditto, Holloii'i . . .
Iti.MlO
,,
Mr J, Lalgh. ^^B
M.Jti.']
«i(l
■ •
Mr, CJtffe. ^^^H
^M Ditto ..,..,
J1,m
eiQ
DJlbo- -^^^H
^H Ditto, K«7 A D«wi.
^^^^H
UJOO
,,
, ,
Mr, J. LelRb. ■
M.UO
■MO
, 1
Mr. CLtjt«. ^^M
Dr, VfU. ^^^M
^H Tnrfttbln ....
U.bOO
'4fil
, ,
^H DitWn Wnt Inili & Cod
^^^^^H
^V Co. Wnl Afditlij,
^^^^H
^H iitar Lefttfl
lo.nw
Ul'
■ '
1944
•■
Ur. W. Bugon, ■
^
• Mr, L, Tki»aip«OQ.
J
OAS SNOIKBEBS AUD UANAGER3,
!»
(tfOcHL
KlWCAlTLK ClULB.
BwtODUHln - . ^
fierwiok A CnUtar*!
Walbend . .
BteDkiiwopp.
Ditto , . . .
DflHi'i FiimnM*
DiUo . . , .
Ditto ....
EdanMAin . .
fiUiaoD'A Blun .
Enrilih oakiujF ooal
PamiiflMaiD
Ditto, BuCo'i
DittOt Cowkd'b .
Diuo . . , .
Godorth - - ^
Ditto ....
Huling'B Hutlvf
HaaloQ Mun
EattoD Saiii .
LeTflnon'i WnUatad
Ditto ....
Henutle . .
Ditto ....
Dltio ....
Ditto ....
D^tto . . , ,
)f««FaIt>>n . ,
P«u*th> WidWnd
Ditto , . . .
PaJtoa . . .
DEtto . . , .
Ditto ....
Ditto ....
Pfllav. . . .
Ditto . . . -
Ditto ....
Friftv hf bf □ . .
BuhII'b WallHDd
aontb P«U«
SoathPvuAth .
Sdath T jii« . .
UrpMb . . .
WiOlHidt KflVOMtJfl
WuhlDgtOD . .
WaalHATttoj .
CaUA
of Oh
10,M7
11,900
S.TOO
10,600
1U90
10,500
10.400
11,300
e.000
IIJOO
lO.MD
IO,f>00
10,000
10X100
10,900
10.400
8,700
10.800
lo^eoo
11,648
9.130
9,395
9,900
10,500
11, U7
9,700
11,000
11,000
11,434
9,74«
11,434
11.000
11,000
19,400
12,000
9J000
DIE
«lQ»a
In
B4ud.
(Sidih
OrmT.
of Uu
Oh.
Alt
IttO.
12,000
lO/MO
10,600
11-5
13'
la'fi
ia'5
la-G
14-3
li-
la-
14-
14-
16'90|
12-76
12-6
19' 5
■400
'470
-591
■450
-4A0
■410
'490
-400
-416
-490
-410
-996
-996
■403
-403
-42L
'410
425
■425
'475
-415
-410
-430
■4S0
■497
'&55
'444
■430
'430
'430
-4ie
■490
'430
■430
m
Odkt
la lb*.
ToA,
AMbbt
Ouk*
per 0«nt.
1809
1565
1606
1681
1466
1490
1458
1564
1604
1669
I56t<
1427
16ff7
1640
1468
93
96
73'
'9
7-8
Asttioill^.
Mr, Clftgs-
Ditlo.
Ur. J. Hftill*r.
Mr. L. Thompaon.
Ditto.
Ur. Clefw.
Mr. EvuB, CbTtrd> Co
Mr. Cle«w.
Mr. CJ««g.
Dr. Fyi*.
Mr. CJru.
Mr, L- TEompioD.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Mr.EiraDA.Chrtrd.Co
Mr. L, ThompBon.
MrKT»ns.Ohrtrd.Co
Mr. L. Tl]t'in|iioiir
Mr. CJeEK-
ll&nlepoDl Gli Co.
Mr. L, Tlinmpioti.
Mr.KvauA.Cbilrd.Co
Ur J. Uedlty-
Liifhtou GbhCo-
Drij^htoii hud HoTB
Slh. MeLrqyilila" 0*>.
ExaWrGHCo,
Mr L.Thoctpfton-
Mr. ClHff.
CHmbridn Qu Co.
Mr,Bnnt,Cbrtrd,Co
Mr, l..Tl^nii|ifiMi.
Mr J. HftdJey-
Dr. PjJb.
Mr, J^ Hedler-
Mr. h. TboiDpiLOD.
Mr.KFBOi.Cbrtrd-Co
Mr. Clegf .
Ditto.
HoofaHt«r Gu Co.
Mr. L. TbomiiuD.
Ditto.
Ditto.
RavalTioflWeb Retort
Mr. Ij. TEompton.
Ditto.
Ur. L. Thompson.
«
NBWBmGlNd'S HAJa>&OOK FOfl
OqUq
mam,
Pow
^^s'-
WBtak
of
C6k9
F*e« olOaa
OraT.
AAln
Vtmt of Catl.
ofOu En
oTbbfr
Cakt
AOlbtaitj,
ObHiiwd Stand.
Qai.
parOviit.
HcToa. teema
ALT
^
CDKBEBLim, YOBV'
!
■mU. t.A]rGt»EIVB,
'
1
1
DlABYflHlAI, BT«r-
'
1
tOBDlHlAlt VeLBH,
AKD OTHEB KINDS OF
[
Coil.
'
10,300 ' IB-
-403 ; 1640
«■
Ur. J. &. Clifl
1485
5-ja
Mr. L. Thompion.
ii,floo ' is-e
-406
1460
Dr. Tbompaon.
Aabtoo - ander- I^ma
OOftlllHk , . . .
fl,00O 10-
^,
,^
Slailord QaaCo.
Bu-lsy Brodi, AtIaj,
ffipm
S,«OQ lfl^7
■400
1459
4'jO
Mr. Alfred Kinfl.
BlokwBtaflt liivertiooK
11.434 ..
■476
, ,
Mr. J. Hfldley.
Bltrton
7.10O
9-6
,,
J ,
BilHtDnGaaComunj^
Earmgate Gao Co.
Mr. Wnabt-
Mr. L. Thompaoo.
Bnnoepetb ....
Brrmbo, 3-yard ooibl .
8,600
9.dC0
13-
■466
'■
Ditto. mmlD ....
IO,fiOO
15-
'640
1534
tees
7-a
a-Hi
Ditto-
Cumberluid, So. 1 .
,,
^^
,^
Ditto.
Dibto, No. 2. .
J,
,^
1667
i-ea
Ditto.
Ditto, No. ». .
^ ^
1646
5^8
Ditto.
Dfrbyfthlra ....
0,000
IS"
, .
„
LeamiDgtoQ Gaa Co.
Ditto
B,500
13-
. J
,,
LelcHter Gaa Oo.
e,«oo
15'
. ^
J,
Giford Gaa. Co.
Ditto, StAVHlsy . . .
1324
■ 4' 57
Mr. L. Thorn paoD.
Ditto, de«p tniiilt - -
9.400
, .
■424
..
■'
Mr. Wrigbt.
Ditto, kCc coa] . . .
7,600
,,
■698
,,
w
Lelcnter Gaa Co.
Ditto, do, . . .
7,000
-448
. ^
..
Derby Gaa Co.
Ditto, do. . . .
7,000
,.
■4S4
,,
,.
If ottingbara Qm Co.
Durham Pirlds, beat
e.eoo
la-
_^
SatiderlaDd Om Co,
Fomt of Dutk, lit TV,
1U,135
_.
■360
, ,
■ ■
Mr. Gkgg.
Ditto, Snd varietj .
lo.iaa
. .
■360
, ,
Ditto-
Ditto
9,000
8 to 9
■ ■
Glonoeflter Oaa Co.
Fruoe, Drnmin (Vt-
l«DoieDn«t} . .
^,
,,
.,
1570
0-66
Mr. L- TbompaoD-
fHnwood Hall topooaE
Wigan
10,920
16'
■566
1346
6-7S
Ur. J. Paterwin.
a]oD«at«rafair*, Coal-
PitHftadi. . . ,
1566
8^3
Mr. L. Thompaoa.
OloQOHtershErB, Wbite-
Dtoft, DOarLydDPT .
HiDdlflfFlddbefltooai
, .
, ,
, ,
147fl
16 89
Ditto.
10,760
15-ao
■460
J814
6'46
Mr- J. PalarvoD-
JjMda 00*1 ....
6,500
■530
Lwda U>B Co.
LL«D«Uy, WalM. . -
5,000
CO 6,000
-
-
■•
■■
Llaorily Gaa Co.
LainpcoaL,W«t Brom-
6,500
■453
.^
BirmlDgbam Gai Co-
Dltto, do.. . .
6,500
'456
,,
BlrmmKbam and Staf
fordabire Gaa Co-
QAB EVGIKEEBS AKD MANAQEBS.
25
NunBof Coftl.
CnUo
Phi
ofOM
ObWbwd
par Tod.
ViBioiTB CoALB— eon'd.
Mfnvdd BHchy-Olo-
L^olliery coal ■ - '
Nutii. Soutb Wftlfi -
Ormakirk or WiAn
HlscJ*
PftHl Oat* 00*1 . . -
Powclk onik], 2 (iw(^
pharg^A tvety fi noart
FthVelL coal. 1^ cw%.
cb»rf^« ■ very £■ boon
ScmcrHelHUIrecDHl, -
Bitto, N»ils*a ^ . .
DjL'.^;. lUdqtotk- . -
SCAffordahiTB, Ap«da]e,
DiUo^ 4-f«t do, .
Bt*flord<faln, Hflftth-
«rn ■ ■ - - ■ -
Ditto* SilTRFdAle, 10- ft.
DiUD, WoodihnU, Bu-
buiy, 7-fwl . . ,
Ditto
DittOf BoDtb. lit ir«. .
Ditto, And do. .
Ditto, Srddo. .
Ditto, Itbdo. .
St. HelBDi . . . .
Stockport . , , .
WiJofl (KortfaJ, TtaftboQ,
top jkrd lAAm
Ditto, IDKJJ] fiUl . .
Ditto* jArd H&m - .
Ditto, KkQt MtD - .
WiLlep^^tiuNi), RiioadH
Ditto, Irjw ijtaia. .
Ditto, KMth, . , .
WcUh con], tit nrlBtj
Ditto, 2Dd do. .
Wigan tod St. HMvai
o«ikiri^cf»l
Yorktljirv, iM'stSontb.
Diet", Klw'cjir Loft' Pit
Ditto, OiiglflAton C1I9.
toft
DUlo, Mortomlr ' >
Ditto, Silkitooe. . .
Ditto, SilkfttoDB, No. 1 .
Ditto» BUkitona, Ko, 9.
Ditto, Silkiuvu, No, 3.
fl,790
7,000
ii,aoo
e,300
7,fiO0
9JG0
io,iea
B.2A0
0,000
7.780
10,088
10,667
10,667
9,600
7,800
ii.aoi)
lO.OOO
10,183
9,168
9,000
8,600
lUUB-
Powst
In
Stud.
Spann
CjMm.
II'
18'7fl
Utol2
On*.
Elf tlis
Air
4S8
470
Wiht.
Cakm
LdIIm.
1412
t4£8
1383
1S7H
I 1344
1379
] 1478
1840
■898
■896
■890
■AJC
■639
■468
■8S6
■880
16'£5
14-
13 ■S
1407
1400
1 310
1473
1391
1729
1738
1411
1 443
1411
1476
1889
14fi2
LA In
Ooka
94
91
74
Antborilr.
BwiB— G— Ca
Mr. J Hedley.
LiverpooJ Old Qm Co,
ll(jtt>etham G&iCo-
Ur. J. pHtat«oD.
Mr, Wright.
Ditto.
WfilliGuGo.
Mr. L. ThompHQ,
Ditto.
Ditto.
Dilto^
Mr, L. Tbomputi-
Ditto.
Ditto.
Bftth Ou Co,
Mr. Clegg.
Ditto.
Ditto,
Ditto.
Jlr. L, Tbamptan.
Biookport Ou Co-
Mr. L^ Tbompeon.
Ditto-
Ditto-
Ditto.
DLtto.
Ditto.
Mr J. H*dl*r.
Mr. Cl*we.
Ditto.
Mr. J. Pft tenon.
Sbefflela Ou Co,
Mr. L. TbompBou,
Ditto.
Ditto.
Qmt OrimihjGuGo.
Mr. L Thompsoti.
Dttto.
Ditto.
K£WBI0QINQ'3 UAUDBOOK FOB
Namtof Cc«L
CnUo
of Gu
Obuiud
par ToD-
VABioira CoALm—contd.
Ditto, SILkfttoDP, Data,
ThomoUAe , . .
Ditto, Sup HoQH Pit,
Ditto, WcKidtborpfl. .
UUTDBEB or
Cahnkl kMD Coal.
Pntportiona tpecijied.
AtIbv MiDa oofel
7-8thB
BoghFftd maael & |i6r
o^at^, NewouUfl oohI
9S per oeot. .
Boffhead c&nnel Mth,
F«lton doaJ 9-4thi .
BoebBftd UDnst MOth.
lioehfleJlT ciuiii«I
9-IOtbB
DrijEh]iti«toQ G4qdb1
l-4th, H&Utfii nft
bad DoU 3-4tb< . .
Idd« HHJIcaiiae]68 p«r
o«nt,. Arlay ooaI
■Uok S2 p«r HDt. .
Lnnubago oADaaL S
Cr cent.. Cambflr-
id ooftt 04 par oent.
Wlifui ooftJ fend iron
Co/b o&dtiBl 72 p*r
mnt., Arlry oovl
■Uok 28 p«r cant,
WiffUL OBDnel 2-8rJfl,
ooftl 1-erd . . - .
Cuinal »ad y»woutla
oo&lltoG. . . .
H»U DUDoal ooaI, hftll
bUokbed ....
Hftlf DUDel, bAll co&l .
.AvpoWfdni not
tpeoijUd,
Wl^raa oumel uid otbar
oo«li
Cuiod and batt or bad
oodi .....
10,800
mmn. I Bpaol-
POWIT, 00
oTQui Onr.
in orUia
Bund. Oh.
Bpaiu Air
Oidl*. imo.
1G-B5
10.400
10,000
13,000
9,065
9,000
7.000
9»Dfl7
9>fi00
9,000
9.000
9,4fiO
10,091
9,260
01
6d
Wsfab
Cok#
iqLbL
Too.
ABhIa
Coka
pai CuL
14 IB
1466
1490
9A ..
9
6-
1'23
IS- 7
m isx
■fitfO ; 14G2
AothDillj,
Ur. F. J. ETmnl, lOTO
Mr. Ii. TbominoD.
Ditto,
BLBckbuni Gu Co.
DaroDport Gii Co.
Mr. T. G. Barlow.
Ditto.
Sbipley Om Co.
RoaaandAle UuioD G»a-
Co.
CirUaLe Gu Go.
Roiaead«le Union Oh
Co.
Haywood Om Go.
Allluca Gu Co.,
Dablio.
Padaev Gu Co.
St. Hultiu Gu Co.
BirkaohMd Gu Co.
BrftdCord Ou Co.
GAS ElfQlN&EBS AMD HANA0BB3.
»7
IfHUBoICuL
Df Oat
lObulDtd
pnTod-
DlDm,
Pdwbt
of Oh
In
SUiid.
BMrm
tdtbt
Oh.
Alt
IDOO.
WEhk
of
Ooka
InlbL
Ooka
patOant-
AnAorilj.
UixTiraflB or Cahicel
AMD COALr-COnfll,
KflvcHBUe oakjnj; cx)^
Cuuwl and base horua
00^
CuumI uid Navflutla
IHUo do. ,
Ditto
do.
9^00 to
10,000
g^ooo
9,300
9,400
0,000 to
9,000
WMt Bldinf BUDvl
uid oommoD cxsl . BJXO
Oldlum. WfttflTffftU,
■ad Wifaa oud«I , | 9,600
MoTiTBEi or
DuruuHT Coals.
Ooal'Pit HHtb, Fonat
oE Da&d uid South
Wft]«
D«rbv«hlr« and SUf-
fDrdahlr* uU- - -
DiKo do. . . .
Dwbjihirv, Nottioff.
bvsBbire, vid Yorh-
■b ire bert oo«l
DerbyibLrB undForHt
ol Deui oocl .
Low Moor mixed wltb
two kjadi of alftck .
V«w Palton ksd othnr
KawMBtla oo&ii .
Hvwporb (UoDmoatb.
■bfra) ftfjo SonufHt-
■hlroooiU* < . .
12-
latoH
12fi
lOtoH
BaTeuworth Pekir d^
Nflvaatia oiiftli .
SUkstona uid Builuv
cnl
SoDth WftlH mnd Bris-
tol oaal. > . . .
attflOhUbln ud Der.
h;ihiz«ooftl • - .
e^fioo
fl.000
7,eoo(o
a,3oo
9,o:o
a,coc»
H,COO
Nawprt
8,600
Somtn.
6,500
9,000
7, GOO
7,GO0
0,800
18'
lOtoia
9tol0
Ifltolfi
10
13-
9-
18'
n-6
126
'Sdi
■420
HasUiigi Gu Co.
Hotinflilh Ou Co.
PboBDix Om Co.
PlTEDOQlb Uid BtOD«-
bomo QtM Co.
PortHA Iilud Oh Co.
Softrborooflb Qh Co.
MMDbrfltar Om Vila.
Briitol Chia Co.
WtrwiokGiisCo.
Wo»HE«r Gu Co-
Nottidghaoi Gu Co.
Cbflltanbara Gu Co.
Bradford Oi«Co^
KE Dgaton -on-Tham**
Gu Co.
W«BUti-mDpcr-Marfl
OuCo.
BacclH Gu Co.
LiuQolD Gu Co.
Bridgewaber Gu Go,
BlrmlogbamGu Co.
18
NEWBIGGISO'3 HANI>B0DK FOIL
HUBBflf COftL
GuUe
Peel
of Oh
3bUiiwd
Iiet Ton,
niDu.
Power
of Ou
In
Bp«ln
oidls.
BMei-
Ad
Onw.
OttiM
Air
1-000.
Wgfal.
or
Coke
lolbi-
Tofi.
A^Id
Ooka
pflrOmL
AnUiorn^
MiXTUBC* or Go&L 471 d
orOMM BtlBHTAMCIB.
Lkotwlt ■mft]] ooiJ.
with 5 per oeut. of
Broxbonna nh$}t oil
lT««CMt]« 0«1 80 per
MDt^T Tiitildid bltn-
iii«a W p«r OAnt . .
If owoMtl* tail BO p«r
Dent., Trialdfed bltu-
mfQ 10 per OBUt-
New Bnuiavick Al-
bwtite
fl,760
JO^OO
10.000
0,166 lo
10,200
aiG
17-e
IR'6
Mr.T^G. Bulow.
Dr, Letheby eod Ur
KeeCM.
Ditto do.
Ur. BvukA.
EEUENT ANALYSES OP COALS AND CANNELS.
QAO.
COKfi.
tf Atni Df QoeL
G&B "per
11) ami- HtrpUon
c«-
Pn-
Gah«
AaUurilj.
TonoE
nKiLag ' Liy
bonk T^ nf
GOIIB.
Pomr. ^ro-
Ukldfl
Co^L
Ibi.
CubLo
dloi. L per
1 Csnt
Cent.
CODt.
CtKHEtH.
1
t
Bo^lieftd, , . ,
ia/300
40'0 1 S5'0
I'S
670
CO'O
Ur.F.J.ETast.
Irfemtliatrn
1 8,000
sa-g 1 14-0
aa
980
70
Lotljliu Chdi^qI
la.TOO
&40 j 17'0
70
fitiS
BO
GlciiKb C&UDe], '
12,000
30-0
7-7S
10' 5
1183
US
LoftiMlly . . . ,
10.500
17'0
400
e-Q
12S3
15-0
10,200
QOO ; 12-0
a-5
iiao
8-0
lojno
HO'O ■ is-a
41
1130
6^5
KlrkEesB Hill . . .
l0.bQQ
£10 14-0
-i'O
1299
9'fi
Ijceewooi Carlcy -
10,000
S8-0 94-0
ao
7^
100
Ditto dn. »«n^
ir^Xi
200 , 12'S
so
1120
BO
TTCIDJEH. . . ^ ,
11,000
tt&O 170
I'O
1H44
60-0
11
V^HOUK GUALP.
Fdbm [Old) . . .
n,^
13-fi
fi'O
n-n
1500
fl-7fi
„ (Now) , . .
10^
ig-O
4-75
4-fi
1588
9-6
ytWw
lojno
13-23
4'h^
4'^
1566
2-6
VBldridev ....
D;)00
1^0
41)
3-fi
1568
3.0
"
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»•
.
GAB,
COKB.
Huie ot CoaU.
Ovpar
Ton of
muni.
Al>
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Pbf
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Cak4
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OOftlB.
PDW.
Bro<
Oilde
CemiM.
Qeot.
OaUo
diu.
mlas
£ak
lb*.
V^uotfl Coals ^font
i.
W«Aniiouth
10,500
135
4-7
8-8
1600
9-6
Ht.F.J.Btuj*
Bnle^i Tiuindtl
lO.lOQ
13-a
I'O
fl-7
1450
3-8
IT
I>Hn'a PhcnrD"v -
10,GO0
13- fi
5-0
4-7
1400
3-5
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ia-7
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8-9
1470
3-7
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9.000
la'O
6-0
9'0
1600
s-a
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T^mbtop
lO.&OO
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4-0
8-8
1630
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HMwflU . , .
H};HM
la-o
a-4
81
18O0
a-6
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t io»«o
15'N
fl-afi
6-35
1364
3"0
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16-64
6-fi
6-95
1877
2-0
i 10300
16'6&
4-7B
7-0
1480
6-1
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10,^00
16-5
6-fi
6-6
1433
4-B
■t
Bb« Lonlwit. Cur
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philly. , . .
e.Tso
16-07
7-3
e-a
, ,
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tar. FiddH.
Ditto di>. , ,
9.676
18-69
4-65
7-3
, ,
J.
PovoU'b LailevI
E
Ditto do. ua%\
b 11,079
16- «
6-05
10- 1
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6-0
8-6
J,
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I
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Cotflford, Hiflli I>«1
I
3wa . . .
9^15
15-46
4-7S
10-3
. .
, ,
Ditto do, .
e,7w
14-13
4-35
9-4
_ ^
CBDoel— ViiTflff Hi
Goiliery, FoDtvpoul
9,969
17-91
«-a
8-6
■1
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9^1
lG-47
5-8
4-0
ii
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11, 8^,*!
13-6
4-3
5-9
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Ljdnpy - TMDchfcn
Swa ....
9,B70
14-77
5-45
S'6
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aty ....
ftJSfi
13-64
4-26
10-16
J,
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16 'OS
5-9
8-9
,,
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Dibto du. Iatk
9.7(IH
16' 33
6-4a
H-33
Deui'B PrirjoriMe .
9,a)0
16-0
.,
^ ,
Ur. 0. Livney.
Holmiide
9,800
160
. ,
■I
'Wttt litYOItQUM
9,rJ
16-6
■ '
J J
. J
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Townlfly. . . .
0,200
16-3
1J
WaBhiagiaii
9,200
16-9
.,
. .
■ 1
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me . . - -
9,600
, .
, .
. ^
Wnb PpIaw . .
9,037
. J
. .
Norfolk SiikatcDe -
lOjXO
17-6
, .
. .
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1
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RECENT ANALYSES OF COALS AND CANNEL9— ctmrinwd.
COALS. (F, J, EvAws,)
S*mt flf OmI,
Gf4
pai Ton
in
Jllnml-
daUvb
Powti
of Oat
Vklnd
Cabla
Tad at
pbur
InGoaJ
cnn-
dedlBd
Bromliu
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ToB In
Cnblo
OrmlDi
or
Bpenn.
iba.
pel
Cut.
lba.01
OM Pelton , , , .
ll«)
14 50
340
lau
'7fi
SO
&7I
11,600
U'7r,
351
leoe
■Sfi
4-5
SOI
W*Bhinf!tOQ . ■ ^
10,000
]&'00
sua
15-JJ
'7a
5-0
GI4
KawPelLgu . . .
lO.lDO
H 00
330
i4oa
'03
4-7fi
404
LereroD]] . - . .
11.000
U'OO
33fl
1111
■GO
4-00
£38
Dun'a Frimrou .
10,500
ir»'00
AliO
11^
■ao
400
640
LDQduniicrry . , .
S^OO
mcio
306
iGiS
J'64
S'60
&H
Da. kveroi^ of ei^ii
■
BKOlFleB . . -
11,000
IQ'80
403
IfiOO
1 30
GOO
63d
GoftlortlL . . , .
LO.OOO
i^ rAi
sai
149fi
i'lo
4■^0
46^
Wdt Hartley . . .
10,800
L4 00
130
J4II
I'2U
4-30
61H
QiBliuRB Hartley * ■
lO^JOU
HOC
;»3
1344
1-60
4 dO
4M
CANNELS, (F. J. Evanh.)
Con-
Spuifla
PbotDf«Eilo Pow«r.
Oupn
Too.
deuivd
per Cent.
Bpeolflo
Gmtcy of
Con-
KuudICuuhL
bj
DfOU.
dennd
AatnaL
. ^'
BiDmin*.
UfttlCT.
inalj^
Boghead . . .
16,000
300
'7fi2
1'31
36' 76
86-30
Lwiuhuo. No. 1 . .
13,600
16"0
K4tl
t-64
27-10
26-24
Ditto. Nq. 2. .
Gtpeldna . . .
1^,200
17-0
rtm
1'4S
24S0
24-31
14.400
16-6
fi77
1-29
19-76
2L'28
Amilitoa
13,600
170
*m
140
22-60
as-ao
BkEDiey ....
10,300
12
548
re2
2L'43
aa-96
Wemyu, - , . ,
14.300
14-0
£HU
l-OT
24-60
27-11
Kirhnflu
13,800
to-a
m^
1-96
2120
19-88
Kni^htAwood .
13,200
0-6
650
a-aa
I9-(0
91-GG
Wiflu (iDCfl Hum
11,400
11-0
■can
1"77
2000
20-36
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O a
'A ^ o n
. £ c OS'S
rg d C S tl
|1
3S
11
»EWBIU011f<lS HJLKDBOOX FoR
ta
his
f :i2g : : I : :i:
:5J5:|;|§£:^
I -S.I
:I:::J
in
1
»3
fi
m
i%%U^ a ^IHlSail^gli:
:°^sis§§
•i^i^Sfi B fSS.e^SSF! :ESS?Si5l. .ap&a
1^ f 4tf
pqp^^^r*"" ** r^ — ^4^^^^H— »» ^ r™ ^^ ■» ■• ■- -■ ^ ^ -^ »*
(5^ff cff^ — o T p-« j*-^ ^ arg 2 ;J • 5 ^ i2
I dT
-t^^
Or^-
^1;3
Ill
iT^
4
GAB EKaiKBBBS AND UASAaSBfl.
47
3
-a .
Ila : : :3
SI
: :::::: :::::: I:::
IS qB%
3 S S ^€SSS
i>-4 eiata doodi ok
I^J
S is I!
inn
IIM
s SI ssg§§§ sg^iss §iig!
1-^ r4-4 r4r^,H _H I-" ^ r-l 1-1 r^
:S8
"Oil=*PN
,1aa .
1 1| l^llli ^4Hh ys^
b g!]
CD aa<
-a
5-3 =
fl ^ LJ B d
5S -■
fc
4S
MEWBlQGQia'S HAlfDBOOK FOB
CANNEL AND COAL NUTS AND SLACK OB DEOBfl.
Beqnire high beats for carbonizatioii- When the heat is not high
they coke together in a mass, and at the end of the charge are drawn
from the retort in a comparatiTely unspent condition. They cannot
be used to advantage in iron retorts.
TABLE
Showinff, Inf th< Chhriw and DuratnHtif Tttt^ the Comparatite Value of
Variow CoaU, (Dr. F^e.)
ootti^
Obblo P«l
of ftia per
Ton.
OoDdsaM' 1
blan h^ '
Id
ICOfBEla.
w]Uj
t It. bbcak
VAlnnctf
OaaAoODTd-
Isg hi CoD-
Cto^oriDc
uiA in
DdnkbEllEr-
Vthmd
CcaJi BO-
DordLni ID
ViLnv uid
Gh.
Kngluh puTct) avenfifl.
UarqaEQ ot Lolhum'fl
LiPtUlAllLgD. . _ . .
KlrkDHi
BaghBad
^.74B
10,500
10,170
10.000
15.466
7-fl
lao
I7'fi
19-6
B)-7fi
50 40
I'GO
ita
4-44
fi'06
6-09
I'OO
1-06
a- 41
S'WT
4'W
4-M
fl-«7
TABLE
Giving tJie Retult uj' the DatUloHon for Gtu and for Oil of One Ton of
Xeu-ca^tU Canml CoaU (Getner.)
DittiUed for Gat, ai 1000° to 1900^
Fahr,
PEODDCTH-
Goal gu T4£0oab. ft.
C»l tu IB| gaia.
Cok« IQOOlbo.
FBODUCTB OP THE COAL TAR.
B«uioU ...... 8 pinU.
Goal tax uaphth* ... 3 g$^x.
Hut; oi],[i4pbtliatiup, &c. 9 gall.
Total .
lSigal«.
IHttitted Jot Oil, at 760° to &OQP
Fahr.
- FBOOUOTB.
Oai 1400inib.fL
Grade oil. ..... 68 iiala.
Coke laao lbs.
PAODucra or the crcub oil.
Eupion a ^B.
Lkmp oil - , . . O^i gall.
Q«av; oil and paraffin 34 gala.
Total 481 gala.
QA3 BNQDTEBBS AITD ICANAGBBa.
WIGAN GA.NNEL AND GOAL
Yidld, on Mt average, per ion : —
Oftnnal.
Gtfl 10,900 cubic feet
fll nmin at i ag power. . 24 aperm oandlea
Coke 1486 Ibo- . .
"Tar 17 gallons - .
Ammoniaoal lic[nor< . 18 gallona .
Coti.
0980 cubic feet.
15 sperm candles
1617 lbs.
11 gallons.
20 gaUons.
NEWCASTLE COAL
Yields, on an average, per ton :^
Gas 9700 cubic feet.
Illuminating power ... 16 epenn oandlea,
Ooke 1540 lbs.
Tar 9 gallons.
Ammoniacal liquor - - - 10 gallons.
AVERAGE YIELD OF BlTUMINOUB COAL.
The average percentage yield, by weight, of good bituminoas coal
is as follows : —
FerCflQt.
Gas 18
Coke and breeze 68
Tar 5
Ammoniaoal liquor 9
100
TO DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COAL.
Take a small piece of the coal, suspend it by means of a horsehair
from the under side of the pan of a carefully adjusted balance
[Elg. 1), and weigh it both in and oat of water (fresh distilled) ;
divide its weight in the air by the lou of vjHght in the water, and
Uie quotient is the specific gravity.
■ SAMPLE.
A piece of coal weighs, say- > . . . 480 grains.
Lena of weight when weigued in water . 898 „
480
Then ■ — =1-206 specific gravity of the coal compared
888 with water as 1000,
NfiWBIGOQfO'fi HiliDfiOOK FOB
Fia.L
Xots, — Specific gravity is the relative weight of equal bnUu of
different substances ; dietiUed water ttt 62° Fabr, being taken m the
standaj^ of comparieon. At this temperatiire a cabic foot of water
weighs 1000 ouucee avoirdupois- Henrfj tJte specijic gravitif of a bothf
is alt'i its weii/ht in ourKen atmrdupois per cubic foot; so that, know-*
ing the specifc gravity, the weight of any quantity of matter may
be calculated by simple me&Burement. For example : In the instance
JQst given, the specific gravity is shown to be 1'206 ; the weight of the
coal per cubic foot is, therefore, 1206 ounces, or 75'4 Ibs^ avoirdupcia.
TO FIND THE VALUE OP GAS IN GRAINS OF SPERM
PER CUBIC FOOT FROM THE GIVEN ILLUMINATING
POWER
Rule, — Multiply 120 [the grains allowed per hour for the con-
sumption of the standard sperm candle) by the illuminating power,
and divide by 5 (consumption of gas in cubic feet per hour by the
standard burner). The answer wiU be the value of the gas in grains
of sperm per cubic foot.
Example. — What is the value of gas in grains of sperm per cubic
foot* the illnminating power of which is 19'46 candles ?
19-46 X 120 ^^^ . ,
- - =467 grama of sperm.— -Jnwrr.
TO FIND THE VALUE OF ANY COAL PER TON IN
POUNDS OF SPERM, THE YIELD OF GAS AND
ILLUMINATING POWER BEING KNOWX.
Rt;l£ 1. — Multiply the cubic feet produced per ton by the value of
the gas in grains of sperm per cubic foot (aficertaineil by the previous
QAB ENQINEBBS ASD UANAOBBS. U'
rale), and divide by 7000 (Uia number of gnins in 1 lb. avoirdnpoiB),
The answer will be the value of the coal in Iba. of sperm per ion.
ExufPLB. — What ia the value of ft certain coal in lbs. of sperm per
ton, whose jield of gas is 10,640 cubic feet, and illuminating power
10-68 atandard sperm condlea ?
■= =471'12, valueof tbegasin graina of aperm per cubic ft.
Then — „qqq '=709-87 lbs. of sperm per ton, valae. Or by
Buui 2, — Divide the yield per ton by 5 (cubic feet of gas conaoraed
per hour by atandard burner), multiply oytne ascertained iUuminating
power and by 1^ (consumption of atandard sperm candle per hoitr in
^gtaina) ; lastly, divide by 7000 (nmnber of grama in 1 lb. avoirdupois).
The answer ^nll be the value of the coal in lbs. of eperm per ton-
EiAHPLE. — What 10 the value of a certain coal in Ibs< of sperm
per ton, whose yield of gas ia 10,540 cubic feet, and illuminating
power 19 ■ 63 standard sperm candles ? Then
10,640
o — 70CiO~" " 70V"871ba.of sperm per ton, value.
TO ASCERTAIN THE RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT
COALS AND CANKELS.
To ascertain the relative value per ton of different coals and canneJs,
attach approximate or actual market pncea to the sperm pounds as
aaoertained above, and to the several residual products, cast np the
various items, and compare them by the ordinary rule of proportiou-
ExAMPLE-— The two coals to be compared are —
Ho. 1, yielding—
£ 9. d.
10,600 0. It. of gu par ton, 17^ DUidlei T^Ine = 686 tht.
Hparm Mis. M 16
194 tiwt. Coin ■ ' *tM. 5 7|
lOgAlA, TftT . . mlUd. 1 Oi
39 gKlft. Aromonikui Uquor . . . . . , . mt Id. 1 10
132 4 (5
No. 2, yiiJdinR- ^—
M fl. d.
9700 0. ft, of gu per ton, 16} canillflB v«Iiip ■= M7 ibi.
•p*rai - , fttla. 27 17
U evt.Coke. . ftL6d. 5 10
9f(*Jv, Tax atljd. Hi
SOgalB.AmmoniAcU Liquor. . . . at IJ. 1^
& 2
tfBVBtGOlNG'8 BANDBOOR P0&
Assuming that No. 1 is 12a. fid. per Ion, the r^ciro vnluo of Na>)
will be fomid aa fbllows :—
As£82 4e, ed. ^ i;28 £e. 51<1. : ' lSe.6d.: lOi. tlia. v&lue per Um
of No. ».
TO FIND THE BELAno>J DETWEEJJ QUANTITY OF
GAS Pi:H TUN AND LLLUMlNATiNU tOWEK. (FAJUDift.f
Ifn coal yiglds a known Tohiin« of gaa of a kno^rii iUumin&tiDg
T&lqe, to aGoorUiiii how much it wiU yield of nnoblitcr ratne :
fiin^. — Multiply yield of gafi by iUamiQAtiit^ |;>ower> ilitidir b/ l]i«
KyJijVff/ power, and tlii? quotiout la llm qufcutitj.
ExjkUTLu. — A coitl yiuMu 9000 cubic feot per ton of IG oaadio gaa ;
hovr much will it yi(:l(i of H uid 17 ^ftudic giki rospdOtiTebr ? « .
ftCOO X 10 = 168,000. TLrni
^.10,971 e. ft. ..^1^ = WSa c ft.
Tlie above pri'SupiWAes Lbut tbe period of distiUfttion in irxtnnilnrl or
ftbndgci), ikd t}jo caso may be. The roll-. Lowcvcr, mi:]at not b«
■aeumcd ua abnolatoly oon-ooC but only approiiautoly go, and Uiai
only within a limited longo.
I
i
WEIGHT OF COAL,
Antbi-aclte, por cubic yaid, eoKd - . . 21(H>lb6.
BituinmouH ., „ ... W25 ,,
Cuinel ,, „ - . . SIQQ „
Coftl, aiorcd in tbooameil way, pet- cubic yard 1400 ..
ANNUAL COSGUMPTION OP COAL FOE GAS PDRP0SE8
!M THE UNITED KINGDOM,
it IB eatimated bbatp die proaoat ilS^'J) &riitual ounaumption of coal
for tha munnfH'Hiire of JIloimnatiikK gas \n tlit* UtuLt^d Rin^dora i«
about 10,iXX>.4J00toDs; aboQt :^,000,000lons(or 2(Jpur ooat.j of tliifi
quantity be^t^c cancicl ooaU
VOU HOUOHLYESTIMATmQ THEQDANTITYiOF COAL OB
CANNliX UEgUlKED TO PaODUCE A GIVES gUANTITY
0F0A8.
BiTu;.— Striku off tbu but four figures from tho quantity of ^aa pro-
duced, aud the Ij^forua remain tag vrUl repreftoat tLc oodI and oanDel in
tons. ,
Thus : SOb,(X)0 cabio foot •=' 20 tons.
Tlut iriU b« mlenl when ii is Tomombered thnt a ton of cool or
cacLDolpioduo«3ttbotiL lO^OOOcubiurMt or»:ju]. If lliAprcdactbnrw
to It.OOn, or U\l lo dODU per Iod, on^l^nth mn«c brt dnrlEictfiil fro(ti«
or ft/Ucd tc. tb« coaXt ^ tbe cmo ma^ bo.
^^_ THB STOBAOE OF COAL.
bgu naldng il le eoononuttl to qm the coal &a rrcnh 00 poniibb
froni die pilr bul to ha vrtvanH for E9mt)r^tnic!iM> U11? covff od rtora^
iDOin far i^nal iiti3 (TAivnfl wcmld bi>of t^Apa'^iij' >TrifB4^idnt tn contntn
torn nz to oiR-ht necbfl* vlook of tho mAUTial, n»ekr>n«d on t1i« bula
ol ibo hcftvicsl dfty'fl coma urn^ lion in iri»l«T. An i^ooption lo this
nle may bn mvido in the cue of ^-wotIih nlualnd In tbu imme-
ilkto riciiuty of Ihci ccrtl'flaldM frorn vhftncc tlift "upp^JT ia cleriTed.
Uiid«r imtsli oireatii«Uuio«o, provwo^k for two or tlim woek^' stock
isimpte.
bt sboriii^ ooa], 4S cnbi^ fiHil of «p«on pir ton ik required.
Whm eod ii «xpoa«il tf> l]i« wAiithaf , lwin[; storixl in ibo o|)9n a{r
iritlLOvU &ny protootitLj; Mvorinj;, it id not only liablu to be w<lta<t \jy
nun on iu outer suruM».-, but it ;lIjid Abnorbit &iut retains moiature
willifn lUstrucLunil iniuratioui.
Til* effect of iliid Mo^si ^ modtlvire ta to produce ^ietnt^^fttion,
rodnein^ tho »<« of tlio Imnpa. %nd conT^rtui^ tbom to n connidor&blo
•itoat into duBt ttnd ouIeu. TUe bitiu»tiirc ui ihe oaal tn tbg winter
mmoti in thin climate U, of ootin^, iVe most obj^tionttblo ili rrpnnl*
dUnugntion. In bot etiniAtM tbo into&ee h«ftt of tha inn prodi^oea
diantoirntjon. Tbe iU-eflectg of lliie absorption of moistnro do not
end tksrv. Oiidfttian of the pAititleH of tbe conlAtiio untiaea; and as
|]tli il onlj luifitbur nnmc for (imtnAcftiii^is nr vlaw-btiTiiin^v Llie fuft-
(Mift) il not onlj rcdti««d in weight, but it* gu-produoing pcwt>r, both
a£ re^^ordo quantity tuid qniJity, and its cwingj qualibea. are gtOAl^
itopaired.
All Idnda of co^t Boffor dMoriciiatiou by «acpo9nr« to ibn wcfttbar,
botb hM ro^forda Ibeti heating, ooldof*, luxd i-aa yielding fiQnlitiM. Tho
titoat of Uiia det^horetion is ft^ra 3^) to ^0 per ct^n. witbin & bh«f
pvriod of time. An abdolulc hjM of wL«igL(, din? to l)m cynporjtlif^n or
■bv oonbDJtioD of tbo more voUlUe oonititnentir, ia aUi^ ctpfTriuTieed.
l^iii IB particoUrlj tbo Oftao with bilnmicona or o/ikiti^ ounl ; ctkrinol
mihtt next in doffroo ; and anthracite the leoflt. Vurcntrripp fonnd
bona injiUiirp tlin-i nwl w)iioli fuirl H^ienBiprKHl rnraoma years W tb<
Mlbcr had diminLbhcd in vo%bt to tbo osl«nt of 38-08 por cent.
Wet or damp cool not only jioldi ]onjEMrt>ut B^ of an iiiiorior
qiolitj, Tlio sulphur unpojiUoe given off from it oro morr, tbns
u
NEWBIGGHf ff& HUn>BOOK POTt
augm&dtiiig the cosl of p«rifl(?tttioa ; Avhilst some of tUe Bu1['burcoiii-
[Kmudd^nolably, bitiulphiJu of oarboit— am not romonLdlo, except hf
n ^i-oaLly iu^^reaaed u'eib of puri^aaiion bcjojid ivhtLt b to ic fdtui^ at
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION OF COAL,
Coftl couiaiiiiiig rt lArg»> proportion of iron pyrites rlianlpludoof iron't,
oonimonly cHll^d " brapssea, " vhen ator«d In a compact niHsa in a wet
or liiimidsta.10, ie liable to i^poi^tcuico us ignition* This is net anunomuU
oocutrence in the e\pcritincf of gas ajtmag^rfl. Tlie indiontioca that
combustion hvs comnifTiccd are a EfiLtihte rise iti tlit) tctupemliirv
oftltvcoiLKiitoro, a fiicbly odoui'. and a choking Drsmotht^ncgaeDBatiiKi
on drUTTLng breath,
ThtU-u i» ihiii luibihlj tuspoutaiieoua tgiiiLiou in alinoel «I1 hilumillOoa
L'oalA of a fritibltj natiire. It tE (1ti£ to more tlmit il xiti^le cauw. It
rn^v wiM from the condensaUon of oxygen wilhin the porea of tha
oorboutkoeouEt partbtea. j"^^ ^^ o^^V oolton waste v'di fire spontuieoiiflL^
in the Bxtn& xM^y hj Uie rapid fibEoipiiun of oxjgvn. According to
Professor Abel and Pr. Pi>rcy, vaUr or uoi8tun> doeB tint oflcelarftto,
but rather ri^tuiilfi spomtaiLeouQ ij^niticn under tho^o cironinetuio«s.
Tilt dwigttr ot firing is greatest with those coala which oonlain o
Ittrgp prapmtloD of iron [^les in tlji? ?bapw of iiO'liileMti'"*'hraase*,"
ftG tboyarfl called, and which are slorc'd in ft nms9 in the wet condilinn^
ThesQ *' bra^EGE " become oxidised by the atmosphdric; oxygL^n dissolved
in tlie wat&r with V'-\mh tho coaJ in B&tor&m; and the heat thus
gen«rat«d mbeg tbd cuul lo l^iEiicn point.
NotwitliHtiindicg a conflict of opinion en the subjeot, ffc bolioTO
that the boet remedy fcir this ig \ontilation. V&riooa uxpodi^ntfl 4iw
reeortud to (or effecting this object, &moiig5L whioh nmy he mentiouod
ihc insertion of perfnrrUdd iron pipes amongst the coal, leaving the
cndH «xpoBed; eoarso violior-work baakEtH, without botloma, are need
with good results; and Tentiktiiig'^afts of briok. or vonetionod
flhafts of wood, IwUi horiKooLal and \erttOtt!, hhre proved efficient.
UnlesB the vonitlation is thorough howevet, the sdmigaion of air will
do moTO hanQ than good, as a eluggiali current vtlt not reduco tlie
temperature, but rather tend to develop and incrc&ae it.
A thenuorudLvr leD down throagli th^ pipes or iihofts will indicate
any riae of iGmperature, a«d iron roda thrait into the muas of ooal.
when withdrawn and toLichod by the hiind, will answer the lite
purpoao*
When thfi pyrJteH are present to a serious e^toot. the coal should
he hand-picked, either at the colliery or when dieeharging at th«
works. It is only slicer ncoosattyi however, that will justify
employment of ooal of this cbaracttir for gas-produciag p
\
I
I
I
OAS ENGINE B EH AND MANAGERS.
£0
THE GASES OCCLUDED IN COAL.
BeaideB the liability to epontaneaus combustion or ignition, there is
another strong reason why ooaJ should not be stored in the open air,
noTt indeed, under oover, for a longer time than is absolutely necessary.
la all bitmninoiis coals a constant cheniioal change is in progress by
which gaa is being hberated. This gaa. thongh frequently several times
the volume of the coal, is condensed within the solid aiibgtance, being
ooelnded or enclosed therein, until by diffasion it eaoapes into die air,
aod to Buch exteni the cool is depreciated for gaa making. In warm
wealfaer and in hot climates, this deterioration proceeds more rapidly
than in low temperatures.
Dr.IjjonPlayEux and others in this coimtry, and Dr. E. von Meyer
m Gennony, have investigated the snbject ; and the snbjoined table by
thfl latter shows the cLoantity and composition of the gaa so ooolnded,
obtained from freshly raised samples of coal oabmitted to him for
analysis.
The plan adopted was to place 100 grammes of the coal in hot de-
ateated water, which was then boiled as long as any gas ooRtiaaed to be
gmn off, and the gas oolleoted was analyzed by Bmisen's methods.
Fftthoma
Bampitt of Coal Submitted.
No. 1. Low Main Beam, Bewick Colliery, Newcastle, . .
2. Maudlin Seam, ditto ditto . . .
B. Main Coal Beam, Urpeth Colliery, ditto . . .
4. Five-fourth Seam, ditto ditto . . .
5. Ditto Wingate Grange Colliery, Dorham
6- Low Main Beam, ditto ditto . . .
7. Harvey Seam, ditto ditto . . .
B. Ditto Emily Vil, Woodhouse Close Colliery
ANALYSIS.
Pkboektaou Composition op taa Gas.
froD
80
71
108
148
25
OahLa
ObaIi*
■bora.
00.
MmD
Gu.
o
N
o(Oi>afn>in
loo QrmjiunM
ofOoid-
Ho-l . . .
£-U
a-Ba
a-aa
8G-Q&
3fia
8M
ae-H
a-w
61-W
»'7
ao-sa
4-83
74 '81
27'i
Ifl'Gl
Tnoe-
G-6fi
77-B4
a4-4
o-u
86^80
Timee-
la-aa
91-9
I'U
B4-04
0-19
u-aa
3B8-0
o-aa
89-61
0-66
9-ai
an -3
a
G'Sl
50-01
0-68
M-OG
S4'0
1 onhdfl MQtisibGra ^ AlO'Sfl oobio indui.
1 fcnuniaa = l>0099 lb, ftYolrdnpoii, 100 = Oaa lb.
;<£WBIOOING'e HAl^DBOOK FOB
TEBTDJG COAL FOB ITS PUODUOING QUALITIES.
It U filmost impoe^blc to jud^ from the Appearftoce of ft OOftl
trbother its gas and coke yielding qualities arc goda. bad, or indiffaroDt>
So £u lA outwaiO IiiiitivutiouE go, uolLing k go deceptive to tbs
iTtexpcH^nced in sticIj mciticrs ; uid even to thoB^ vho }mve liod lofgo
practice Lucoal tcEtinf^, it is vor; diiltcult ti^ forocjAst wiU) any ccrtAintj
tUe I'eealt of n tJial of arty pnrucvlar snmple.
Some of tlie puGJCfit cocls aitd ujuiiLth luiva a fatty iinctuoui
appeuriin*:c, sHggesLive of richnt'ss in gi^eoua propertios. Again, tho
moat vJiluitblo cnjimils mid abii.l*?e, viclin^f gaa in ostraordmary
abui:dB.Qoc, liavo □ diill cartliv cost, wlioii tmgbt ruttidiljr bo takoa ia
iiidicaliiit; fiitvurty ufcumpufliLiun aiicl)ield. Tliti ricL Boylieiui (3ool-
land)r SyiiJii^y I Nl'W South Walusi, aud ClavGrport iKQiitiickyi ooiintll
onha^eB aj-a atrikiug «iumplc^of tiiia kUurkiud. Un cLooiber liaodf
this doe« not liold good of tlit> Drasihan bli&les or " Turbn." TImu
have a dntl clayi'V ap[>earaikce, and ai^e v<ir; iiidifTei'«iU Wli in the
yit^ and in tbe iJlnrruimlinff pdxror of tbeir giu. Tbe importanoe of
bdtig abb to test satDplcs of ooai and cannd, or af having them united
by a epvciali«t m whom ii^liaDCL' cau bu plucc'd, bofoic euteiuig into
a contmot for the matenAl in bulic, in iherefoi'e obviona.
A tost may bo mode ottlicr on aworidng scaU, or in tbe experi-
mental apparatUB in tliegaa nmnaget'a labor jitory. IntJie formor caoo
£C\CiZii1 tons of tbo utatErinl !iu\e to be uk^ ; and the tritbl of a singla
Rum^le b iL fitrmidiibli- n.nd trf^ioiie piuc^^i^, C'vtendhig ov^ritiaiiy daj^,
uutd the old g&B in tlit [ipparatuB and holdur huu bton rtiphit'cd by tbo
n«w- It ia obvioHsIj imposeiUo to ttct ji vorjtty uf aaiupii'a in this
ujanuer ^iUiiti an^a-Bonahk- period. Bt'^idi--;, nueli a ujutliud uf Uuiliug
is not always flfttUfturlory. Tlio tjianfle<."r ha^ to tnke a cood deal fotfl
granted; lie ie Lirgoly dopcddcnt ou aubojdinntos for Uic attontioa|
and aaro thai ouglil to be eiercJsed, b«caiis« his coostant iJiiteQELal
«i]p(!rviaJort thrct^boul tbo Ihiii.' ol;cu|J)^ by the t«tt U oiil of the
qTia«Lior.
TiiQ o^tpcritnontal tost ia to be prcfonrod for many reasons. Tbo
eroatl JlLpparatrts \s more under the command of tlie operator. PuU
juKlJue ifl done to tbemaUiriuJ. The beat msults it 18 paRsiUn ta
obEaiii tr£ stXTrar^dn Tirae is oconomiued in malcmg tbc t»t«. becauu
a nuiubor of eampJes ccm be tried in the conrao of, say. ten or to
days.
Ii may be uT{;«d againnt tbe experimental* or laboratory test, (bftt,
in practical woibing, «^ual rasults are unattainable. If this b« tb6
ioiQtt it only pTOTOB tnal bibber the praclica) working ia at fanlt to the
extent of tbo diCvrtmvt in runulL, or that the bulk of the material is not
iifjiial to tlie sample tested^ Afisumin^, hoivevpr, liijtt tlin sample
I
QAS BNGINSB&S AND IC&NAGBBS.
St
ifl B fail ftTOfttge of the whole, whatever the defioienoiea of praotioftl
workio^ m^ be, the ooal at least should not be depreokted below its
intnoAio Volaa through defective heate and other faalty methods of
ourbomzation, and afthouffh the actual every-day working of the
material may aAerwarde fait short of the results obtained in the trial
appualoa, these latter are a etandard at whioh to turn. As a general
role, the difforenoe between the results of actual nee and the experi-
mental resoltSr with efficient plant and careful snperviHiont will not
ezoeed 6 to 7 per cent, in favonr of the experimental teat.
To argue that the qualitvof a ooal should be jndged and determiiwd
Boleljr bj the results yielded in actual workings is just about Ets reason-
able as to say that Uie illuminating power of gas should be decided
by the methods of consumption through possibly defective fittings, and
some of the burners larg^y in nse by consnnters. Whether ooal or
gas, the moans best calculated to develop its intrinsic quahties should
be adopted.
In the apparatus described and ahowii (Fig. 2), the charge to be
ttsed ia the 1000th part of a ton— vis., 2-^, say, 2^ lbs.
Fro.B.
SiToar.— Cut Iron; Q4baped^ b b.iridSf 4% ia, hJgh inelde ; 3 It, S itx. long ontutle ;
I iooh mfltil.
Amvaion-FiFE,— 9 in. wnnight iabe. CoHNKCTioTre.— 1^ la. wrongbt tnbe.
CoHDBnuB.^lfl TarUol 1| Id, wrought tobH, «Hh 8 ft 6 Id, long,
WABHBb. — 1 CL long, a in- wid«, 6 in. daep.
PniriiH.— 1 ft. 2 \a. ■qnuvt 13 In, deep, with 3 tmys oF lima.
G&BBoij>u. — Capuitj IQ onbio leet, with grftdnLt«d hbIb kttK«hfld,
Care should be taken to obtain a fair average sample of the coal to
be operated upon. For that pnrpose at least half a owt- of the material
VBWBlOOfNO'S EiAVEiBOOK VoR
fihouldbobrokori tjpitito emat) piecos and thcrougkly intennjx«d; and
fn>xn thia three aovciral chEirgea are to be itikati wiLIiout Bel«<tii>r.
Th6 reloii should bo got up lo, a^i^ miiujUjiicd diroti^hout th«
charge, at a bright red li^at- If from ojiy cause tL« temparatiiTQ in
much reduced, the test trill not b« satiefactorj'- Thia is dSpecinlly tho
coae in testing conncl and ths Hch ahnled. TLe time required to
wurk gH the cL&t^^e oC 2^ lbs. tviU nnge frum 40 lo 00 iniiiutcn.
nccordiii^ to the ohiiraf-trr cit tbe coal-
Tho illuminaliiig power of tlie gft^ given out from each charge
should be asoertahiea by the Baiisen photometer ; uo olh«r being
suflitiienti/ troaiworthy for thai purpose. The itvera^c of the threo
tflflta is ihen taken, both for yield of ga§ uid coke, &[id for the illTuni-
nating pow» of tho g»» and this f^aixly ropresonta tho ojip&bJities of
ih«coftt
The further conditioEiB to beobeerved are that the bolder be entirely
emptied of air or of tbo previoEis charge of gae ; and that the oon-
d«n3&r b« diaiood of its contonte. The toat oharga may bv oontina«d
until the vljob of the gas if ejpelle^. orotLerwiaOt depondiog on
circumBliiimoa, In couipiu'iiig two couls, an equal productioti from
both may be obtaitieii, aod the comparative JlimmniLtiiig pow^f then
aflcertnincd.
TLo coke and breeze should be carefLdlj dinWD from tho retort into
iL water-tij^bt ren?ptai^1<i matle of 9;heet iTcti closed by a lid. This is
tbeu placed in n buoI:et or other rosacl of cold wiiter und, when aiifil-
ciontly cookd, the coke is weighed.
For aHceiLiiJziiiiir Lhe qiiuiiLity tif tarand aninioniiir:^!! liijuur uroduced,
drain tlie yiM of thu throv chir;^^ from th*^ ooiirh^ikser and waaher,
aad m<]ftEiiru thn iii a ^aJuutt<d hi^uid ueuBuru. Thu uumber of fluid
mmiuie iu a galloii is TC.'^OO. Thus —
00 Ihiid minima = 1 dram.
H dramff. , = 1 oimca.
20 ouDoee - ^ 1 pintn
8 pints . , = 1 gaUonp
Thtti^
ll«. |b«. |Hir hJu,
Aa 0-75 (The weight : 2240
of the three
charges of
ooaJ.k
The number of : Tho tf>ta! nambor
Hiinin);^ of tar of iuiiuui9 of tar
and liijtior n.nd litinorfrom
obtoiiaod. aioii of thocoah
And thii -^ 76,b00 ^ive« tUo gaLloufi of tar ftud liquor produoud pur
(on.
QAS BNGTNBSfiS AND HANAOEBS, 59
RETOBT HOUSE,
The honaa may be adapted for either a siiigla or doable stack of
retorts, and may be of the groQnd-Soor or stage-floor type of ereotion,
acoordiDg to circamstancea. Id ground-floor honaea provieion should,
if pofiaible, be made for the apphcation of generator furnaces by taking
the foundation of the retort -stack to a depth of 9 ft. 6 in> bdow the
floor-]ine» and making an underground passage, at least 7 feet wide»
in front of the fitaok.
For a Bin^ etaok of retorts —
Width inside, 80 feet.
Height to wall plate, 20 feet.
For a double stack of retorts —
Width inaide, 60 feet.
Height to wall plate, 26 feet.
Wrought-iron trussed roof, slated, tiled, or covered with corrugated
galTaniEed-iron sheets, with ventilator.
The ventilator should extend &om one end of the building to the
other, and be of ample capacity. Suitable openinga should be left in
the walla, above the height of the retort-bench, for the admission of
&Lr and light. Ventilating tubes or towers may be used alone or in
eormeotion with the louvre ventilator. They are efficient, and present
a good appearance.
Oormgated'iron sheeting, bein^ lighter than slatea or tilea, admits
of the principals and pnrlLne being placed wider a|^rt, so reducing
their nnmber. The first cost of a roof of this description is less ; it
is Leas affected by wind ; but its durability is inferior to a slated roof.
The sheets should not be thinner than No. 20 gauge.
The clear space in front of a retort stack should not be less than
16 feet. When it ia intended to employ machinery for chafing and
drawing the retortSt 22 feet may be allowed.
About B feet of ih& width of the floor, immediately in front of the
stack, may be paved with flre-bricks set on edge ; the remainder of the
floor fla^^ed with 4>incb flags. Blue Staffordshire bricks or tiles,
4 inches thick, make an exoeUent paving for a retort-housefloor ; and,
when these are used, the fire-bricka in front may be dispensed with.
A slight inclination — aay, 6 inches in the whole width — towards the
Btack should be given to the floor. This alJowa the waste water from
tbs slaked coke to run into the ash-pans, and is also handier for the
gtolrenin charging.
60
NEWBIGGING'B HAIJDBOOK F0&
A ategd-floor retoii-honse, Fig. 8, coBte iu erection from 60 to
76 per aent. mora th&n a grooud-floor house, Fig. 4, (dependent on
the chwooter of the site and sahBoil) ; bnt it can be worked witii
more econoinyi and the adTantages it offers for the removal of the
GAB AKOniSSBS AITD UANAGBBS.
ai
Doke, the ftpplioation of genemtor fomftoas, and in other wa7B,|ue
Tvj gnat. la all oasen wbere the site nAtnraliy &Toim this &na of
oomtraction, it ahonld be adopted. The stage-floor is naually formed
of briok or oonorebe arohes, or oast-iron plates, laid on girders having
m
NBWBIGGlNCrti HANDBOOK FOB
their ends built into the wall of the bonae and the divisioQ ^en of
the Tetort-etaok jfbimdation, and Eupportod aleo near to this latter ti;
oaBt-iroD colunins.
THE EETOBT STACK,
Tbie neceBBarily varies in atze and mode of oonBtruction according
to the number of retorta, their dimeDBionH» and arrangement in the
Bettinge. The following details will be found adequate for the erection
of a stack with benches of seven large retorts of any shape, and cither
single or througbs, set as shown in Fig< S.
Fio, $,
The ovens ore 8 ft. 6 in. wide^ B feet high &om floor-line, and
20 feet througb, inside measure.
Height to top of bench, 10 ft. 8 in.
Excavation for bench, 8 feet deep. For generator fumacoSt
9 ft. 6 in. deep.
Place therein bed of hydraulic lime or Portland cement concrete,
14 inches thick.
Upon this build the brick footings of the division walla of ovens,
of good hard common bricks, set in bme mortar.
When these are built, fill up between with a further layer of
conorste. 18 inches thick.
GAS ETTQTITBBBS AND MAHAQBBS.
DiriaoD walls of ovens abore footings, IS inohes thick, built of
best fire-olaj brioks, set in fine, well-tempered fire-olaj-
Floor of OTene paved two courses on edge with fire-brioks eet in
fire-oUy.
Arched roof of oveUB, 14 inches thick, formed of three rings of
fire-bricks moulded to the proper ntdios eet in fire-cby.
w
M '
a
E4
■ft_a I]
m
Fio- 6
Fio. 7.
Fio. 9
Fia, *>.
Two Sae-holee in crown of arch, 12 inches square, communicating
with main flue on stack. Damper tilea to be provided for these, 27
bches longt 10 inches wide, 8 inches thick.
H U KfiWDIGOUJGS HAKI>BOCpK FOB ^^H
^M End or butti-css whl1r* ot sia^k. 8 fi. 4} in. thick, of common briokflbl
^M liuiEi in witlt llie fke-brick work of etfj^k, arid fa^ed vitb tire-bHekl V
^B luifl in good linie morlor^ 1
^M Tlio nliol(^ of tup of £Ulc1i bivundicd up fivo courst^ above the top m
^M otiht ardies, bo as to mak^ the total hcighl of 10 h, din. ^om ^oor-
^H liiWi of (food common briirks fai!4?d v-'itlj ^r^'brlcks. 1jli<1 3ulid, with
^H olOM jcinu, va good lime mCEttar. FmEah with coriiico or coping u
^H Doable maia flue cii IIj& atacb> built of fire-bricks, set ui firc'clftx, ■
^K fwd contiDUfd to T.he ape:ilng ^raviJM in tli« ctiimiie^, DiioerLHioris ^
^B nf exch tne, act kflfl thaji iJO inches doep, 15 iacliee wida, inside
^H tacisnre^ Outsido walb and diviiiioD wall, inches Uiieh. oovered ■
^1 vHlb fire-oUj tiles 2 ft. 4} in. wide. 4 inehes thick. 1
^1 Btiukstuvc^!* of wtoHglii iruii, either rolled girdt^r (Fig, 7i or mJl-
^1 iron (Fi^H 6), or, ivbat u still better, fonued of two tlni-irou ban G
^B inches wid?> rtnd 1 inch thick, with tivo oast-iron distunoc piece*
^B bctnceii (thr upper one beiut: squA^re in fonat* through whidt the
^M platoB ere rjvidvd together with J-inc^h nv<*t4 iPi^. (If.
^1 The boee. A, with hole theioiu, ia tiiteniled to receire the i^rcugbt
^M iron pJpOi 1 inch difkmebori leading' from the S inch water m&in on tbe
^m Uj^ of the retort at^k. T^ the end of thiu pipe e brMa swind b
^M uttacbed ; and from tliia again % piece of l-iooh fiteaxQ-tobinff, 11
^M iiichee long, projects. b&Ting s brass ewivfl coolt it its atiA. A tube j
^B of ail inch diameter U sfitwed thereto, nnd terniiuatos In a 4-mch
^H brass roscf j^t. through which wattir is diachargud for alakiiig the coke
^M fts It ia drawn fron:t the retorts ^Fig, 0), ■
^B Tie rods of IJ-inoh square bar, or 3-inch round iron ; serowed 1
^M inches at e&oh end, and fnmialied with strong hen&gon nuts and 1
H REIOBTS. ^J
^1 The nmtori&la of which reports for th€ diaulktion or c&rhonis&iion
^M of coiiJ art^ made are Are-cln^ and iron exdnaivvT^.
^1 Xu the o&rl> days of ^aa lighting, and for BiAXty years afier, oast-
^H iron retorte only were uacd-
^M Thu faut of the irou rotorts not being capable of etruidiiig a lieat
^H BiifScientl}' ^'gh inv th€ diatiUBitiDii of coul la thb mast si^anoDiioat
^M manner, and theif hability to rapid oiidation^ and even fuaion, in tha
^M furuacCi operated to cause the adoption of clay in the manufacture c^
^B retorts-
^M The chiy retorts, in the fwie of mcch prejudice and oppoailion,
^M gradually advanced in popnlixrity ob their morits hoc&mo known* until
^F ot the present iirae, their aae ia all but general. ■
OAfl B1V3INKKBS AND MAKAGBFtS.
«S
Single* r1*j TfUirtt am b^mit bcttnr and mom noiforEily wljen tlie
endi UvWft opan in the kiht. Thobuksiure easily joiuud in aotting ;
Otf* b<^ UWD to baU thcta c^ioao up agftinet tho paid ^dh
CUf rctortv whan once hontcd do not b»r "letting down" Mid
" ntwiding cifT" l:t(f] Uuiw niiuLo uf tuuit-iruu, ovrnf; tno their liahiUty
to c»dc wion qodUq^ ; iwad tor ttia t'ctfton a setting of one or two iron
retort* 't§ QK^l in i^^n/ n^f/j/i vrorkd daring the miaimmn gus produo-
tion in iLe viuuiuvr t(oiitiou>
Dilhrmt Fjrmi n/ Itjtortt.
Eotoru aro tnad« ol tlirco diUcront isliivpctf u\ otosa soolion— vis.i
ota1« uid U-slmpcd. Formcrtir, rectan^^iiIaL- or aj^uorc, car-
fltiApcwl, mj\d kidi]<ij''«hiijHHl rt^turtit ncn; iiiude; but Uiinu urti nuw
ojitirolj ditfcardod.
Tbc roEuid, bj rcftecm of ite ithatHX ifl Iko etroQ^t Aod moat durable ;
[Iml it is not cqiul to llio ovM juia D as » c^bouuer,
Tlicava1nuikBiu>it to tlitf round tit mrtta^ih ftud dorabiUty. &ad
eccde it m c^xhoi^&iD^ oapftbiLitUfl.
TliA DiB iba Bbape mo»t oommoDly m use. ard ui oonsiderod by
nun> g9H mauogcra lo b» u^ual to (liu oval lui nigiu'dH iu puwtr of
^Hiotrboniiing.
■bid«o
■imt
Kio. ia
AfUT a longtbaood eipeiri«noe in tbe use of botli rtrnnd* ovn!, and
tbapod r«U>rt<, iLo irrjt^r [^rtfer^ tbo oval, :» being tho most «fl&ciont
" AOOUomicAL, produCiUfs- duriu^ Hb Ufotimc tbo grettoBt qimntitjof
OinirKiioaii Iff Clajf Hft^rtM^
OIbj rotOTli are uAua)Tf mads Stj to S inohen tbLck ; the fiaDga to
'whjcfa tbo mouthpieco ia boltad b^uig 1 inoboa Ibiok and H tuoiioa
Iroad. the uevk tApcrintE dovn to tho ibickncw of ttic bod>.
The UMo^wg ar« tiMfuI and caoviinioDt mtt of cky rctortH : —
fioanJ . . 15 in* diftED-j
Oral . SI X Ifiin- .. ^ Iniude tuuAHUn.-. aurlfl A>4iii, tongontidd^.
U^aped.lt)x 16 ia. ,. |
The weight of a cla^ rotort of the abovf- eizaa ia from 14 to 1C ont.
HBVHOOINO'O BAXDVOPIC fOK
For yerj ^m^]X vrorks the Tollowinj^ sizes arc more vajtable >^
Bound < . 14 in. dum.!
UvrJ. . Idxl^in.,, r ^^^° <°^^'>*^^> ^^ ^ '<^b icDj; oatsick.
D4iiwped. 10 X 14 in. ,< J
'* Throogh " or Juublu ahy tcitirltt. vnih a maiiUiiUflcn nt ftach and,
tfo iDftdo le to so fbet long, balng Jointed together in throe or four
Thu ndvauiAi;«s t'&med in uamg ihii kiud of nitort aro in^iiorlAiit.
Tto ttcuQiimuliklioti rjr carbon \t* less, owiu^ to thu ftbocjucu nf bftclu.
Tbo (■urront of Air \vhich in dntwn tbrougb Ibcir uiioricir prcrf tiiae
ibe/ &re oborKcd unda to loo^a nn^ carbon d^poalt tbai toW plftc«.
Muru LtmlliiR iLirfaco for oarboniioLioii la obtuiutd widioui ruldjiimml
«xpejis», nnii Llml in tho botttuk port of tfa« ovun- Tho!^ are ftl«o dittvn
wiLb >:rfliit«r fnrihty-
As thoy r«qutrt to bo diAvm &nd o^iar^cd at botb monlUplocoa admul-
LanAOunlj. tlw^ om^mot ounvuniaiiLl^ ha workni) in PH^bliabmODtt
wboie the etulcon ak fower tb&fi eit in DuinbL^r. Tba aooop 10 gone-
roUy uaod in charging Ihuao rutorta. {Htx tig. Sil.)
Nfn£i an the Sttttinff n/ lUtaru.
The joinw of tb* bnokwork iti a iotUiiy uf iijtons nhouli h^ as oEmo
and line %i iL ill pG-iaiblu (hU make Iboni. l^^ub brick nhuuM bt- dJupcril
iti naiur. (iluced iu iLti L^OHibJon, oud then ^'vuUy , but hrtn]y bedded
home viih Ihf- hflmraer,
A cutting bfiat frout the fumnco can bo prov^^nM. orgroatlj modi'
fifldi bj L&ving ample nostrils in tbo furnace aicb.
A satUng slituild iicivEr. wLen it cnn bo avoided, be brangbt into nia
immediately on compleiiOEi, aa Iho tpplicntion of Btrong ho&t to tba
damp clay la liablo bo omob tho jointa of tlio brickwork, and to ba«i«ti
ilo destruction.
The Betting oti^'bt tu be H.11oved Lo Ktaiid At hvn fi>iart«0n day«, in
order tfaul it roay bo gradoallj and tboroughlj dhod and hardened.
DimangionA for a setting of tbroo \arg;o sized chy retorts. 8 ft. C in.
long —
Width of Dvmi, fl ft- 2 in. ; hniglit, fl fl. S In, ; depth. 9 ft. 7 in.
Width of fiimaoa at gmto bar*, 9 in.
Width of faraiuJU at upringing of arch, 1 G in.
Lon^Ui of funmac. BO in.
Hoigbi frcim Hoot'level to imdimiaath tho flangaa of tho hvo
bottom retorts, 2 ft- b in.
Number of gratij bars, tffo; 80 b.longencb.mnde of 2 m, n^uora
lnr*iioii>
QAB BNaiNBEBS ANB VANAGBBS. 07
Dimeruioos for b Betting of five large eised claj retorts, 9 A. 4 m.
long:—
Width of OTen, 8 (L ; height, 7 ft. 6 in ; depth, 9 ft. 5 in.
Width of fumace at grate bars, 10 in.
Width of fomaoe at springing of arob nndemeaih the middle
retort, 16 in.
Length of furnace, 80 in.
Height from floor-line to underneath the flangee of the bottom
retorta, 2 ft. 8 in.
Nmaber of grate bars, two ; 80 in. long each, made of 2 in. square
bar-iron.
Dimensions for a setting of seven large siaed clay r^storta, 9 ft. 4 in.
long:—
Width of oven, 8 ft. 6 in. ; height, 8 ft. ; depth, ft. 6 in»
Width of fomace at grate bars, 12 in.
Width of furnace at springing of arch, 20 in.
Length of fomace, 86 in.
Height from floor-line to ondemeath flanges of two bottom retorts
16 in.
Number of grate bars, three; B6tn. long each^ made of 2 in.
s^Tiare bar-iron*
To prevent radiation, the front wall of the oven should be a brick
and a half, or 14 inches thick. The division walla between the ovens,
two bricks, or 18 inches thick. The back wall when the retorts are
not '' thronghs," a brick and a half, or 14 inches thick.
QuanHty of Brickwork in Effort Settmjt.
The retorts in a setting should be firmly snpported by transverse
walls, BO that they may satisfactorily bear the wear and tear of work-
ing during the time they are expeoted to last. It is an error to suppose
that the brickwork causes a diminution in the heat. Take the case of
two benches of retorts set : the one with as much brickwork as is
reqqired for proper support without obstructing the draught, or on-
neoessarily covering the retort surfaces ; and the other having Uie least
poasible quantity of brickwork, supporting (say, for example) the
retorts only at their extremities. In getting these benches in action
for ihe first time, there can be no doubt the latter would be the first to
attain the desired temperature ; but although the former would require
a little longer time, and the expenditure of more fuel nt Jirt% the
superior regnlarity of its action over the other in distilling the gas
£i>m coal will scarcelj' be questioned.
No doubt the thmner the retorts themselves, compatible with
eta^ogth, the better, so that the heat may the more readily pass to
their interior. But the ciroumstanoes attending the retort as the
Ba
KKinU0GlKG'8 HA5I>1]0{>R FOB
1
v^KscI conta^iiiLTig iJl« multiriii] for dietillALion aru ni^t to ha f^oitfomi^od
Vith Ihoatf appurliiimiig to ll»0 aJjiwoiit brioltworb. TliLS, of courno,
Deed uot be moro tlitui le fea^oimble ; but it is better toon on Ibc aide
of tiipESB tliuii Lou litLlt^.
Clay rfitorte arE* best ^ to H (ncliEfl in thicknees, according aa they
Are maJo by m&cliine or by hand ; and the ohiof point lo bo obeeivixl
iu stitliii^ lljum. ia to let tlie tiet^t havo ffeo scope for circulating
U^rougbout ihe oven* Wtik this object iii mM, tlei^ slionld 1>« [to
lllLBt^«ii rontTfietif^n of the nostrils leading out of the fiini&c«. It is
herr vrhcct the evil iii 3ome scttm^d cxi^a, obi^truoting tbc pa^aagoof
the heat ^s it ia gauemted, producing cniting dmigLte* and hasteuiJig
Ihedi'^trurliuii of Ihe funuicfl hif. J
Clay rtlortfl, 9 ft. 4 in. long, iiro atleqaatolj supported by four tnnvi^
verse supports, m iwldilion to the baok ledgo and the front wall, ani
oiily Dijc of tlttiat four noed bo iiidioa lluclc. ^S'itU a setting [jf thij
dcficrJpLtorj. Laviny Ainpk' n^in^e it^ii for th^ exit t»f thu \ii*At frum tliu
furnuGC] into tb<.^ civt>u, :liv1 tliron^b tli^ flute, tLo befit ro«ilIU, boUi u*
regards bvatinj^' and tiuouomy of fTioli are obtuned.
*' aniiiri'j" lUt'frU,
On putting A bcnob or oven into notion* tho hcatahoiild bo
gently (it ftiQt, the i^lnmper being gradually opened a little moro
liny, nrtil the pivjper temperoLnic is attitinpd.
When iht* retorlH huve reauliL^d a dull red liyat, a light ebarga of
coul thrown into Ihom will uBsiflt tlie devclopmont of the roqiurod
temperature, UBivoU as tend to pr-eeerve Lhem in ijood condition.
By oni^'fnilv attending to tlLeN^^ porrtt.n. th« omokij;i^ of clay r«1
OD IJnt *' s^tmg " may bo entirely avoided.
Fttmacf A»h J'on,
boUiu*
ro omH
A«h pan of wrought plate iron, filGtbi ineh» ot oELst-ifoni 7-1
iaoli thick. For i aettm^' of bov^n targo rotorte, ibc len^h over
)fl6 feel, or 4 feotnot incladinic llic motitli pai-i; 12 lUcliev lAide, und
10 iiicbeatleep, outnde. (Pig, IL)
Fm. U,
Tlif< pan sliotild always be kepL c}iargi?d nith wjiter t-aifli
boilniff point by ihe gloving cote. The water gives off Hleam in eon-
tiidcrattL' volun^c ; ard this, rising undcnicnth and betWG>CCC tbo furnace
b&rH. L^untiibLittiS to the durability of liicse by keeping Lhem io a pLaU
of comparative cochieBB. In its ptmsoge through the hoi cohi
0A3 BNOINEBBS AND MAKAGBB3.
BteuQ is deootupOB^ ifito its oonetitnent gases, the hydrogen adding
to the fomftoe ^el. and the oxygen promoting combastion, A tidy
fire ftbont, with the aflH-pans charged with water, and reflecting the
bright fire between the ban, ia one of the indicationa of good stokingi
Duration of Cla^ RrtorW,
The dnraUon of clay retortSi of oonrset greatly depends on the
Mtting. When the lower retorta in an oven are properly and ood-
tinuonely protected by seating tiles or brick arches from the direct
action of the furnace, the setting will last from three to fonr years ;
otherwise — and this is nearer their average life— they will be bomt
ont in 15 to 18 months.
In moderate sized and in large worIis> each single retort shonld be
ef sufficient capacity to hold a charee of from 2J to 8 cwt. of ooal-
And if Newcastle, or other caking coal of fair qoohty, is used, witli
five or six hours' ohorges, the yield of gas per mouthpiece should be
at the rate of 5500 to 6500 cubic feet per diem of 24 hours.
Now> 18 moi^ths' continuoos productiou, at the average rate of,
sa>jj 6500 cubic feet per mouthpiece per day of 24 hours, is equal to
a total production of about 8,000,000 cubic feet of gas.
For day retorts the heat generally ranges from 2010° Pahr, (orange)
a little cowards.
Ugiiai Number of RetotU in a Bed.
In average sized works, settings of five, sii, seven, and sight
retorts are usually adopted. In some of the large metropolitan and
provincial works, as many as ten are placed together in one bed, with
an elevated travelling sto^e in &ont, from which the higher retorts
ore charged and drawn.
FUu» arid Draugku
For a double stack, containiDg ten or twelve ovens or benches on
each side, the main due should also be double, and the internal
dimensions of each division not less than 80 inches in depth by 15
inohes in width. For even a lesser number of ovens, the size of the
fine flhonld not vary greatly from the above.
An insufficient draught, whilst it invariably results in diminished
heats, causes a waste of fuel, from the consequent iucomplete combus-
tion in the furnace, and the usual hard firing that accompanies it.
The fiame which is occasionally seen at the top of a retort-house
chimney is significant of this defect. The Bame is produced by the
unconsnmed carbonic oxide uniting with its due proportion of oxygen
on ooming in contact with the atmoephere, and by combustion being
converted into carbonic acid. When the proper quantity of air is
supplied to the furnace, the carbonic oxide produced is there converted
?0
NEWSlGOtyfi'S BANBJ300K POU
into carbouic acii], and LL« b^al thus g«nurated la ucilised for bho
diatill&tioti of tbo ^oal conUin^d in tbo rotorU^
All oiccdHiv« draught through tho events is to be avoided, ne well
08 nil ubHlriiutHd orie. If loo uiucli ^ ifi dniwiE iu belwven tbe
gmt« bftTRn tu efTvf't ^s (if> r^idTios the h<>atp as iirell as T^ cause the con-
finmFtion of &n gxc^jss of {\w\. Htiioa the importance of being abto
lo ooiitrol tbc driiigbl bj meanaof adumpcr ploceil oA tho entrauoo of
th(^ ovoM iliJi^ mtc tljc miuii HiXe □□ ihe bunuL.
Aoixirclinji to the e^p^nrQenla cf Dalnog,
1 Jb. 01 liydrogec, biintiog to w&t«r, yields 62,695 unite of ti<4t.
1 lb. of cftrboii, biu'&iQg Co carbonic acid, yiolda l!S,{>QG diUo.
1 lb. of oi^rbon. buniiug to ceabouJc ou^e. yjoldr} 3495 ditto.
1 tb, c>f<^aTtwnk oxides liummgtacftrl>omc acid, )-i9tds44Tdditto.
NoiE — Tbe Eji^linh btujidard uuit of heat is the quautilv of htnX
neeesflarj lo r&iae Ui^ temperature of a poi»:d avniriiiipoiB of water 1"
Fahr. The Frenah coforif la 1ii« quaulity cf Leal r^qiured to r&iM
1 kilo* f2~2 lb?' ibVoirdupoLB^ of water L'^ centiti^racte.
As a role, nhen diing wiLh cokt, ulruniii^ off Lbe firu bara oQOe ID
12 houra is sufficient. Too frequent d^anLitg entails a waste of coke,
beflides reduoiiia Ibo ictkl of th*> oven,
Inate&d of Iho tall chimufij-atalt at tlie end of the relort-houae* i\
hfta become lb V cufitom It) erect oliutirLeys or sLafta of Iti^a alLiluda
imcaadiftUly over the bencli, or between the benchcB, riemg a fd«
feet ftbovo tbo roofr at^d sorvinR for four or mor« double ovons on «acb
side Tbosc ftro found to produce rb Aufficiont diatight, Ibey ar« nior«
nnifcrm and regular in their [kcliun, And th[>ir cost is necessarilT len.
But 09 they daliver the prodacts of combastioti into the atntOBpbore ftt
ft lov Inel, their uE^o oLouM be rsstriotedto iici^hbourhoods'Vaoro tbo
Quiflance is onobjectionnble,
\Vlien tbe raam con be spared, it ie bast to cn?riL tFi? chimney between,
ivnd apart from^ Uie reLorl-biiJcbeE ; so thai, when the litter need lo bo
bftkcti down and rebuUti the ohunaoy, beuiga more pcrmauont atrocture.
rcmiuiifi undisturbed,
III some ^'Oiks c-acli betioli ii suppliod with a email fhafl for its otm
neCp Thiy i^ fcureoly i](?c^Esar>', though Mr. Valon hae found Uio
arraUi^ement. useful iu thti facility it aSordB for controUing th« draugbt
wtiere genetatcr fumimf^s are ui^ed.
Ill many Amerionn fjaB-works Iho main fine and chimney itre dia-
pcLfiod with alto^othcr ; the oponiu^ in tLe crown of the Imnob being
found a(tfGci(jiiL> It ia aaid, to afford the requiute drAught. £t«ii
n^oininj^ the drikuf^ht to be ample for ensuritig perfect lt<>ating and
oarboniKation {which may b« doubted), tbe objectionfi to dlowlns ih*
hot ^tnoa to cecnpc ict^ Uio rctort-hoUBC nndorncath tho roofi ftr*
iaffioieiilly obrious to caoK) the piaotioo to bo cODdemnad*
I
OAB BKOTNSB^ AND MAITAGBB3.
71
Bulb Sot mzo of retort-house ohinmeys under 70 feet in height :
H BCtnare inches of area for each lineal foot of retort, or, say, IGinohea
per monthpiec6.
EuirPLB, — Bequirad the internal sectional area of a ohinmey shaft
MTving twelve donble benches of seven retorts, or fourteen moath-
pieoea, each (six benches on each side of chimney) ; retorts 20 feet
through, total, 168 mouthpieoes. Then
168x16 = ^^1^.^ j^^_
144
Cott of Owm and d^ttin^,
J Th« fiost of a double retort-stack, with benches or crens to contain
settings of five, six, or seven clay retorts (whether single or double)^
iooloding hydraoUo main, stand-pipes, and all other ironwork, retorts,
brickwork, and labour, amounts (at present prices) to from £20 to
£26 per mouthpiece.
The cost of renewing a bench of £ve, six, or seven clay retorts is
£7 lOe. to £9 per mouthpiece ; a bench of three clay retorts, about
J6 10a. per mouthpiece.
Hetorts made of fire-bricks and tiles, rebated or grooved tc^ther
and jointed with fire-clay, are in use ; but their general economy as
regards tbe percentage of fuel required for heuting, is not considered
equal to that of the ordinary clay retorts. In the matter of durability,
however, brick retorts possess a clear advantage, their life being three
to four times that of the other ; and though their first cost is more,
this is compensated for by the saving in wear and tear. Fig. 12 is a
\f It
Fia,UL
section of a brick retort. A is the bottom tile, 18 inches long by 6^
inehea thick, and B, one of the bricks. 9 inches by 8) inches.
Large retorts, 40 to 60 inches wide, are objectionable for many
reasons : A large area is exposed to the cold air every time the charge
is drawn, and the time occupied is necessarily oonsiderable. Again,
there is a tendency to allow carbon to accumulate in sach retorts,
beoause in tbe ample space the inoonvenieuce of the presence of a
TO
KSWBEQOar&'S UAVIWOOK FOB
thick hc^y of CArbon Ib not folt bf tlie men in (Iratniic; aud char^tog.
If tihe ivquir^d teTtiperature, Low^ver, is kept up iitirlor these cinrnim*
Ittancei?, it miift bii at an £xc<^flsive ^xi^enditur^ cf (ii&] and labour.
The gTCiEkler H<^pth of thi? coali niid tlic oonBtant mequaLjty of cArboni-
latiof) between bbo inner 5nd outev portions of tbe tburge, is kiao A
MnriotM drawback to tbeir uie.
CfiBt-iron retorts ai^ nov on]}" eraploy&d in \ery small works. nb«r6
the ga3 mftldng is inlcr?nittv:ni ; here tiie> ftre UHoful, ns thoy be^
letting down freiiiicntly without fliiffering damage^ A3 curbomiera
lh«j' are not economicul, bocniise tlir? hejLt whicb Uifiy will sta-nd in
|}0t bigh enough to produce tl)e best results in tbo yield of gas from
tJie co»l. Tbey ure naunlly mode 1^ incb tbick, with an ordiiifrrj
flojigf u> witlub Llie ni(F[tl.bpit?ce is attatbrd.
Th« round, 15 indies ^LiinietEr. ami D-^liiLpitd. IG y IfL im^bes, aro
iho bmdiest, nud 7 ft- 6 in. is il convenieut length. Tbeir wwi^b
ie 16 to 18 cwt. Fraser'a ribbed r<?tiort (fig. 18) b
^^^^^^ an improve mei ft on tbe oiilmiiry form. In ttettiinf
m ^ LTOTi rctortfi a ajm(?o of About 9 incboB diotild bo krfl
f I ^° ^'"^^ ^^''' ^ ^ow for the oipan^ion ol tho m«tii],
I ^ ^_A I ""^ pi«venl their being forced cut beyond the froal
'**•*' wall, with tbe noHsible breakage of Ui9 aacenoEon
^^^' **- ppoff.
fSra oiny tiloe ore mvariahly uaod to protoct iron retorts from th4
(liiwt action of tiie ftunacc bcnti
OxidiLliun prnceeflg mpitlly on tho outer mirfncp of ircii retorta, and
the tcftlo flhonld bp fro^iieiiily retnoved. otheru'iao ibe propor tempera-
tnreviUnoL bo mmnuincd. For faeihtv iu d<»mg tbis. m^ht hoLoa
should be left in coiivejiient positions in lb« front vstAl of tlii: bench.
Iron reLorlR R}ionW fllnayg be scorfed bi^forp being \ei tlown. other*
wise iba nneijuiil <.'onli'Q4:lioii of tbu mcruaUd c&rbon and tbe metal
of ih<3 lutori in <^D<>]iiLg mi;j;ht canat frauttirc in the latter.
Tbe duratiuti of un iion letnrt In t^tintd to (Jju ptoduotton of tiboub
TOO.ftOO to 800,000 cubio feet of gas.
Tb6 boat hcftt for iron rotortH ie that ranging from lUfiC^ Fahr.
lohem r^dl to lSd(P Fahr. (brijfbt cborry rcd)< Any tomporaltm
bf^yond this is apt to bum or sofi^rt, and no causo distortion of ^e
rc^tort,
Cttmf'infil ^eiunftit of Cia'j finii Irftn.
In torar workn, oonobined Bettings of oky and iron rotorte hftto
u»cd, the JaUcr bolitg heated by tbe Aurphis hont fron: the
Tht? b(?n(^itAi arising from ttieir adoption are {jnestioimbbf.
GAS £KQIK£BBB AND HANAOEBS. 73
THE SLAKING OB QUENCHING OF HOT COKE.
In the Blakmg or qDenehing of hot coke^ water is a necessity. It
is true that if the coke is drawn from the retorts into iron barrows,
aud a clone cover placed over it, the confined gases, in the absenoe
of atmospheric oxygen, will gradnally arrest oombuBtion in the maas ;
and this method of dealing with tho coke is Bometimes adopted with
a view to abating the nniaanoe of the escape of steam charged with
salphnrons vapours from the retort-house, and to preserve the coke
lot sale in a d^ and bright condition. Where the production of coke
is great, however, as in the ease of large works, this iu an incon-
venient, if not impossible, method of deling with the material.
The quantity of water absorbed by the coke when it is shUced in
the ordinary way is oomparatiTely small, not exceeding, on the
average, 15 per cent, of the weight of coke in the first instance ; and
the bulk of this evaporates when the coke is deposited outside the
retort-house in the open air — about 8 per cent, of moisture being
permanently retained.
FUEL FOR CABBONIZING.
Coke.
In moderate sized works, skilfully conducted, about 8-44cwt, of coke,
or 26 per cent, of the production |say, lUJ- cwt.) of coki^ per ton &om
Newcastle aud other high-olasB bltuniinous coals, is used as fuel to
carbonize one ton of coal.
In large works, under the most favourable conditions, and with the
■blest management, the consumption of coke for heating the ovens
may be reduced aa low as 18 to 20 per cent, of the production.
la small works, one-third the production of coke is nearer the aver-
age consumption.
For the heating of brick retorts, owing to thoir greater thickness, 10
to 16 per cent- more fuel is nsed than is required for clay retorts.
Radiation &om the bench is reduced, and feel economized to an
extent greater than might be supposed, by temporarily bricking
up the fomace doors and the mouths of all retorts in beds not in use
in proximity to others in action.
Tar at FiuL
Where tar is unmarketable, or but of low value, and there is aready
sale for coke, the former should be employed in heating the retort
ovenS'
Ite applioation ia exceedingly simple. When applied to an ordinary
furnace, the ash pan is first ^ed up with breeze ; the door is then
»
J*EWBIQ0IKG"3 HAl*DBOOK JX>»
removed &nd ibe Aoor spjLcs bricki?d up. leaving two holeSt tmo nbots
tlu Other, about 4 I}' S uiobetj. The tar Is suppli^id Ihrougb tlie top
hole, the bottom hole bemg for the adciissicn cl mr, iind io allow oF
Uio £ie beirtg slixred ^Ltn rci^uired. A picueDf^-uichangle-iroi^or a
grnoviitl Trr-flitj nlnlj. or citlwo' cmivisiueiit dianiiul. m iusurttJ iiitu Ibe
fonubco through iLo tap lidu. uiJ dowii tiiia tbo lOT is tJ3Ju!o lo Itov
in u rttrvMH about tt-l6tha of uji iimii lluckp
Tho tar nun bu lakti; tiiri^cl from tbt bjdiflulic lUiLui. m the bottom
of whiuh H I'iudi n'rou^dtl'imjt fi.<riado. huvirtgn QlupTcark attac1jed> h
borcvod^ A 1 irtch rtducmg coitpling t8 t]j«u pal on, &nd this iiz^ of
pipe brought dowij to the side ol tbo oven, where tbo tAr ia supplied
to Ihu Iroujfh thiottgb n iiu^;;leof llitipriipci climensions, (^euFig. 14.)
As the liydi'aiilic ibmh vlUI not supply »ll the inr iieoi?.s«ary, u pipe
ehould also bo brought from e. tiuik or omtcm crocted in eonie con-
itnioiit pUcQ outside the retort -houae^ If ^hiB tack is pLiocd ituidc
Fia.ll.
Uio retort liouoc. ilui dust nrisinf; from Ibe coal miics with tbc tor ftud
bindore itn tlow. Into bbie taak a supply cf tctr should be tiiau|)tii
from tile t!ir well ns rc'niurrd.
The gfju cdjGctlon to the aaa of tor as Tiiel, fta above applied, is that
tlic mt^im^ heat which i& j^uortitcd at tUc point of oomboation, sood
tLvitroya the ajcb or tdos onderuetith lUe middle ratort, LreuloDg the
Utter down.
A9 this n^tort, in the ordioarf sfilting of fives and fievena, Is the oce
tidQAlly Sr?t burnt out, it is advisable to restrict the uae of tor to tbo«c
bcnobes ibat Lave been at work far a teuulli of time, iutd m vrbiofa Uip
niiddlo ret<iTt is eJlhtir mnch bnrritor ah^julj dei^royed.
GAB £HGISE&Ra AND MAJf AGBB8. TB
To obviate tbe ftbore'taention^ drawbacks, Mr, Geo^e AnderEon
baa invented a furnace special]; adapted for tbe coiisnmption of tar M
fuel, wbioh admirably answers tbe ptirpose intended.
About 60 gallons of tar used as &el will carbonize %i tons of bita<
minons ooal, oi a mixtore of biiaminons coal and canned in 24 boors.
At this rate about 6 gallons of tar are eqnal to a sack (3 bnabels) of
ooke.
Nnmerous otber eipedienta for firiag b; meana of tar bave been pnt
forwardt bat tbe above bas the merit of efficiency with cbeapneas and
extreme aim^licitj- In tbe event of a deEciencj in the supply of tar,
(bis fiimaoe is readily recoDverted for coke firing.
GENERATOR FURNACES AND REGENERATION.
The uaa of goseons fuel for beating retorta may be said to have
emerged from tbe experimental stage. On the Contiiient more baa
been done in this direction than in thia country, stimulated, perbapa,
by tbe comparatively higher TsJne of fael there. Mr. Webber, Mr.
G. E, Btevenaon, Mr. Yalon, Mr, Foulia, and others have done much
to ^uread a knowledge of tbe value of these furnaces amongst the gas
engineers of thia country.
Prom ft scientific point of view, generator fumacea have everything
to recommend tbem. Tbe saving in fuel by their adoption ia varioualy
eatimated at from 10 to SO per cent, on the beat results obtained by
direct coke firing. Bnt they offer otber marked advantages- ^'Clinker-
ing " is avoided, andconaequently wear and tear of settings is reduced^
the beats are higher and steadier, and, being more eaaily regulated,
they aave manual labour : tbe charges in the retorta are cftrbonized
more rapidly, and thus tbe production of gas per mouthpiece is
increased, and retort-house space economized.
In tbe generator fomace, we solid fuel is converted into carbonio
onde gaa, and if the regenerative system is not auper-added, tbe gaa
produced ia mixed with the entering air wbilst the latter is at the
ordinary, or at but a slightly higher temperature, unassisted by the
waste heat from the fine. In some inatances where the air is heated,
tbe heat is derived from the active heat within the furnace, and so to
thia extent (aa compared with the regenerative method) detracta&om
the temperature therein.
In the regenerative ayetem invented by Siemens, the heat, after it
hae done its work in Ibe oven, and whtcht under ordinary oiroum-
stances, is allowed to escape np tbe chimney, is utilized in heating the
air required for combustion.
There is quite a variety of generators in actual use, and thougb
vary in tbe details of their conatraction, and in their position i
KSWBIOQINO'8 EJiNDBDOX FOB
wilhiii t»1ie arch of tha letort beDcli, or ootaide of it. ihe iinnciplfl of
Lctioti ia ekch U identicsJ.
'riio following wc tlfi cliicJ geiKrntora :— Siemens' ; LiogoVa. tbo.i
laltei'weLI luiovrii hxiva Uie ilcscrtpLLOU given cf tlwm by Mr. O. E.
Btev&nsoii, wlio iBiU'udiiced Uitiu inLo tliis miiiitry ; ItftSHn'i^ ;
OecLellmuHtfr'ei ; Bclidlinga ; Diotrcicli'^, in use in some AmericDn
gasworks; Klcmic's, the "Didicr,' the " Mnnioh." VnJons, and
Livesey'a. tla' last Jio^med being iu dEiucuHoful ufienttioii uL ihe t^oulfa
Blvtro^iclJUiu And other gas-worke.
Mr. Webber giv(!fi ibefollomn^coTmtBedi^sc^ripliocof i^eTicratDr fnr-
naees j'* Kings Trefctiae," Vol. III., p, 379 fft fc^.) : —
'- ThetG ia mucb difference m the details of gen^vfltor fiimftoea
present coi^fltnjctod by vnrioils en;»!noGr3 ; but their tnaiT) loatnroau^
always alike, find arc remn-rkibly simple, Tbeusnnl form of tb^gttit
rfttoT itBcJf in thiLli of a kilu. gvnt^riTilly siuik iindergiriimil ot ht'neMth
thf! level of the clnu-.^'ing Hoor of tlie ratort'hou9» ; tlte cnpcicity of tbo
kilr.of coui-so, varying WLth the amount ofworh it in intondcd to
?rrforni ; but it i^ u^ualljr about onc-and^n. lioif diameter* in bdjcht
he form of crosa-acctioci of the geTi&rittor may be either rectJinguliir
or round, the former being ^aaier of construction, ctUhough. According
to Grahn, the lattcrgivea better re snltfl* Tlio generator ia fed throiteh
a hole in the to^, ooveiLvl with cui air-tight cap. The ga6 is usiuulj
tinken olf by an openhtgneEirthetop, The lower part ^f tlie geiiemtor,
in whioli the initial comlustion L*omm'jiw©B. is aubitt'l to the grettcdl
wew, especially from the formation of clinher> The air u namitted
tdtJjer by ^ gtute Eit the boLtuui cf the geiieratur. Jtti in an ordinary
fcmace. or bv openinga in the bHi-kwork, which may be t^iih^r &t thd
Bido8. or in tho bottom — Tvhioh inlhat caaoiB lapi^ruddown tothosit*
of the opening — or by a combinatioD of tlie two, ^& desi^iied by Liegtli
who put8 a lire grate midern<»atU the opeiijn;; lii the hotUim of the
generator The generator ahotildhp lin^d with ^tl^aflt
i) inches cf Ui« bcflt firc-biicka, between which iind the surroniLdntg
wnlls of common biichwoik, aboiu 18 mches llii(:k. a spitcc of about
ft iniihefi ifl left T,o bo filled wirJi n cjoaijiD-ratively rioii-cunLlnctirijc
material, such us ashesioa. err ^vcn pondered ^re^bncke, in order to
diminish the loss of heat bv radiation,
" The gaa channel, by wliich the producis of t^ombnstion leave \ht
gencinUtirH vnruis af^onrding to circumstanees. from Uie shc>rt connecting
chambur of Litjjcl or Livosoy, wlioto RonBrators urj virtually ou« iriUl
tlio retort wttiuf^hi, to a pipe of oonsidorublL' Icufrth ; but tlio fonnor,
or 60IUU Hiuijlar pluii, in obviously preferable vhvn it l» Giiitvenii.^nt to
adopt \i. [n all eaaei the passage, wh^r ot a.ny length, mnst bp
vid«d with a damper.
A
GAS By<;iNBKitH AKr UAVAQBHS,
71
I
I
'* in rnost coaoft a f oaor&lor IS aboat tffoot lo Bfc«t 6 inches aquftra,
vhkili iH BuJIiclwl for liftttia^ two large setltn^ of rotOL-tb- For one
nttmg half Mi ar*ft will )mffl<!fl> The body cf mcATt<iesoeat ook« ia
odaUj &bocii 9 fiNt (l«^pr Althotipfa it miglit he reduo^d to bj^f tii«t
dsptli vitlic^ityTtJAtirjf the etok pi^uc«d. 8tiIJ it is best to IcMp a oon-
ramble mufpn, in nrilcir in \i\ok) risk of intflrrupttoii in workii;g,
wUflh Oiil^t othorvi«n hn viuxtoA hy irrcgtiloj^iy in c^hArginff tho gonO'
fftter, vhtcii oporotion wouU> wiib the $ix&£ of &pparat\je odqvc speoi'
fled, bo DOOMfftry at four or lire Loiud' intDrvjUs.
*< Tbn gpfii^nlor ujtt> Lit) (UtuaUMl ttn^wiure in Lhe n pi f^li hour hood of
tharcloit bench. The fUmue gaoM aro Of^Dtittt^d to tbd iauinor of
dft9iotort0taek,eujudfrd M miioh w jKiuiblu h^>tu loHuof tlidrikcqdf^
bittt wliilo tn Inueit. aiid there mingle with tUo proper ijaaiiiilj of
mvioAlj^ li«alcd air ; the miiturebeiii^ attreiidnd with initant oom-
biiftio&."
It maj h^ mcntionod, inciLkntnLlf , os a mattor of i>KporLonca> that
wJior« chiaclaflsof funioco inuncd, lotOTtfl coiL«trucl«d of fire bricks
ftm) lili^do not niitwnr au w^ll jik thiT ctrdmury moTildeL) rotOTt, bh bboy
tn naore UaUa to b«como dufgrtiwd by tho Int«o40 heat oottng upon
ibeoL
Dry alx, thooj^h diatbonDftnous to T&di&nt heat, ukea up htuti iritli
ntptm* npidtty vhoc brought in ^^uutrwl wit)i n hot euifatja. It tn
BOt pxoonryt liiomfbro, that tbn hot due pnHnoRc tlirouKli which tlio
motm^BitJ ftir i« ouuod bo ttavol in ord«r to be hcntod l»foro ccnnuiif
In eoDU^ vitb tbe comfrnpttblc e&ic« from tlio g«ji«rator alioulJ be
lOQg'OXttindad uid tortuouit iti tli count*.
Tbo odviuitafco* of tliv ao-oalZcd rogont>rJiiliv« armiii;«inente aei
mliid (0 rotort fumoccA &ro due net onlyi or obicHy* to iho hvuliuy
en tlm nMaauibuy Mr, vrUiob ia xvftdiljr ftocouiptiidiai). but l&r^ly to Ihu
dMiuiMaui:<» that the boat of the vaeto gftsea, u tho latter traT^rao
tho p»«ft£e« coiutf uotc*^ nlong^do tho fLimoce, is At a potential higher
lliui Uiftt k) whtcb Uic Inch work i:k ;Ue baao of tbo Mtthi^, nnd in the
iUe> of tb« ^^neratar in iha ahwncp of the wostv^^ fluiui. could
^Ottiblv auoin. Th« elTcct of thbi is to insukto, u it vorc. the boat
oT tfae nirnaoo, miiaiiciaing outwu^ ro^atioa and oonduotioii.
EmL liko water «.nd aloctnoity, tond« to OBtabliih &ii eiiuililriitm ;
and die lov^rr tl^it tirmpfiriLturii cif u budy ii^ {^nritnrt vnth another ut a
bigbor tompctuturo, tho groiitvr iho ubiirocliou of boat froca tho latter
bx UieJcmacf.
Fkoiu Ibiii it will be etideul that the function fnBllod by the hoat
of the wa4l« gwo* cat^pot propurl;? bu i![>iiHidtin>d ju '* rfig^nfratLve."
Their wmperaiuro U nooOBmrily bwvr thou that of tho fumacL> and
the iDiicIo of the ovtin. Ht4t ouuiot travel from a lowcf lo a hiulmt
poCvDtia] ai;y moi^ tbftn wraler uiidur imni;al cunditJuiiHcmi trnvpl iip^
lull; and therefore it is not poeaible for tbo lowor lumpDniture to
7B
irswBiaonTQ'fl haudbqoe 70a
"regenemte" the lii^fber The chiefftjnclion ofllie Lofti of tlto
l!(^€G Ie by insulation, txs xlxc^nAy c?:pl[unc<I» to oouacrve, in tho rttio
tJiQir own Umparatiire, the licat genemted hy cuiububtiut] in ihA
fun^ftce. If it were pogsibln L<i Eijabee ihei h&iUi^ ovens of ft mtort-
Mok OD all aUbs vitli aa fov^lopc of heat, it i« obviOUB tilftt tii^
but of the ovuus ^voiiIlI Ijci ottiisurvcd, a bighor juid ateaJliet bompmi*
tore maiut«iiicd, aJid ibat economy of fael it-ouLl rc»uU.
BCDRFIKO RETORTB.
J
In the diBtillflUon of coo! a deposit of carbon tftlt^i place irithin tlio
retorts, wliicli, if oUoiTT^d to go rn accumulating, oveuiuuEj »iriniifi]y
contracta ib^ir iiiternjLl aren. anr) <raii?e9 n rlimiiiEaioti in tlic Lenta.
Thiff deposit ib duo prinoiiiftUy to tliu pteeuiirp prodncod by the
reajstacoe offacd lo the |>aflgagt of Ibe pas throtipb the difforout &ppn-
Its r&raoval by aeiirfing wi;b rhiHel b&n in tbo crdirwiry way ii
ilivuye more or la^s fittcnded with damftgo to tb(> rctortd ; tho moro
•0 Afl tbev require to sUnd off for 6 or 19 bouri, to Ioosgll (Lt? clarion
by tbu ituruiBBLOEi of air, befort* ap[>1yiu]; tbe bar-
DiffcTcnt mefhfxla of acurfingLuve been tried with W]dn|{ 01104x140^
iho best ^robciibW tiding tJiaC by nlkicb a ciurciit of njr and etcam is
mule to impui^ npoi) the cnrbonaceoQS deposit, Thi? Eattfr plati
la the invention of Mr. 0. W. Edgi?, of tlie Jern^y Ciiy (U.t{.A.}6^
WorkSn Tbe process is thus d@3f?nhed by Mr- E. Oodd&rd : —
" ThQ nppiiriituu oondstfl of a Btonjn'p:pc connoclcd villi tlic Btoam-
\ioIler, ftnd pfteftiiig nlong the top of tbo retort beucbuB, to whtrh jh
connectad n. l-int'h f\\\}&, eit^^ndine out to IhaUuJG oftberelorimculh'
piece; to thia in oOTiuc'Ct^d a ^iiich pipe, having on tl a stop-ooch
Mid union joict to couuc^ct aud diaconncct the pipe readily. This
steam-pipe tenajitateti at Lh? end of a pipaSinciheH in ihanieter, and
aboMt 5 t^tyi long, rt^tin^ djj ihv bottOTn ct tb(^ roiort, into which
the atcom niaiit^e through SL nozalo having a Sloths of an incb ontlet, at
the same ilnn^ drawing witli it & ooit^tot atniospbcric air. A rotort-li*!
is L'Eitcrallrjfitcloe^'ly round the 0-inGb pipe- The liJis luted on tj^i,
and the plag T^movtid from the top nf tbe ft9f?<>oeion.pipe, tlic
retort bomg at a good vorlcing heat, and tbe apporatoa ta ready to
perform.
" Tlie steam nbould be used at a protfunrp of from 25 to 40 lbs. to th^
unareinoh, Tlierush of ^leam carries with it a current of atmospheric
aiTi the oast'iron pipe bocomes heat^, and the Etenm and atr ruabtuf
tbrongh it become Fuperheatod, and thns vte bnyc a compouud hlov-
[ape of immenH* power, the current of which strikea with great eii4rgy
GAS BNGOfSBBS ABD ICAfTAOBBS.
f9
OQ the thick portion of the carbon at the re&r of the retortt but with
dimiDifihed fbroe as the retnrzung current partioll/ charged with tiie
products of oombostioD approaohea the front end of the retort, where
the carbon 16 thin, in order to pasa out through the ascenBion-pipe.
If the retorta are thicklj^ coated with carbon 1 say, eeveral inohea thiok),
on the first apphcation of the apparatna, it will require several honrs to
dean them out ; bnt when the retort is once decarbonized, one bonr'a
application every thirty daye will be found amply sufficient to keep
the retort dear of eztraneoQa carbon/'
After all, the beat plan of obviating the nuisance ia to prevent the
. dntosit ae much as possible, by minimizing the dip, by employing an
Qinanster to reduce the back pressure ; and in very small works where
this ii not available, by cleaning the surface of the retorts with a
nnuided steel scraper every time they are drawn.
TABLE OF COLOURS
Correaponding to Vitrioia High Temperatures. (Pouiliet.)
Fyntnd 9Tr
DiUnd 1390«
firimutnd 1470°
Ohnrrred Ifl6t>^
BriRht obMty rad 1830°
Oiu^a S01D°
Bright ormniEB 3100°
The eflect of an excessively low heat in the retorts ia to diminish
the gaseona products, the chief results of the distillation being the
production of tar>
_ ' Fths.
WbitahHt fi87o<'
Bright white hmt ,,.... afifiO^
Duillsg white 1700°
Melting point ot out Jroc^
Whit* i9a>'to aoio*
Otbj a010= to 3190°
TABLE,
By Miller, exhibiting the amount and specific gravity of the gaa
obtained from two buahela of coal doring each of five hoars' heating
in an ordinary retort ; showing the importance of restricting the time
during which the coal is subjected bo the action of heat in the manu-
fftCture of gas* The rich hydrocarbons diminished, and carbonic oxide
and hydn^en increased in qoantity as the experiment progreaBed.
Id tliB Ant botir
OabioVBet. fl
. . ' 316 . . .
In th« ■eooud h<mr
In th« third hoar
In tha f onrth htmr
In the aifcb hoar .
_ . BOS , , .
. . . lie . , .
. . p M . . ,
... 90 . , .
677
41»
4O0
With oazmel the osjbonieation takee place In ooufliderably
time than with OTdinary coal.
m
KBWBIOOTNG'B HANDBOOK FOB
TABLE
Exhibiting the QuaUties of Qa9 at different Periotk of DittiUatUm,
{Dr, Henry,)
Frtym Ha^ a Ton of Wigan CanruL
100 Ubuhtq*
100 Mwhju d(
IOOUhhuh
cf Imtiuxe Gbi
ForlflfldQu
of
OOElAln
oomiBt of
PnriataQu
DiBtiUAtiDLi^
Bolpltii^
FHHcd
H^dro-
Coni-
droBGO,
Gma.
OtIWF
Inferior
Qmatt.
Nltncon
CODiDlDfl
OxTgeiL
Cubonla
Aold.
t ■nhoor.
4
fit
16
64
SD
180
94
I boar
B
81
le
77i
41
filO
119
Q houtfl.
31
ai
16
ao
5
afio
108
A ,.
31
9|
13
ra
IG
37B
9i
T „
3
&A
9
78
Ifi
170
8S
* 1.
1
fis
S
77
IB
]fiO
78
10 „
Q
fi
74
SO
lao
64
13 ..
i'
4
i
7fl
20
fifl
ad
From Hal/ it Ton of Cominon Wi^n Oas Coal.
I boor.
a
3
10
90
. .
164
91
Shoan,
fl
2
91
IBS
SS
A „
3
3
6
94
183
70
7 „
1
a
6
BO
15
, lao
64
.,
1
ai
S
B9
9
1 112
60
11 M
1
1
05
Ifi
SO
1
1
4ft
BATE OF PRODUCTION OF GAS
Fbom 2 CwT. OF WioAN Coal la an Expeeimenial Betobt-
OabiD FoeL
Ihoar 375
1 246
Uboiue aOO
2 1. 140
a* n so
B 40
B* „ BO
4 16
ToUl . . . , 101*
OM» SVOlTfREKS AND MANAGERS,
«l
THE DIXSMOFIE SYSTEM OK GAS MAKING,
Tlia Dinsraore «vst«iD Ho i^tillt'il nXiat itt invAHtor) r>f ^nrichiTig gu
by tho conx-cTflion of a portion of the lE>'dro«arbnn» prcjveitt in the tar
inbo pcmiJineut gm of v, liigli tlJioitiauliii^ Im^wit, Imi^ been ru1o|it«]
jiL Widni^s miller tlir* ntipervisicn of ^\r. IvncLt* Cnrr. who hjta intrti-
duccd vmriouQ improviiments iu tbemetboc! nfiUnppJinatioii, by wliicL
rftitilU of ATI import&TiC chaTBCler Jiave bcon oHUinnd^ Tlio obief
E]bHt4ie1a to the ^uccew otnW previous uUrinpi^ in n ^^imilur direction
uut tttt blocldng of tliu A«(-ondioii-pTp«.v iiii4 hvrir&ulic nn^^ foul mnini
lAith piub> Tbi* dil^trulty btuj now ap[micnily jjoeii ovnroomcH
Witli onrlliiril of l!ic tnrboiming pl&i4t Jht work on thp iipw sj>U*Tn,
about 10,riOO i?(tbi<7 fo4^t ^jf j^a.i p4.^r t/in. of nn illiiminnling ptiwi.ir i^i|uul
to 10 tl&Bdftpt oBJidlfta are obtiiincHi from nn icrohor cloua of ooal.
BETUitT MOUTHPIECES.
^P The foDowiiiK an tbo dctoUti of a mouthpluco for aa oval rotort
Jl ilL by 1£ iQ-> wiii will Hcn'f^ iia q moilclfor finy ctUur si Ms uuti »<bApet
tUowillM iMing rmuU^ for vjirying dtrnuQinoiiH. (^«c I'^ig*' 1^ to 1^.)
Dapth froni front to buck, awt n,\}. IS Iiih
IThickiUriiii of metiil ta frout ^rtioii* £ nt.
Jhttc in lip, 1 ID'. &ad pbLuod UtoI.
DittJi in ^nn^'r, 1 iu,
W»dtli cf tbu^gc bi from, i^ fn,
[litto at tMuk. I iji.
N'umbfT of bolt luAv^i. ei^bl : diamebor, 1 in,
EaT'boi on l-iu;1i side, with bloi^ :f in. by 4 iti>
imwBLaaiKas jundbuok fur
Booketi iQMoei?e end of aactinslcn'ppv. 5 iji. m hdgliU odiI 6) in.
AiBZaeteir icelde ; centre o in. from fronts
BolU, for Bocuring moLithjii^e^ to rotorbi cigbt; diamcLor, I in. :
ecievp'ed uud uutteit &t Lotli ^nds.
hiijga iii urruu^Lt'injti, H lU. iosxig* 2 in. Irciu], aud A in. Uiiok :
one witli jaws aiid fUit for liin^ng croes^bFir, th« other cranlEed
and nutobcd aa m Fig, IH. tibt at oppoaiio ond, 12 tii. Long,
i iu. wide ; wwlged to *at-box-
^roHA-bnT of wroij^lLi^iion, 2/i iii> long, fi id. brc^r) at each «n(]»
&n'l } uj- thiokn ~ Middle? nai-t *^in. broad, rfVoU^oiU l« :j in,
tliick. ^Lb 1 in. ecrowod IloIo tfir-ou^h cculro.
Scivw. 10 iu. long. wttL aquarc iLieod 7 io. of itflleog^
Cross bandle, 14 in- long, f in- round.ii'on.
Lid, I ill. bltiok, plate-lron, didiod, ^i^ith hig od eacL «idoH
VnriouB devii^ft for dUponsing with tL« aci^ew ntid it^ slow actiuu
liave betii btrudiiovil- Amoinr^t Lliesy Dox's retoH-Tid ffttitener, imwlu
lij Geo. Waller and Co.. Storer and PugJiB levev Imndle, and Kiiig'&
PHknt fasbenvr, ruado bf Woet's Gas Improvam cat Company, amy
hv i!|j(?i:iallj liamwd.
CEMENTS FOK JOINTZNO RETORT MOUTHPIECES.
Thiec-fourtlia by weight of Jire-olay,
Durt-fourtli hy weight of iron bomjHH.
Wbon ready to coonect. wix v^itU aminociacal vat«r, Vw no flu]{ihtir-
20 Ibi. gypHUtn jealpbatu of linu') m»A& into b pifp wiUi watt-r.
10 lbs. ii^on bonnga aaluiatcd with u atron;:^ aolution of eal ainmouiac.
iEis well wgetlier lill of ft conaiateney fit for use.
Tn ti\mg the irLoilth [nones to clay rebortg, i\\b lln.[igi- or faoe f4 tlifi
rolort sbould hi* notched all aver witli a nhnrji' pointed liamm^, or h
9\}ghX cb&nnol out all round ttbia in bent done by tbc retort muker in
ocHiise of mauufoctuit). for tbo oemoikt; to bod tntg when tlit* IjoIih uc
screwed np-
OESfliNTS lUK JOINING THE ENDS OF CLAY EETOETS.
10 lbs, jtyjiBUiii inflde into a pnip with water,
K) lbs. ^u bonii)^ saturated will] a Airon^ aolntion of ^nl annnonifto.
MiK w^H logebher till of jt t^oiiBiHlccicy ti for uda.
&0111C iJt:Li;iii«eTE iiso tiro-clay alone, mixed ^vith water to tho oou-
aiaUoiejf ofuiorltu.
0A3 BVaiNEI^BS AND UANAGSRS-
Por iron retort movlhpiect
2 Ibfl. fine clean iron borings.
1 oz, Bftl aminoiuftc.
- 1 oz- dowera of sulphur.
Mix together and keep dry. When required for use, odd water to
briitg the mixture to & proper conaieteney.
CEMENTS OB LUTING FOB RETOaT-LlDti.
Ordinary lirae, or spent lime from the puritiere mixed with tire-olay
or common clay, and worked up into mortar.
The following makes a tough persistent luting : —
1 part hme.
2 parts Jiioulding sand.
Ground up together, with water, in a mortar mill.
SELF-SEALING RETORT-LIDS.
The Betf-sealing retort-lid invented by Mr. Morton, with Hotmau's
eccentric laatener, is extensively used. The lid is not removed from
the mouthpiece in charging the retort, but swivels round with the
hinged cross-bar, to which it is secured- It is made in any form to
suit the shape of the retort, with upturned semicLrcuJar edge, &£ed
trne. This, pressing against the flat edge of the mouthpiece, which is
also faced, makes a gas-tight joint without the intervention of any
kind of luting.
Other self'Sealing retort-lids are Tassie'ST made with a steel ring let
into a groove in the face of the mouthpiece ; Fartby's and Grice's,
having a projection on the edge of the hd fitting into a reoess on the
face of the mouthpiece; Somerville's, which consists in the contact
of the outside of the rim of the lid with the inner conical Up of the
mouthpiece ; and Ruscoe's, with steel cross-bar and fastener^
RETORT-HOUSE TOOLB.
Shovels with riveted handles are not good in or about a retort-
house. The heat soon causes the wood to dry in, and the rivets give
way and become jagged, laceratmg the hands of the men who use
them. Socketed handles are much the best.
A good handy-aized shovel for charging retorts of the ordinary
dze is one 13 inches long by II inches wide. Firing shovels (for
coke) are ijest made an inch wider. Both should he well turned up
a't the aides.
a 2
u
VSWUlOOINO'ti BAmitfOUK FOK
For rhttrgT;i|; Lliroiigb leborib, tLe scoop 4Fi^. 21) U fr^iientlj'
Bmplpyed,
Tlii^ iiL Bcctiou 15 a siiTnioirouUr tmuKU of shect-irtin, the IcnjftJi
hnlf tUt ihiongb iGtori. iiml Wge eaougti to coutun about 1} or,
1{ GWt, of (Mjd. h K iiiJf«rttil twii^ LDto llie wXnH \xi *iAa]i cmL tils
<uen iiro rccjuired to eiiurge it tlirougli retorl witb tUe cooop — t-*-,
three at etch iiioatUpieaen Tlic Tuctboii oF ubiu;; tt is ue foUoivs :-
Ou its t>eiug tiUed with coiil, one tuuii tiikea Udi<\ ot the Liuidle bt tb«
Gitdn niiNPR tt| slightly, the snddle is plaic^Ti uTKtemi^atli hy n Heooiid
mtui, and u third ^r&^pa lUu oppu&itD ddc. Tbo Lhrut Uiijii rcilfio the
woop aiid Jnaert its end lUto the retort mouth, whereupon the
Middle is relwised. arid Uj*^ mttu having hold of ih(= hflJuUe pusltta
Uie yL'Oop with itfl i.'h&r^tf I'tglil into thi* rt'tori. tnntK its round, ktul
vithdmwg it, Ieu\ing ihe uhiirjift! maido. Thia oprulion 10 rupuutod a
Hocond tinit , ihv 6CDU|i uri the (ant itibertiou bum^ Lutaud la tlv kift.
mid Gti bli^ ^I'ond tn ihe ri^ht-
ttther re tort- houses tooln i.^oiiaiBt of tbo dia(jh&i^,^lnK rftko. IHg. :£2 ;
da^er. Fig. ^11; ci^h-pati L-uke mid ubovel, Fi^f*, :^ &iiii ^i-i \ tire
tongn. Kin, 27 ; and prii^ker. t'i^, :iG. [Sw- next pay p. J Pniie's cobt;
tLiid vm\ Ijarrow. I-'ig. I'J, and Cocltej'n cl>arwing barrow, V'ig. liO,
uscFiil and serviucablu udjiumtu lo tiiu i^tort-houei^.
Fia l».
Fiu.Mj.
CUAmUNn ANI> DISCHARGING HETOKTS BY MACHINERY,
The diOiuiiU probJflm of nppl^iDK mmrhinery to lUe diar^ing ntid
drawing of rcKirta ia one which lias <n:uup"H!d th^ minds of gu
ungineura from Lht* va^-y iniroduttion of giia-Hghlifig, and He soltiUon
hiu been Btteniptt^d with varying BiiocesH. Out cf uhcut twenty dif-
feront oontrjvanotfB that hnve been juvented for the pnrptist. not morw
thftii four 01 five remAiu ui nw' nt (he pr^rwiii tim<*, and tboao only U)
^ lintitad e\teiit,
Tt* hydranlit* Hloittr inv^atfid by Mr, W. Fouliw and the nonibnW
hand nnrf inftclnnt atoker of Mr. J, West am bfith in nee ai tli« Man-
jho*ter (.'orixTiatiou Ow-WorkK. Th^' latUir haw %\no bo«u (idop(«4
Mftbddtono, Port««ft* Iptwioh, liuniUf, Hut?, wid other works.
r. Waii hu «Uo pctoQtfid tljc npplicaliwi of coiiiprv«at9(t &ii Ui iW
iptlluig of \iU miutiiiniir)' ; «]]il ihiii in miccfisiRfiilly at vroi'b at th»
ftiK)i»Jst«r ftnd Ui« SoutU Mctrapolitun fioo-Workfl. Moro reijonUj
QAB KKOmUM AVD MAffABBBa.
i'Mi. Si,
Fib.ffi,
ri'. ,^'l Uln U PlQ.flCr.
MBWm<*OlP«>^ BA?«1>linrfK FOR
lie hiLs odoptcd tlic plrin of driving by means d a wire rope rans
Ihe Vfliole length of Ujp telort- house, and rwttiiiW hy n aUbticinar^
c^ngine plftc^l at one end. This Intter ie in u«e at Blur^hbum, Mr
WoBt'« miKhitim, both for cbftrj^ng und drawing, iind the plaji ubict
be Las latterly adopted of ol^trvining inijtiie powpr< ore ho ndioiniblc,
thai ili»?it jfuneml application in the lurgiir gHjt'Work» in only a
question of time-
Mr- Warner 'a mflchinery x& employn^ &t Soalh SLiolda; ood UiC
mgeniouB ateam stoker, tbi? iuveiilioiL of Mr. A, Q. [losH. of Oin*
Pinnatf, U.S. Amerii^, is iii uu« at various works in the Statf^fl and
in tbifi oonnlry.
CUtKi; iitlcinpted to perfect a)i arm. iipe meet bv vbiob a continuous
SU|iiily and di^uljarye vas pffi'^tpd ; ami lliough In? ili<l not Hii(x**jed ta
proaucLng &it vocnomlOEiI and i^jitisljii^torj appurblun. It \u greatly to bo
dosirod ttiot other effortt* in tbo Honit dirtction may be crowned witU
auocMa. ■
Tlie latoBt improv&mraitf* of cfl-rbniiiKtug plant and methods are "
revivftle of llio idon of indiii]!];- the rctoiia ut oij angle, villi a nov to
faoilitate tbe *>peratioii3 of abnrginp and drowin« by calling in tlie aid
tjf gniviLj. M. Oj/c^ oT Blicitns, clrunm to bav« sm^i-eded m oihi-
ouming diiflculticE nhtcb had previ<^tuly provod iusiiperablc, br
adoplmj^ tho iQclinntion of BO" from the bortionlal foru ilotlonoa
form of O rtlott. coiTLbJni;i] with u peculiar dealua of tippiutf vracoiL
for ohuTgiri|{ ihe (*ou] from nl}ov(^ Mr^ J- EthoU. of Ludlow, bafl
alao rovirud Brtiatujrs id&a. of carbonizing coiila in ^mall otiargM
pufihud ijitc a rdoping rutort by u travorang aiTanifcment.
J
ASCT^NSION OR STANU PTPK8,
Tht^eo m^j bo oitbcr of oa»t or wrought iron, and should bo not
lOHfi than I mch«b intenial diometari ^ritli flange? at upper end*
DLAiiii^ler of flbnge* 10^ inolies-
Bi>]t^hnlo4. 4 in nmnbi?T, centre to centra acrosH, K} incb«B.
iJinniclor of bolta, t of an inchn
The beat uaiilkiti;^ material for AbceuAion-i^ipeB nl their junction
with thp raoiitlinleoe socket. \n ordinary grnnTid fire-clay, or slaked
lime, made of the oonsisteTicy of pnily- Thc^e, wb«n preaaed dovtt
into the space b^tivtKiii tlia api^'Ot and eockot. make a perfectly tight
and diij-able johit, and are paallv removed wht'n ihe retorts need
renewing. On the other hand, when t]i« jointR are t^aulk'sd witli iron
OGineiil, the labour in cutting- it out and the rink of apliltinj^itheaookut
are considerublQ.
Ascenrion-pippH ijCL^ftufrtnully beoonn* chokedn to a greater or lew
degree, with th^ch tar. pitah, and ot^ier oarbonaooous mattorp When
0\S KSGtSEERS AKD MAKAflEftS,
m
thii occtira, let as lUAny as cnn bo sp&r«d nt onc« etand oO* for a ablft
Iprovidcd Ibo r^torlit are in condiUort to n>dmib of tliiat, dra^vin;; the
CEiur^. n-Dfl removitLf* tliir l}onui?t or pluu fntm tljs^ to|j of tlie InJ^e-
(ripn. Tl]« )i^aIm1 air Tnitkiii^- \U VAy tnrocigli the HUfAUoet apertuTo
■iU tliorouif1il| ck-ar tliunL of iliu obatructiou.
Pr^imtirr of I 'hMnii,
Ec^ng tbe ptpeACOo] i^ Ltii> bt^st prr^v^uiiviiorcliolclng. ThEnriLay
hft ■«eoiiiotlsh«d (0 Ajp'ti&t l'^cutiI hy making tlie front ^all» of the
tynrm If orictu iLIck, bo prcvL^nliiii; an<li3o tadiation from tlic benahi
ind havmic tlie uJouthpivL-i^B uf tbe rei^orLe bo constniclud u« to allow
aftlip plp94 NtnrxTing 6 or A inohoa &vAy froin the rrnnt wall nf 1^4^
own.
BHIDGK AND DIP PIPEB.
|jrt«nu] diAm^ler of bHrJb^e e.Dd dip
pins. S incbee.
Hoilirlitor btiilK^'pipe. 10 incliei.
Wdlh, cvntrv to ctmin. 21 irtclice,
Coomeotiiiff fiinRoH* (^himeUir 10} mttliea.
Bolt-holea. four in uuiuber, cciilrc to
(MnLre aorosii. 8} inches.
DiBrnPinr nf l»olu» f <>r an inoli. cS^e
Pm. UH.
HYDllAULIC MAIN.
Tbc hydntolio main, riir a (foncral nilo, dv-od in tmcU works, elio^ild
not bo l^M ihtui ll4 inoheif lit width nl t))<^ iraUT'lcvcl-
In wiotk'u jb ruuj Iht miln^r D-filmiinl jwitli tlir lltil nidy ui^wiirdfl),
laQnrc. oLiiiuif?. or round- 'Vha throo furniur Hliapoa ars itRiiAlly
uopbod ill prtitoruDcc to Ibe round, allowing more ^aa ap&ae thi^ii tbo
latUr. iFigi. 2S}. 30. and :>1.|
Thin, in itoatbn, rwianiblDi: tba fruftuui of a cone, but la 9lig1il1v
convoxAtlht; <idca, and diabod bt tiio bottom to tiic oxtenl of 2 uiclica
I
NKWBlGGIiaa S HANBUOOK FOB
Mow the entl of thfl dip-^ps. Tl b ftmatler. lind Qf^u'»;u(tiitly
ligbtuT. tbon tho muni'namUT In qm; but ai th^ u-at«r-bv(jl tfafi
area is equal to tbe oW iortn^. Tli* cliicf objot-t of ihft inodifioitliOB
iu form in to [irerent Uiu fti^unmhtioii of tliick lar* This is a^icoui-
filitbtKl by uliowing onW il almllow d«pih of liqui'l; ind thifi bvtu^
kept in motion or ciiculation by tlic lafluinic gaa, ^lopoBit Ui nuy great
extent iff pievtiik-il. fFIg^ !42-l
Witb the ^ame ubjeot in dt<w. Mr. LIvBsey liaH reiiici^l tlio butboiii
araee iu bi^ editing old-ft^abimivO U^abapett mfliinH, by pW'tn^
tbercm a plate of No. 10 ffau^e ahot't iiOD» wbo dlshod to ihti uxttnt
cf S mcbcH belnw tbii end of tbe dip; tbe apace undem^Ath b«iD*f
first filled up with aond.
Hydraulic matins cf nr<mgbt-irun A'ifttba of an inch UJck, or loUd
Rti»9l plate« } iii<i1i tbick stdea and bottom, and 715tbH cif ttn uicHi
top, we bcm« g<^norally adoptod, owin^- to ibt^r UgbtnoM and
RbrfiQ<bb, atid ave an itaprovemenl on tUutii? made of oaftt-ir^n, wbicl)
nffl iiHimlly a.^ibe of an incb lliit-k.
f^W^'H *;^f/*r' Hi/itrfitiJir Mutn.
Tbe hydraulic main rnay b^i cither erfoted on fitAndardji placed im
the retort bore b ; m^ jrirdore attnohcd to tbe biiekataven, which ant
riii^w.
Fii., ^K
riu, .11,
lenylbened iw aa lo rcaoli alyuve tlje bench for timt purpose ; or oit caM-
Iron pillipn in front aad quite dela«htd from tbfl bri<*kwork,
Who:i placed upon the bench, it ia liable to be diHtiirlioil by tiic
corjtractiou and expauHJon at the jiid^ttirklH cooiposliifi tbo Latter ; &ad
when the bench iieed^ rebuildinir. U 1b an obfltaolp to tbp ppoRrwi* of
tbo wotIl On tho other hand, whon orected on pUUr« in fronti
thGSf* arc sllgbtlv in the way, though placed opposite the waUi
dividing the sevt*ral ovuhTt: n.m\ Iha rtiahi Ibsulf [s ritom e:(po8«d (o
the luot of tho ftaiTid frcmi the retort* in chargin^-
In nomo iiutanot'^ thr bydranlic miiin i^ pjacod ajfalnet the rotorl-
bouw wall, beinijE .itipiHtrted on hriickiit<i or cantdevera attacbed
thiTitto. Thh pUm notiessitaufl u strong wall to l>?Ar the weight of
th* main aud it* ijouteatft, and otaa a lon^ lon^tb of (tipe overbad,
I
•
m
ftud ID an inolin«l p»ition> attftj^btfd at one «iid bj a bond to tbe
iwonuon-^jpet toid at tha otliur to tlic dip pipe on the tnam,
la ftdJition Ig tlic iiydr&nlic niAin, a. nccomi ni&iiL in nomotimaa Uid
tluo^ tlLi> iwncli. nnt} i\Qntn*cim\ in tTii> Utmii'T ni th<i wnter-levi^l, jib
(ftoh boxieli or ovon, b/ a brjvocli with a vkIvo upon it for cfoKJa^ whoii
Dcawftfy. riiin Hecondary miuu ^nvcyji the j-nA nnd fluid prnductci
from Ute rrtort hfiLicur, n»d tidmiLsiif tho iHoUtinii of thi> hydfAuliG
nuin OTCT iMob HUtLing af rcUortM^ Hy tliiu iLrrjiTigt^im^nl it h tuy, in
«M flf uij distnrbanou c>f the btrncli thTouf^ h acttbnicnt or otlicrwisc,
to rccrtore the acv^rn] ahorl longthM of liydr^iilic moir to tlic tiniD
Gtu in rcrfCiiiC niXit the Ttir. The It^'ti-ruifk IHp,
A mmpLu ^ in qkuaU^' dosunbod to bo a. pflrmnnonily okatio tiii&d
tublcr the ordiiior)' ODndiliun? of temperature a.nd pr«fl«urv. ('Ortl i;iLnt
u it U DOtnpuund in churuoter, i]ties not nniiwrr tn Ihnl dnHnriptiui*
Wbac it hu^ ho^n ditiLtlkd ^om the coal bv ttio ngoncy of heat, Mid
iianot from tbu rvtort ap tho aROoniiion pipe into the liydmiilia main,
then) i« coiricd in Hunpcnnicin* along with tl^e peniuukenlly gE&seone
lbnd«. tt rmmber of Iiydrrwurlinn iLtid olhur vapours, whitdi crmd^Tiau
tt ti»;iptirAlai^ct v»ry:ng from abotit 200^ K;thr. do«nwnrdQ,
'tho wiitcr which ia found in the hydraiihfi mnin is dne to the oon-
ili.iMwtioiii of the vapcjiir or Kti^nm wliiuli. (^oming from thn retoriK, is
MTtM ap th« A^roniiiijii |ii[ioH llIuh^ with th@ punn&nent gas^s and
tJifl h^avy hydrouLirlJt>uf- ; the latUir being deposited (ui lur- The
pTOMiii^ of ihc w«tor 13 accoLinteEl for by tU piinvictufl exintcnoo in thtt
mtrr?cLLiri-« nf the B|jpjLrr^nL|y dry c:ohil. It iHulaoprodiicwliiynthrtu^ftUy
by tbu aoinbiniitiDn. Iir^uffht about by the licat of tho rotortn, of a
portion of tUt; oxygun and hydrogen — two constituents ci the ciolid
coal. The quantity at vvzLU-r i\mit yieldeil viLriB^ with difToMinb coali ;
bat the avenigi? yit^hl may bi< suL down ut 1G ^'idlonu p>r ton. It
haa pmriou^ly hi^m oxpluincd (oco pai^o 5} that a portion of tlio
rtcAiu &oin wet ooal U dccompoeud in thn hot rctorta. being reuiolvud
into itd oooMbrluunL gvacH. U will b<^ Kuf^n, then^foiv. jt-vniiiutig ^hts
ooTEOCUiefls of thiM hypotfieai^, that Dwc opposite pro^ensev &ra bi>i»g
carried an aimultanvoutily in thv n^torte —ihi^ analyticul and the
sjDthcl-icTtI — and chin apparont incotLiiHtcnl action may bt? i^xpULnod
by thtf original cliaraotur of the aubriUuL'e tMi&d u[)cn— ^thu Ht«am in
tbo ona inat&nc^, and the gaauft, orygun und Jiydfo^'un, in tbo other—
ani tbdr proximity to. and period of contact with, Lli« hot surfaco
Tba atFoug alT^ulty urhioh «xiitg batwoun tbli wat^r and thi^
iflmttoia impurity m the orodo gae, eauouM th« abttorptiou of mricli of
%
N^EWSIdGING'S HANDBOOK FOR
tVi^ Istititr hy tlie former, produi^iiig wliat is. roiifghly KpuulEing, li ftolo
tioD of AEamouit^H Thia n^am, by retufun of iU ^kffiuity for vupLhut^tCocI
hydrogen and oivrbonio acid, absorbs n proportion o( tiic gtvButi DMn«d>
rodudny \}iQ Hmount of On^gt impurities in iLo bh.i, n^rIcl thtitf U pru-
TLo LydrocarlioiM conlinbut-o lutjfi'Iy to the illiitm&atiii^ pi>ivi:^r of
the ^»; (vuJ it IH lUurofort' JcHiraljlt^ Ljrttajii tlivuimUit punuwii-nlly
fffiw^inirt fonn. Sottn' of tb<-ii], ftftiicrinl!)' 'inu'li hk ?in* of tli<* jjreaUf^l
deTisiw* luv rvi1iii<f>J to tbu Lqnul alatv by tliv moro motliiLmctil ii^duo^
tioii <>f tln?ir tcmpt^raturc : wLilat othera of ^ual ept^cific ^r^riij,
ftiid muiiy uf Lliuot uf lower deiieilly. uiuluruo a cLuuj^ &om tuH
giweouft to tiai li'iilid oondlliotj. bjr r^ftann of IJie solv^nl or absorbent
&atioD of tbc Lqiiid voi^tontfl of tbe hy^raLiIlc mam, tbroia^h whiob,
by rcaaou of ibe dip, lley Lave to pass, or vilh wiiicli. hi Lho abaoiice
of lb B dip, lliey uome intimately in uniitaci. Tbu forinev may be
duaed dd bydrooarboii vapours ; thi^ latl«r, t^ gaeeona Lydro^aj'botifi.
It ifl thus 4>^d«Dt that tlio procona of oondc-usation bcKJns at tha
hydraulio luiiiu ; llit iifiJulU Uivre piTxlucvd iija.ieria1ly idTt-LiLiu^ lliv
(jimlity of U)« gas,
Tboso iaydrocttrbons tbat tiru olian^ed 10 tho liquid form by Uiis
alJ^bt cUimnution of tuinptratLire, tt is probably impossible to retftro
!d tlje gas under iiiiv ".'.irt'iLmntaiK'es whfltwjever. Wttli thb tnorv
volfitiie, tboitgli aUll beavy. hyli'tjoarbonti, i\iv i^&a^ lr difFuruut; tlia
power of rotiwmiiijj: tbfiu in Uio pctmrmontly K'lat^""* form is within
tlio bounds of poflMibdity, a.ud ibese are. bberefortf. of bh? ^*ieftteat
inUrest to tbe gas nii^imfaettirer.
A farthor olaee of hydrocarbona ti.ri not liqtioticd E^t all Liiidor ordi-
nary coiiJE&ionfi ; aiid tb^re sliouU never be any diffionlty experienced
in kiiupiiig tlieiii in the n^fLHeouH atabf^.
Of tbo Boi^otjd class of hydrooarbona— vkK., ilioeo wbioh, tliongh of
high 8puL^illc ;j:ruvUyi it ie praoticaldv U) retkun iu tbo ^'as^^oua form— we
•hall now fipeak. Their reteutioa in the gaa, and ho^ tUiti is moat
likely to be act^oniidiKli^d — cr at Ir^unt Imw bei^t to rt^inove all imptvlf*
nienU to that (>ml— greatly conooinx Uio gaft-inaber. It baa boon
asflijEued that the nier^ ri^duclion cf tcmpt^raiure between tli^ relOTt-
luoutb and Lbe bydraullu main will uot aiTtct thi^ir j^'atieouH coudilion.
Tjndpr wbat othor oircnmntance*, then, are they condensed In the
hjrdr&QlLe maiu, and id tlic? 3iibaoqi:etit mains leadint? to the oondonaor 9
The ^Bw^r iH dtat, and ia wimt \l\» Wea already itidicjiUid — m„ by
the ^[liiy wIiilOi ^xiMtK lji.'l\rt<eii chein and the already tSqnflfied
hy^ricarbona preaont m Ibe niaios,
8o»ae reumrkabk^ notes oorroboralinL: theae views in aevoral im-
poL'taiit |jaiticultt[B Jti'a recorded by Mr. W. Yuuii^, buiuj^' thu rtMiull uf
H nnmVr of e x perl men tB in>ule hy the late Mr, Cufilter in l*i6«. on th#
abBorptton of the light g^iving oonetUu^jBt^ of eoal gas by tbo Lttvy
I
1
OX% RKniVKKIt)« AlVn UASAr.RlES.
n
lijdruoarlnri wU, life nUftntinn boing (iravn thpmtfi whan axperimeut-
Ing tvUh glyoeriaa m a nubiitiiiiDa for wat«r m jcui-in«t«iL's>
Aflcr baring antisticd liimMEfthnt tho diiadvftoiiwcA ntUnding iia
HBc wcrv not compouvratrd hy itr^ mlvoiit^es, he eurn»d )jin attention to
i>lhor liquidii whiah mij^ht, Jw Uion^Vt. bo imit^ihly sippUfl<l for tbo IlIcu
purpovo- Uno of tbcm weu mineral oil of Nlti fptiritic ^Tuuty. Ihc
^-ffcft of tbi-M with l!8-cii!nll<i ^j* win t<i r^durc tlioiUortimcitinj; power
to 14 cutdlvH; AEid withk^EiMof^-'j ramlliut, ti) I (11. nunnf.- ibi^wmtor
of 1073-1 h« rtrpjutod thu ovperimont*, uad modn vcimn uclditiotiK to
th6 nnmbor Mr, Vounx doduood from ihcHo oAprrimontn VEknciuf
foot* of gtavrbl irLtvTcnt, biiviiaft rofcr«noc u> tbc moQEi.i Alfordi^d of
Hmertamiiig thi» iwrcvntik^ of hjdnxsArlHiTiK in ■ |{ivrn c|UuUl^ of
I
In ft further comronxiiontinn on bho wmc nubjr^Rt, Mr. Vonnf; tbon'od
[ )hni wo g^ttMt U tljr mlvimt ru-tjon of liunvj h,vdri>utrl>ni] oil lLoilIn|[
point ISO* Fnbr.) thiit byilr(n*Mrbffii*. naeh m olvfinxii ^1%^^, which tire
wrmftoont ffft*c« ut ordinary tcoapomturoA, may bo rcdtmorl to tbc
ligiiid form in pntfi^mg tlirpugli it Hn Fin'tbtTT nhnwod that if, inrtead
nf ^Irridn^ thjt rhjc »u)d mixitd hydroniu'lKiHH to mol Lo^i^thpr, tlin giui,
atimt4J with thn rapmir of th«lightnrhvdxociirl>on Itborati^l byboa-t
from tbc mi\ci(I Huiiln. woro trmsferrcd ink) n ficpnTato vrijii^r]* tbon^bv
pf«vrJLtiii>; j.hf \ieii\y h^dnvjirhrnH from irgjiiinhf ijitc onntiict withn ncto
imbnnrbm^ tbr lifthter, ih*^ tfna wonM romntn minratnd with the
vapour frxjin tho mori* voliitilo flnid.
Thotto Liiijiortant focl^ lead tf> but ono ooocluoion — m.- that Uiv
pTttdicA of nllnniii^ din wliolr nf thr ttir tfi ^nw don|; with ihu ^iui
tbrOQjuh on cxt«niiiv(» ran^a of pipaa to the coudentter, both btifif?
flmdoftUj cooled toic^thcrr in th^^ prtnna^o, ii founricd on on erroneous
uMtUoftta of tbc ri^!4ijlU that follmv th^Ti^ni], ]s liii^^ily nlijocUoniiblc^ and
RUflt bit cnndE>mTi^.
Tho lato Mr. U. II, PatdTikin, ^vith that wiao iimif^ht which
cbsnckrixod bin investigations, gaxe ouprcsgifin to hi? vioWH on cIua
pobJMt in on ahlti urtinU " On Kwfmg Om in t'ouU(?t with 'Wt." in
«bi«)i tho objttftionuhl&noaa uf tlie prnctiee is very clearly whown.
Tho ooolinR of tht! jza.5 pritdiially is a provision ihe wiodora of wbloli
U ttikqntftionablc. and tliv plan of onnnng it to mnke the oircnit of tb«
rvtoirt'boaiui in p\i»^ ta pmhably tb>^ hciKt m^Uind of Jifvoiiinlitdiliij^
thnt objoet ; but tbo dupcimtcd tar in tha bydmtilic mnin rind iti the
fonl iniun at the point, o.^ near ah can tic nscertrtiTicd. irhcii its tmn-
{vrfttnrv lioi fillim to aUnit 110^ or !00'' Fnhf, — the wnnpi-fnture &t
whitb iti aboorbont pow«r» oonio into moat active operation — rilicuM
be drained away diroot to tbo tar vrnll by ita own 'tcpLiratiJ oou'
dattor.
Tltn cliiwf »fU'ttTUH(rfr» l)pliflV*M! in Bi:oniB fron knf^llianixl oontact of
Ibofw vFitb tbotUTATO, rir«t, tho ubsorptian by the Inlttfrof naphthaline
trawBT9omG^ oaecdbook won
m
tU&t would otberwiae be «arnod forward to be depcsited. hy reAson of
lUd deoreiise ia temperature and otiier caii^ea, in (lie luaios ou tli^
workK. 411(1 even In Lht; ^^trei^t miuns, service^ pi p^s. and the mterr^Al
CitlJTigB on the piemiaes of ooa^uutera ; ujid, HGcoudl^r the absorption
bAgo of ;l Goitsidcmbic portion of the obiio\ioU9 aulphnr and Othcrooin-
POUIkIs,
TliBSH advatitat?t'« will not be forfeited by the direct i-emoval of the
bulk oftlie tar, bccuu^? suJHdont light ta.r ^viU Imlcft in the circnitoup
gftB-mOiin to absorb an^ e\cc33 of n;iphlplialiae vapour pre8(int> ftud
ovan to ivs^imilale il pnrtion of the »iilpliiir and ol-ht^r impiiritipH.
D«siie^ this. n.E the guneml offeol ft'iU he to lenvo g. larger proportion
of tbl} gnaco^s hydrocarbo&B in the f^s, these, by virtue of the pnvstt
which they poesesa in common with the liquid hydrooaibonh. of
ABitiTniljiting — und, tu chiH ?pceial case, if nitgpETLdiitf^ — other hjdrn-
oarbona, will neccsiiariiy u^siHt m lelaining in tho permanent forra a
portion of the nnphth^Lline that would, in presence of biie ^reivter bnJk
of lQr> hiLve been liqueJJedaitd depoBited. Dy & eimihir trnin of il-okiil-
ing, th* fiiet of iha inferior (jinlity of the tar produc?ed from the richer
auin«lB> as compared with thut from ooah may be ei;phun^.
In dc<aU]ig with tlii^ snipject. it ha^ beeu aseuined by r^me thul uo
ftbanrb^nt miction ia likdy to result so long aa the tnr with whlHi the
gtM IB in contact ts ni n temperature of nboiit I01>' Falu., and abovo :
ftnd thnt. tlif^rc-fore* the dip io the hydraulic maJD cauae^ no diminulicoi
I in theamoiii^t of hvdmebmm gai^es present . It has even hetm nsiiiiiiii^
that the tar in the main gives off a proportion oi hydroejivlion Vftpomr :
I luid in this vr&y ineienaes tho ilhtminatin^ pouer of the gi^. iin rcfloO'
i Linu, liowever, IL will be pl&iD thnt this argument is ^together unt^^n^
I able* for it in acATcely possible to conceive tliat hydrncftrlxins whirh
I hftveAlr«<adv boec liqiielied at a hi^b t^mpi^niture, can again, at n ]o^Tfrr
1^ temperature. HBsiicae the ^'aacoiiHor vaporous form. Tlicre can he no
^ft iloubt that the h^av)' ui.is Lave an ahsurbent aelion. less or more. a1
^H all temperatures, being greatest at the l^iwt^et: and this beinp; <o. thr>
^B pan^i^ of tho gas thmugh such tars by reason of the dip in the
^H iiydianlic inain, mast have a pr^judioial effect upon the iUuminatinjE
^H oon^tltiictntH of the ^ae. On the other hitnd. where niearm are iniplojprt!
^B for removing the heavy tars from the main a.^ rupidly av poaiiblo aflor
^H tliey an dj&poaited. the dinad vantages of the dip into thc^ lighter
^H liquom 4Mntuii(«i1 therein Ar<.< reduced almost to m'K This is fidpecially
^K true whei^ the arran^^ements are eneh that, by careful adJTiatnit-itt.
^B and na adof|iinte area at tho water-Level, the dip vt limited to about
^B tliretf'Fourtba uf an inchn
^^1 ft i4 deHirAl>te< that the ends of the dip-pEpe»; in thi* hydraulic main
^H ehould be seated with tUe ammoniacal liijiior in prtfer^nce to the tar:
^F the latter not only robbing the ga» to some oxtent of at] nobeal itlu^
^^L iiiinaUii^ Huhfllancui^, bub oJTenit]^ gxeater resistance bo it^ pajsa^.
I
I
QM £?4GTyKKlL3 AtfD UASAOSBS.
^S
Vanoiu exped]«nti4 to ftoo^nnplish this end havo bom d6vU«d aJid an
ia use bi wdl-re4;ulat»1 ^n^-workii.
Siicti Mnp tht* i^ijun, conaidenng Uii; u«iijr npplii^ttcm of the dip, ittf
croDODQj, ilfl wlf-sctinq re;^ilority, its com pant tivu iuitniinlty from
biiure. ftuil Ulc KBiot/ fttldidm^' its a«o, it m qrioslionablu wh^tbvr
tm V of Uw ntv>> applinnceK frr dinExoitimi,' aviUi tt. oHur auffioient
^juMVmta to eompenflato ior ihe %A\itnUigee ennintrdU-O.
^r TKMi'KttATUHli UF CJAb IN THE HETOHrs.
Tbo rouAon of the ootupjimtivtjly low temperature of oofil jpis b« it
bf«uvl tnirtitrM of thn r^^iontj in which ii in genemleti, h not nppiir^nt
It A eorsorv i^lancn.
At finb MS^l it wwild appear lut iIioijjjeIj ib^ ai^tiun tipoD tije \sm m
1 riPtort would bo nJmiljtr la th« itflert unoti hir liv lite ov^tla iif blji^t
ftmflioon* whaw a million eabic foot ftre beated in the 9pAoe of an hour
lO U88^ Kahr, llio mcltinff point of lc?nd.
So far from tbis bt^inu Lhe caat* lli4^ pvitnaaunt ir&a ut tla UigUbab
MKOperature drwH uiit proUiihlj^ eirt^ul l»5^ralir-,tlioiigh generated in
t MM uaually roooliinj^ 2:iOU' .
He rMflOn of the difTi^rfiKHi in tb(i ofloct pro-luccd in iLe two lQ'
4*00^14 ipreik IK tf\pifiiiiiid liy tbtr fiuit of tUr i»]ail »Lb]4r)q)tlc]u of It^ai
t^ t1w> volAtilf cciniitjiu^'nbji of thn t-oH m j^aflUminK t}j(i jjh^ooiih form ;
this bent bcoominj{ UUnt in the gas aa in tijc coae of tbo Ibrmalioii
of aMaiQ hi an op«n boiler.
Thfl ffillowixiff IH a rvtuii! iif <»xp«Tf merits TDode by thn writftr to
■k'tonnioQ tbo l^mpcrptTire ai the gnu as ii issuer from th« r«tort : —
Thia experimi^Ql wan condnot^ entirely under tlie uaoal conditions
of vorkiug.
L\uy tvtort* :£iJ foot Uirougb, onti in u ^uttin^ of tiovon.
Heat, bright chrm red,
ilulc clrilluil ill lio^li &i4oejisiuii' pipes ^ fuut aboxt thi^ iiioutbpi^ee-
U^lurL cbar^d with 4 vwi. of raiinvl'
TcmpcfstUTo iodioAted on insortEon of ilit^rmoniccor through the
liolo oo one tAAe of bench> Ifffl^ Falir.
T«imp«r«ttire biflioat4*L] on inrMrrtlon of tburmonitjtf*r through tha
lu^ CD Iba otber »]do, 5J0 Fahr.
T%» tvnpentcirefl indicated were clearly not thi>» of tJio gui. In
attatnmg tlit bi>;litir ItntiM^raLLire. mipecii^lly. tht- luervuiy ruBC by
startf at ihts r^U" of ^" to ti' nt onr-o, <<vlr]cDtly oauHed hy hot pArticles
KfiWBIlAGlKaa UA11DBOOK FOB
of Molid WrtKlBi or other solid or semi iluid ^uhstiinctis ooming flod-^
donly In QOBtMl with the biiLh of the tbei-niomtti-i.
Ttip T-nmnrkithle iHffBrencs in the bjinpenuuru of ili« t^v'u eicltu In
ftCi^ouDtofl for 111 tblj way : Un Uio =ide iti whit^h l'3>i^ waa iiidic&tfld
tho dip-pipe wna probably scjUed to a ^raulet depth ia thi? hydmuho
rnnin* %t\d caaaeqiitniiy the tlow of giut was neither so a.bLm<tAiit nor
no mpid cin thiit ddf as on the otlier. Thin wna evidencetl hy th«
thDrmomolcr on withdi'awiLl being found Ice^s thickly coatod with tar
than in bhc' other case. Th? ?rxn wcl'l in a more qiilrricGnt state, ami
thorufcini tbi'.rri was not tbi- ^amv iiish of hot snUd particle<s agoiiuib
Lhu bulb to raise the temperttiuru ^ibnonuiLily,
it muy be nutad iacidenlLilly Li^c* that indioatton^ of tampasbtiira
(hufl ohuinod woald pravc whether the ftMon-nniou-pipM ftb Uio two
vhJh uf a thniugh ri>tt>rt ^mitc- ntiL^h tnkiEi^' Lbt^ir d-ac Hharu of iha gU
bomg pro<liicTod4
TliP coTtdiTioriH were the sH.me as in the previous insianire ; h«t In-
stead oi in^orEim^ tho thormoiuetor direotJ^ through tLt J;ole in th«
WoenHion-pipe, the «id of n pie« of iudifttubber tabe, 12 inchos
lou^> ) inch Uurii, wju pn>HHbiI a^^'iLiiiut thd orilLtu;, luid Lhcf gAa oilawrd
to nov tn ti ^r^^ftm throuj^h the tube- The obj«ot of employing tbo
tubo wa3 to obviatL\ if poaBibks lh<* oontttct of tho s«ni-sohd or
eetui-llLiid siLbAtn,iicbri previuunly rofeiri^d to-
Th« rt^idt was : T^niperttiuru Indiuaid;! ou ojie aidu flfify, ditto on
the oUivr sid$ SA4^-
Th« riHo of the m^ rrury xvus atill ^ome^vLut trr^^tilar, and the inatm-
UiUit. ao niuuh Jka wam imuuttid. wua a^aia tliicLly coatud with Uu^
OrLC find cf tho through retort wa« now brtckod up* boirg miido per-
fectly tiaa -tight, the ^ns paaaing away by one only of the aacenaioii'pipw;
in |X)iut of fact, the ri;l.u]~t vas Diad^ biiigli^ int^t^iH) of thiough.
In a stioit. douhb-t1ang«d piece cf the itsofiRtiion ptpeat wiUtia
8 inches of the top of the niouthpjecci wore insoi^tod ^ix layers of iron
wir« nettiiLg* cut iiUc ili^cft. &c<iitrjUely titling the bore of the pipe.
Three of them^ iUbch hufl meshes one-aighth. and the other three thr^tp-
AixtaonthH of an innh gaugG, and tho diaofi woro kept tUroe-fonrthA of J
ck& incli apart by aheet-itou rings, iiiaeitcd odgevraya into the pipe. ^
Th<] LdiLrf^G. 2 cwt> of odim^l, LIjudwii into the i'e»rt, haptK^icd tohn
tiiken from a httap ihat had been eipOAed lo the ram, and tliere W4i
considcrnblo moisture present.
The hole through wliioh the thenuoincter wtir in-ietted, ak in tl
previoim BXperinients, was U fast Above the ntuuthpiet^e.
UAS ENaiNEBBS AND UANA0EB3.
9»
The following were the (emperatoree indicated :^
Ttmfl.
Tamp. F«br. i Tiin«-
T«mp. ^Ult,
HuidUl
D^rr««. MinutaB.
DeffTMi.
10
200 56 . .
177
15
19d 60 . .
174
20
196 66
172
25
192 90
160
80
190 106
158
8g
188 120
150
40
184 180
150
46
182 UO
148
60
179 160
142
Through all the higher temperatarea, down to 172'^, steam was
oondensed into dropa upon a piece of paper held in the etream of
gas iasning from the hole. Tar, though not entirely absent, was
nearly so, the inatrument on each withdrawal being but shghtly
ooated. The temperature, with but few exceptiona, roae with great
regularity from that of the atmosphere of the retort-houas (74°) to
the rates obaerved, ahowing that the semi^solid particles, which were
evidently the cauae of the high temperaturea previoualy indicated,
had heen nearly all arreeted by the wire netting.
The higher temperatures, 1 am of opinion, were doe to the pro-
aence of steam in the gas in varying proportions, and this latter
would be cAuaed by the moisture in the coal-
Kj^erirrxefU No. 4.
The retort was again charged, this time with 2 cwt, of cannel in
a drier state. All the other conditions were as in the previous trial.
The following were the results obtained : —
Timi?.
TvmP' Kmhr.
Time,
T«mp. Fibr
Mibuln,
D«KrH8-
Houn.
DBffreeH.
2
15d
1}
129
7
174
2
123
12
177
2t
122
17
172
2i
119
22
171
2i ..
118
27
169
8
116
82
16«
8i
118
75
141
8i ..
110
90
184
Daring the first half-hour of the charge, the preaence of steam,
miied with the issuing gas, was indicated as before, but less abun-
dantly, though still, doubtless, affecting the reaolts obtained. When
KSWBIQGIFG'S UAKDBOOR FOB
thu tBtnpernliire of tLe g&p wJiHin 3 feet of the Tnouthpler^ WHfi *l
174°, it stood ftt 182' in tli« bridgt-pipo, 14 feel bigliei' tip.
T^nijftrrttivtr ftf thf Gflt i« l^■ tit<iiiit^Pipe, li/t^t /mm the SUtort
bxpflcimtiat* 3^wt. Chmr^ffw. Tvtap. of ibe Ou-
Xo. I -■ .1 rekvlobv^cd 1 fcoDr I3&° Fftbt-
., 9 ., .. , „ a hoora llrt- „
„ a „ 4tLii3iin .- 119' „
It may be aiiggeetcd ihat tLo effect of paamDg bhu ^ct tUrou^t tfao
wire iteUing would be to bwer tli^ tenipemture of iho gnH. jtiat &fi tUe
wire gjiUK*.' on a D^Lvy lutup r^luce:^ tb? t«iiiper^tuT« of tlii? flaine ifu-
piufp-^g a^nmi^t iU Tlie uonditif^ns of tb& two cases, ltow4?vor, are
ontir<:ly difFcront, The mesheji vez^o aultlcioiilly Jnrj;« to ftduut cf un
easy pii^AngQ for the ^ns, luid the uititjil wniiM ht^ iiitmeclialely coven^
with Ik thick ['Oftting of tar, virliiB.lh|irodueiTipinBiilation, In ojjjitioii
to timt. the tomppratiire witbin ii inclios of tlie front of tlio t>endt
nan 206*^ ; ^nd Uic mutal of the aacenaioik-pipc, tLi3 well as tli^ iuseitoj
iffire iieLting. vould. ils h ri;1e> be ahovi; the tt^mperatu re of the giA.
The resulLa of theao rescurvh^fi will bo foimd to cofiJirm, in a remark^
able maimer, tbt cIciluctiaDS of oarlior inveati^tora'
OONDRNSATION.
J'l.rrriif III f 'irt'friwifti'U.
Tho deffi^e of condeneattoii to wLich coni gB£ ^liotjld be eubj«ciod
aiter leaving the retorts. And before cntcrbj.^ tbe punAer«, Ijaa d«v«t
baen delHrrakMed wJtb tLal flcIeatiGc uvcu^acy wLij;b iLu impofUiuue
of 'he subject; deiuaDds,
The axiom that ■' tlioroiigh coELdeoeatioti ia half tho puriti^a-
\aon/' 19 too EWeepiti^ m clmracter bo he servioenblo oraafe M a ffUbde.
The U<m) " llioroagh,^' as appl[«id to the L'OL:deiiflabLoit of (ioaJ gas,
sUll remaine an indefinite qnnntity, tliongh the weI1<dtrected and
oarijfutly oonduol«d inqnin^s of the lit-flt Hcf^'rccs in the metropolit
(the reBiillfl of which ore embodied in their udtniiablr and valuable
i^port'fi} have led to u more eiat^t ktiowled^i.' oil thia and the other
branches tit gas pnnfic&tion.
With reEpect to one point there cannot bo two opinions — \jy.,.
tiie iieressity of ^iBriUug a^nst a tnvier Lomperaiure m the ^fu
than .'jO' Knhr. If uondfrigftlion ip ciimed beyond this, eJil- lighter
bydrocnrboiiji art in danger of being deposited, and tho gatf im-
l>overi»h*d.
In thd fiiltawing table the had effeete of uxcumu^v rvtrigrrAtioti
are sl^cvn.
QAB ]£^0INB£HS 1K1> b£A»AQS&S.
9T
TABLE
dkt Lo$M of JlJtt'ninatin^ Prtpcrta in Coal Ono on Es^omir* (0
tiW Tfinpnatwe </ Free^wff PitiiU, S3' J'ViAf.
^B Kazdc »J G«fc 1000 Gnbio Tvt oi Qo* oa Bipowire »a ft
^V Doghood ciuuid .,,... IMScubic fMt.
^m Inoo HoU ditic <S7
H MnLiiy) ^iiio . 4 . . . . . -aa
From 0x0 vXiow U a)i]w)&fH that tli^ ricbGab g^* auUtiru bliti grMlcni
dfittidorttioQ on b^tng 4itbjec;eii to ivild.
^L 7£<Tpi<^ or Suddan t*undmMiitian»
^r BsMtiancv but aiifficii^nLly provuj Uiat mpi^ or HUtldDn, Jkn v«U U
I aJniVTO, oondoaution, la tn evr) to be avojM ; and thut to proTOot
tt» d^pontioD of napbtbubne in iht pifMiB. unJ prvaDtrc some of tbo
riebor illtimiuarjis, tLu fjiub oLuuld Ik? lillrjWE-d Lt> Lruvul ul lutitiict wiLli
tba lighter tan until tlio Utl^r ar^ re^lnoed in tecap3ratQrc to (tbont
100<> flnhr. boforo wpifatiou taints pliuio.
WilJi this obj«ct In vieTTf tht pipe li^iit: from tlio b/dr^ulic main
nuy be ir&rn^ tvitfi u ^T^ujtl jrtdiiLiirion ti^imd tlitf jcituriur tit Lhti
tototvbouio or other conTEiniftnt buildirrff, and from Ihenao to tho
COrjdcQSFr; provision, of conT«o,bom;7 raiuio to allow tho tLickor inr to
luu cITaI a iK>mt cvfkf to tho hydrfioli^ mftio. By ilih ^rra^tittuvDh
Iho gftfl is elnwly rvduniid in tiimpnalEirp, cind some of its most ralti-
tUO' ught-giving hyii'0(7ixrl]o[i^. which ivoald otherwise bo condeDied,
mt nl4]D*d within it in tbe porma:)ont BiD,U.
Idvesay and Twiiior'e DiiFaroniibl Tar and Liquor Ovortlov au4
Tif Sei^on i* % nsidul provision Tor stpwTilmg the Utf and Hijuor
by moanA of ■ porforaied survezi. preventing the oscilktioa of tho
biguor in the mtua tuid allowinj- of a minimum of s&al. The nmuifrc^
la^il for n4juHtuig the differonoi? of ai^ril rirquixod fur tlraviug od tha
UrAui hquara^^par&tfily acDording to thdir ApooifiogriiTiliofl. la olgo
Tb« maliD of ffftii> lu iniicAtcd by the Etntioa- meter, ia maCeriiJlj
afTcC'tcd by tbo t^tnpomtaro at which it id rogistered,
M the leDJpaniturtf of €0'^ fahr., mi\i tlje bo-rometer at ftO iiiDhes,
ga4 ll at itA itftndnrd votamo ; mid Off ftll ni^riform bodies cipnnd ^\j^
of tlitiir bolkat 32^ y«hr. for every uddjlioiiAil dc3gri?e of tc^inporaluro,
or&bout L percent for fiS it foUcwti that a quantity of ^toa, sa>y lO.OOD
cubic fwt, TVginhirt-d ul CO^ wuiijd ^t 7(1' bBoomB lOJOtl, und at ttO"
NKWBIOOING'EI HAKBBOOE FCR
The quiititity rif buttt wblcb will mae a cubic fixtt cf VAt«r oot
dogrea, vill raind 2860 cublo leet of gas or atmospbcric oirio tto nae
cxlont.
In instituting a coiap&risoD between Ihe production per ton of luaji?-
riftl }iL difTerent vrurkH. ftiid in leHting the pmductivu vnlmi of diffvrent
oOaIs. i1 i8, thorofore, ue^fisnftry to take into aocount th(» tamporftlor^
of tbc gu •I tbo time ol laoosiirotaont. iu aaccrtniuinif Ui«
rific gravity of i;m, ftiid in ooriducting pLotometrlcnJ (jbstimuion».
iftmt! car@ nlionMbti takmi (n note this tempAruturt of the gm4 ai
the time and placa of tookiug ih& utperimcnt.
TABLE.—
SxpAVBioN or AlB
ksa FtBUAVE^T Gases st
HSXT.
dptailQn,
Temp*
I'abr.
B!VpUU(t4ll
B«T«BaIoa,
Tanp,
SxpuilM
03
1000 '0
es
lOlt «
7S
idea-i
^
llAfl'O
83
lOOSl
A«
1013 7
7S
lC^-4
gs
lltJ'l
M
1004 -J
M
ITW-S
74
liKT-^
M
lIOT'l
»
I00«-1
£fi
jor*
:e
1009-11
116
nsi'H
8«
looe-a
£<;
ICKO'O
Tfl
Kill < A
9a
UOS'I
Ji7
iniu-4
fl?
tOAV-J
77
}*m-7
97
iia£-4
aa
10 la^
AS
lOM 1
78
tOm-H
m
I13T-B
8«
10UI)
00
lOH-a
70
10^ 9
w
IISO'A
40
lOlC
60
lOM'^
ec
HOOD
100
lUl-6
<i
i<ne'7
CI
JCf.0 4
«J
1102 I
110
Hflfl'lfr
tii
lCOO-3
oa
1089 f^
S3
1104 t
ISO
IIABS
4a
iati-9
IU
1004 -A
H3
ItOI'fi
ISO
xao4-i
M
loaa
o<
IMOO
&«
iiCBe
lU
tSB'O
«>
103^-1
us
lMB-7
en
1110' (
t£0
IMA »
4e
loafl't
BQ
1070 "S
i«
Litsn
ISO
IVS'5
47
10U1-3
07
|0?JU
w
nil fi
170
inej'^
4»
lowa-^
es
lOTfi'O
m
m^i;
ISO
1900' 9
4B
low-i
rt»
1(171 • I
m
UIB T
lUO
18BV-1
AO
lOfl7-»
70
KTifl
DO
iittia
MO
IMO-O
•1
IOH» S
71
imi'3
til
IlUd
HIS
IMB'O
TABLE
Shvwin^ Itte lUEuefw EfteU of WtsUr and Air ttt fhoUng Affftift /or fA#
CoruUtuatum t>/ Got. {Pt^lrt.)
EMtm olTrinprrixkur«
Vor %a «toc« of lo"
_ .. Mr
When fi«1l4liiir ^hsnBl^inf.^
Id Wklot
40
u
la.4S7
OiUimCHllBHKa AND UASAGS&S.
:«
ihown to be tlL« auperior cooling n^nt. requiring |ba
IcsQ rftdiatin^ Eui^tce tb:tn nir ; but. for lin> r»MOlli
vtreody b3diicc<!, tho Utter ia fguod to bo the ta'^re suitable msdSva
Cor UiK oonclariiMitiou of g&a. exoept oiider tlio apecial oOO^Jticilkl
oocicod horoftflor.
TABLE
UoBlb.
M.
10- 1
IOC
5«4
IIUl ' tin.
aas
n-t
67'S
Dm
in 'I
AG A
41-0
6Q'S
Mwit>i.
JdIj . .
S«pt«ab«r
Kamaber
D«MODbftr
IM
01 '2
£S-b
4A-4
«'7
tILb, U<L
fll-7
fi7<4
403
00-6
49-0
39 i
CONDENSERS.
II Hi* drdiniU7 Atino«iiboricftL ConddriMT (Fig. S$) conflUttf of u scrioB
If pip«a, tiftuiLUy IS feet long, pttt togothor iu two loagtlm, and placed
Dptiglit, throngli vbieh the gaa ptuaon up nxid down <om&Lclv. Tlic^o
mtor A reciaii^uliir cialuni ai bottom, in wliic)! tliu iAuiii1tiiP!Li<ii viLjiuurK
■n dipodted, uid Irom nL«noo iht-y flow 10 llie tar w^U. AL LIi<- lop
I ii uiotbdr oistcm, ooDUininie ivntor tr> avi^I lii« movublo hcods oo^tir-
I iag«»cb p^ of pipe?, uid for fuitLer refrig«TAtIou, abi>uld Audi be
leqnJml, in wAmi or nuimy w<>n|lier ; muhII utreaiUB buiiig uiJidu irO
imldo down fibe oiti>rior buHaco of th« pipee.
Aiityjaplimfttl Anmdar C"ndj:^iii'r.
ThcAnmilar Condoiucr la ono of tbc; moiii eflioicntAtmoepberiuuI
eondonsliig i^ppamLLU for ^ tlLnl hua jul been devised. In Kirkbnm's
Cood«iiMr, U improved bj Wri^bt [Fig. 81 j, the pipes arc plEL(^(^d in
Ifao TectUftl pontiOD, and arc of Iftrj^f} dia.mdvi-, <!ach one oncloamg ft
«ail]«t pipe ; the bwu formiu-: rm ftimuUr epact tUruugh vrbiuli iht: ^ks
b made 10 tfow. Oib«T pip^s, placerl dlaf[OTi&ll^, oonneot tlie top mid
botlom of tho condeneLiig colnmnii nltfrnately. By thia jiTTimgemvut
ait g»A poaeee tlirongh tbc unDQlor epacc alwaya iu Lhc downvrftrd
k
ItIO
TrEWCTGOnfG'S IIA2IDB00& FOB
direetioit, whilst the aurr«iit of air moves upward through the ictorior
ventilating pipe. In ocld weather movalle ooverd are poc^d over Oi«
latter, mi butterdf vaiv&a are &xcd at the foot, tot cloains* to re^at«
the nir drati^ht, which might otljerwi»e reduce the temporEiture of th«
Km. ay.
PW. M>
«ca9 bolow the dosired ^tftndara. A SDoaU pipo In coniiKt«a to
bottom of each oolauuj to currj away tb« depoaitrd tnr and wator Lnlo
a muin l&id ulougside the Cocdvuaur, and Isadiog into the tar well.
US ENQINEEB3 .\ND UAITA0SB9.
lOZ
Inskftd of Lho din^oniht p]|w. rxUndiri); from the top to tfaa botlom
of Moh column alUimatcly. Mr. Waraor hna iniGHed a mid-feather or
putttiOD. wiihm tho DmiiUaf chftmbar> This rciiohcfltc within a abort
oUtftnod of Iha top imd bottom ; tho npocio tt tbe lower end being
araltfil by thi^ dvpu^itivl iluidn* kcvI a hLjoH ooiLneoting pi«(i& juiiiic the
MvonL volumni at tbo bt««, By Uiiit modifioation % fr«e p^tai;^ is
obUuood from uul to end for bho <ioi:Ld«DBod Biucb, aud the Beporatt
tar main U dia[)«bMi1 witli.
TUid ooasiflts of II sone« of Yorlioal pipea, coooootQcl toother at the
,l0p by a tJabtil&r cornice or cap. trbJch serves aa tbo ootnmon iuleb to
tfiv nhoI« ««nF<d- TL« atrMiiii of u6» btilfig tliLi»» dividml «iiilaI1>
bmofigfil the ec^enl columns, trnvcla throngh tJiem in & <lownwnr<1
dinonon and at a oamporativoly slow spoed.
In tbe loner part of oaoh column, to about a fifth pr^rtof itn iQnjcih.
ia mBerittd a *Miciti!n hnmh *' of wDod nr other niatenMl, ^hh a dHp
led^ above it to dinrt tho daiiGonding liquor oo to the centre of tha
.bmli, whieh hai the cSnti of ooBTcrtingthoapparbtua, to that oKtent^
■fpbo a Bcrabber.
ThF ^ni^ral rPstiTt la superior efGciency !n condeuaiiig, and tbe
jrurld of a bigb atrongth of Lqaor.
Jtmatphtvicat MvriTrmtal CmdmuTm
Cbe AttnoHEiliaHDa] Horiuonta) Coorlenser {Fig. fl5) is on^ of tbe
Mtt6M fomia of the apparalii?. Its offloiency ta^ not been generally
t A
Fio. 36.
oviD([ (o the Tfiint cf ft ccrreet estimate of the oondi-
ttcas m wbieb Uio oondenpation of cool f;as ou^ht to be conducted ;
and Ukisbaakd toitabatnggencraUydicraardodin farourof th^Terttoal
mttUt
lU
NBWBIOQtKQ'S fiANPBOOK VOA
The earlier Fnetliod of «)QEtrurtJon was to Si it ugAEutl tbo Otillidi
of tho wall <»f the retort -Ji<>tifl4> or othisr ootiveniynt bntlding ; the sovertl-
pipes heiag nearly paraJtel, one above ihe other, bbeir eudibeingoDn*
Dieted bj ^-&Lfi.ped beiidg.
An impruvem«iii, on Btriotly soienti^o pnooiples, has boon ofllMtl§']
m tboapparataa by Mr, D. A. Gmliuc. A OoTido&acr deei^^d bylma
ooiiftiata of (tvo serica of )6-incL caatiron pi^s, 6C hei long. Jii l^n ol
fliich 0^'feet leiL^l1i9> arra^n^ed in puJia aide by «jde, and siipporl^
on fi-^mstvork, tbo «itj of eacb Idngili bmngjoinftd to thftt of tbeii«xt.
From the iiij«t at the top, throngb tbo cntir^?^ run of Che Cond^oaer (0
tbe ootlet nt the bottom, (b«Te ta A gia^ua) itJcliikCLliou. «o tint it is
g]iiip]y a fiat acrew or Bplral, Buch ae might be r&preBected by wiadrng
Fio-Bfl.
J
a len^h of Aoft nire five times round a pieoo of boud, in which
the two frnda of the wire would hjisw^t to the inlet nod outlet of thp
CoiidenBer. Blank fltingefi arc bolud ou tln^ end of each lengUi for
convcniyuco m clcunBing,
In ihifi otr^i^getaent there ia ft recogniUon of Uio fact that i^nyU
TAlh^r UiKU hfiffht is th? donderatimi in a CniidL<ut<L'r. In tlie cr'licftr;
voHical form of tho apparaius, the ooohiig olTaoL of iha air on tbo rot-
fboft of the upp«r port^ of the pipes ia ^Ltnoat niV. Tliia will bt< obnou«
1fL<D it ia coiiiud«red ih&t tho ur coubrjfaooB lo iJio lower pajt of ibtf
^
OA9 BNOTKBBBS AKD UANAOBBS,
10)
CQOiUmer, bung PispimJlat^ to the tempj^rftture cf the lutlfir, t^iphnila,
*nd io, ^fM>f>tft^ JightflT tboD the enrroTtndtntE air, n^cfiiLdn in contAOt
with thft pipMi dttnki«4icg loss Itcal iu proportion iis it rimtP.
Iq idujlion to the otW odvan&ftfos, tbo MnmoniAcal liquor on
ItAnog tb« HcrileuiitAl OnncIeniQr t« of n Eircngth oqitEiI Uj S'' Tn-adJci]
— a resalt ivhicli it ta impo«itbU lo cbtoia from the ordiniLTj >^«rtieftL
tami.
A WQMwhAt aimiLu' form of Coai]uawr wna prDviounljr Uo&igiiod and
used by Mr. Georgv Liv^ftej.
Pig. 80 flhov« A oaefal t>rm of tba Honsontal Conctonscff miitabJa
for an&U work*.
CuOor** IToriEonUl CtmAuTwer hiu onn or men! iiTii&l] tubutt piiaaing
Arao^h tho iruirior of tUu Iiu^dt p;poi, Throcigh ihta^ tubet a dirtuD
of WU«r Bown id tbc o^pn&ito diTTCtion to tbe {^pa ; au tbat by tl^t> timo
too water rMKibos Urn uilet uf Llio Cimdmiwr, b/ ttbHurbm;^ lu« bi<at of
it0gti», it hMAitunad ft modi^nUty high t«mperft1iir«, And thn^ rmy
MraD eoolinf of tho [;tB at tbo cnlrancK} id pruvctilvd,
Ail«X6a11«iitft|ip&niiuif[itmnjrphitncii1) in tbut known aa tlirBiUtt^ry
^^ — ir fFig. 07), TJui ii on olloug vMiol, 1ft to 2A iudiM wtdu,
Fia. ST.
[2 to Ifi fe«t ici bcijjcbt. and of l^rtgth suitably to tbo Tcqnirctnenta of
Jlir wnrbi. It h divido^ hv iTit*rTial pktiiH or mid- fen lb ere > plju^cd at
dj«tari««e, <xjaaJ totLc widtlir ap^rt, extending to nithin a r«w ioobea of
k
lOi
N£W&IGQma-£ HANDBOOK FOB
tLc top ajid boLtom of the cheat oltem&telj ; uid Lbe ghs passEs from
tlio inlet, up and down e&ch division, till ii arrivoa alili* oullGt. To
augment its eondtusing po'Jver, small tubee, 2 mcbea m dimnoUtr.
throu^'h ^liioh the &ir lioa Irco circuUtLon, uc pcLiscd throngli &otti
eiile lo Eide of the vesBel, iLnd ttere H<>ciir<'ty juint^d. Tlie&e t^tu^'
Terao tubes ier\G tbedonblepurpoaccf cooling tlio gaa: anc^.bybrcftl'-
iuj^ it up end r^lardinf; Its pro^cea. itjdacing ft natural aottlomoBt of
Ulu Lcftvy couiIenHable vapcate.
Itisetat&d in ''Olegg*' f4tti edition, p. ITH). that "tlio diffct^t
statsB in which i:rude ga» enters tije Condensers make it impngsiblo U>
pive any fised rule for tlie determination of the area of dio &Kpo«cd
eurEacc. It may be dangerous oven to venture on n ^cmcml one ; lul
it may he atfttcd From cxppnence th&l a sur£a,cc cf IGO sqaare feet for
every 1000 cubic feet per hour is about Riiflit'iant when thv etratomof
gas haa not exceeded S inches in thielmosB, aud this without IliA
application of a water atower.'*
This i& at the rate of G^ sqaare fe^t of condeneing anrface forcrery
1000 cubic feet maximum production of gas per dJem of ^4 hoTm,
The aapoHioial area of tho oiiginal CondeuBore designed by Mr.
CroD for the Great Central Gas Company was 4 feet per lOCO cobio
feet mjninmm pn^dnction [»&r ditm, or at tlie rat© of 3ft square feet
for every 1C)00 cnhic feet of gas produced per hour.
Another rule adopted by eome ^aa mai^agors is to allow 1^ sqn&Ki
loGL of condonBJTJg saifaco for the cooling of 1 cubic foot of gas per
mi mite.
TliiB givee at the rate of nearly 7 square feet of tfurfaeo per 1000
feet per diem.
OtJicia again inust that only 5 square feet of autfMe ore nowled
for every 1000 foet madf in 24 hours.
An average of the whole of the above gives rather OTOr l\ Eqnar^
foot,
Our (ipiniun. founded on a lengthened expenenuCi la that ftU iheM
©slimateB are too low, and that abort 10 Buperflcial fePt of condenaini^
surface (atmoepberical) for oaeh 1000 cubic feet maximnm production
per day of !U hoars should be provided* This inoludoG the length of
main txUtuiling from the hydraulii^ main ; luoieover, the Oondenjici
should be protected from the direct action of the sun's rays, or otlivr-
wise water should be made to trickle down tha onter surface of th*
0A8 BI7GINE&&8 AND U^lKAOHRa,
m
I
I
Dry SrrMhbfn a* Cotuifinvrt.
In mne works ooBdeiuaUQii ja vfTeoUd by eiiciiiis af dry wnibbpra
l-iran t«Hrii of Urge di&m«t«r— diiLrgcd with coko/dram Uiatt,
or other material, brifikiri^- ap the RiLd into miimto dtroomct, vhioli.
hawg ihn» cculnl. dtpusjis ita lar nnd wtLlor.
A rmliir&l et-lt]«MJt?nt of ifiti CDtideiiaalilo maUur hIho ukoM pliuw.
imtpAoLivo of tl^o nclion cf tLe conUitied mutorid, owing to tbo
fdoctty of tho Bov of iha goe boing roduoed on eitttiHn^ tlia laii;^
Tbf< ntpid fouling of theBG vc^hhgIs, licvever. recefltntaUng fr9r|Ui?rLt
•b^Ji^Qg of th« ^Jiag raaterial to prevent anduo back presauns, &tkd
imimnf*^ bh0V ^oiency, renders theix iiao dbj^lioiiAble.
Procipitottog ohamlif^THof l^gemAfi juu also employed. wiUiout nnj
filling mAterinl, In whioli tlt« gM, nj it wer«. nlaep^, and d«pOAUs iiii
ooDdooAblo portioJes, A \ceeel of ihis kind ie nsofnl in oth^r
mpoott, b«C4UB0 tbe l&rge voltime of gas serv&i na a oiuhion to
cnantoTftot pulmtuiy nction butween tbe ailiauster And the relarts.
i'iul^ifT\rsmd Cotulmxr,
In tbia BrTiLTjgcm<mt tbo pipes tire pUc;od in tbc ground, out of tbo
reMb of ilid fltictLtiktiona of tompeTfitorc in bho atmosphere, ivith %
Tfev tG obtaiDing nnifonniby of action in Ihn process of condtiTiH^tion-
Bjf thifl S]Wtomt nowover, n muoh longer length of piping is r^^uirod
tbftn \>j &ny otb^^r, oving to ths small amount of radiation from the
fiuiface of the buried pipes-
Tfjpre in kei ulvaritii^e in tljis prncess of ^-arlual ooTidcnsathn ; but
it 19 odviBAhlD, wbcrov^r iu use. to aapplemeixt it by tinnlly pafiaitig
tb« gtA tbnmgh one of tlie otbor fondB of CondcttBcre mode of less
lliftn the imal uoa.
i__U»n I
^ Mr
Wattr-Chmtwl Condtfn^r,
Mr- Liv«snyp at the Boatb Mtairopolitnn W<Trkii, has adopted tbe
|ilaii of pUoing tb« rondfriiiin^ pipot in a tanlr divided into channols,
IhKMgb whicb a etrcam of water is TDhda to How. and which can bo
regulated nccorduiy: to tbti mako of gu-s. Tbe water enters tbc toiLk
M tho point wliere the ooridenfted gaa makes its «iit, and, flowing in
tbe oppocito direction to tbe gas in tha p^pee. ie gradually rais^ in
iempcratnre by Hm lalter lill it toacbofl ita outlM. vih^^ro tbe cm^o
^HK f^nUTH^ By this me&iia a more uniform condetisatiijn ia obtained
tbltt ia potaible in the atmOHphere.
106
HBWBIGGIUG'S HAKD0OOK FOR
PeicuAt and AtuUnati'$ ConJeKaer,
The principle of this is different to any of the otber ftppnretue
d«?Gnb^. In oonEtmctioti ii consifits of ftn outer ojlindrical caat-
iron chomlier, vritb ihe tiBucd inlet for g%s. nnd oatleta for gn-s ftnd
Lqnids. Euid couLiuns n cjlindcr of p«rfaralei sLeet-Lron coitstitu^ng
lh« ronilen^r. Tlie flitl^s of the condi^iiGdng ahajnbdr tre two thia
eheols of iron with n concentric Bpuce between. The inner alieet 18
perforated with holefi l-20tli of an inch in diameUr, and the enter
wi(.I] doU of |arg«-r size ; tlia oaUr sheet dicing no airan^e^I an to otT^r
n hlaril' siirTnc^ opponiio the small liof«s in tbi> intior ahotit. The gaa
and cotidvmaablo vapoura pa«a through th« ^itiail ^orforationo* the
vELpoura bblti^- as il were vite^draTru* and fitnkint: n^auifit the opposite
«ntid siD'fnct urB deposited tlitreon* and Hew down ijilo the recuptftde
bfilov, And thence to the tar well.
TLo ffiL^ paeaos on through tlio elotfl in tho ontor cylinder to Hit
ontlst pip«.
The condenEing cylinder la so halanoed ae to rise and bJJ in an
aimnlar &piic9 containing tar oi' h<i\ior wliich acts afi ft eoal. As
the make of goa increMos or doorcaacs, the cylinder rieea orfalla;
and GoaaeiinentI/ a lai'gor or lefiE nimiber of openmga &r« unco^r«T«1
for the piusage of the ^as. The rasnit h a more completd separa-
tion of the tar &atn the gas than ia attainable by any other Terra of
€ondeiifler.
I
CarburetHrtg CandfjiMn,
d
Thp Aitken and Toiing Analyzer, and the St. John anil RooWoIl
apparatus, mny both be Inoludad under tliia head, as they ai« u^h
des^F^ed by their inventorg to enrich the gaa by corbareljon* The
tar and ^i^s are both conveyed dtreet from the Lvdiauhc main to the
apparatuF), their tempL^rrLturs at the inl^t t>emg nmintain^ ;l9 higb u
poaaibio. and meane aro orvn adopted of raiein^- th*> temperature, if
required, tn ordor that the heavier hydrocarbons present in Ihe crude
gas and tar may be penoaneuLly auKpended, and no beoome ^led
illumiuautfl in tho gae, notwithatanding the Rubeei^ueut rednotioD at
itinperature in th<> ordinary course cl purification. At tbo workt
where llitj ri^fcpecbive prooefifica have been adopted a good account
given of tbi^ir ^t&clency.
OA9 BNOmSBBS ABD UAKAOBBS.
UIJ
€ ^
!i
!i
tl
^1
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ra ^
i^g ^:
P^3
5^"
5*
^1 S§
5^ !§'
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S'
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ho
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£-
4s
as
'&
101
KBWSIGGIKG'G HAKDBOOX POB
In connection with the subject gf CoDilenHntion^ thefoUcwingTtible.
comparing the EugL^h and Freiiob Tlicnuontelierv, will he found
useful : —
I
hhl
Ba«4,
Oait,
rititH
B«HD'
CvdL
FbIu.
Bwp
Cent.
ruu.
Po*^
Cent
112
eo-o
lOO'O
160
ee 9
n 1
loe
ftS T
42 2
00
100
13-0
su
70- fi
»fi-C
ISA
Ml
70' fi
107
838
31-4
04
lO'O
lfi'7
VJG
79M
W'B
t&ri
^6-o
70 IJ
lUG
92H
41-1
64
H-7
ia-2
209
TBfl
66 3
m
«6'a
03 -1
loa
02-4
40 4
r»
9-8
11-0
308
TO-a
&7'7
i&fl
*fii
06'e
104
m-o
40-0
oa
8-8
111
afl7
77-7
wa
}b&
£1(1
A8'S
lOS
Sl'fi
ag-4
61
8-4
10^4
200
77 a
PW'U
iH
£4 2
OT'Y
loa
ai 1
U6-9
DO
00
lOO
90A
M-a
Wl
153
fi8^7
flTfl
iOl
aD'fl
86'*
4a
7'S
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VfM
76-4
ye- 5
i&a
*a-3
(>«-0
IW
W3
II7"7
48
7-1
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fioe
TOO
wo
Ut
A2-d
Q« I
fi9
aa7
a7 a
47
00
8
3oa
75'&
Of'l
if^
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27 1
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91- 1
144
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257
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101
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67-7
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137
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387
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147
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GAS BHOOIBBB8 A3SD UASAQSBS. 100
Tocorairi Dsgrmt of FakrenMi ifOo thM« of Omtigrade and EMumur,
and contwt^.
To ooDTort Fahr. into Cent.
Bulk lat. — Sabatnot 8S, and divide the rsmainder by 1 *6, thus :
or by —
Buu 2nd. — Subtract 8fl, multiplj the remainder bj 5* and divido
the product bj 9, thus : —
Fi>hr.( 167-fla)x6 ^T6Cent.
To convert Cent- into Fahr-
Bnle iBt^—Miatiply by 1*6, and add 82, thna :—
Cent, 76 x 19 + 83 = 167 Fahr.
or by —
Rule 2nd. — Hnltiplj by 9, divide by 5, and add 82^ thui : —
Gent. 76X9 ^ ^^ ^ j^, p^
5
To convert Fahr. into Bean.
Bnu Ist, — Subtract 82, and divide by 2-25, thus: —
Fahr. 118-82 „^ „
-2:55- = 88 Bean.
or by —
fiuLs 2nd. — Sabtract 82, mnlUply hj 4, and divide by 9, thus :-^
Fahr. (118— 82) X 4 „„ „
^ Q-^ = 86 Beau.
To convert Beau, into Fahr.
Bulk lat.— Multiply by 2'25, and add 82, thus :^
Beau. 86 x 2-25 + 82 = 118 Fahr,
or by —
BuuG 2nd. — Multiply by 9, divide by i, and add 82, thus : —
«--_!?><_% Ba= 118 Fahr,
NAPHTHALINE,
In dealing with the aulgeot of Condensation, that of the formation
01 deposition of NaphthaUne may be appropriately discussed. This
hydrocarbon when deposited in the eohd state in the apparatus and
mains of a gaa-vorks and in the distributing pipes in tbo streets, is
110
ssmiaatxQ-8 BAimBOOK fob
«iOe<^gl^ troublesonie ; sonie times entirely blot^hmg th@ paiaagttof
the gW, itU'i (iutniting much Ifkboiir ibod expuuiic in ila reinoriLl.
It IB geutirally believti] tbai ib» presBiicu of NApLlbMlIriQ jit gaa is
dne» principally, to tbe high beats itecesBortl^ iiaed in tbe c»rbouizik'
tion of the cool, owing to Ch9 pftTtial distillattoQ of b poitioa of the
tftn In the iritrlj days of g^fl lighting, whcu iron rolortu were used
excltudv~elj,iuid the heats were cumpjiraLLvcl^ low. Kcphiihrdiue as no^
found in Iho maitia in the eolic] atate wnsfllmoflt iintnown. It frucioi
until clay retortB came to ht; employed* %nd the heat of carbonisation
wu increased, that Nji^hibolme made itd Appearance.
It 36 well known by tta flaky crjsLatliue struoLure, and its peonliar
etbereaJ odour II Is not Bolubk In w&tor, bat cflsily so in n&pbUim ;
hence its removal le offuctod by stouniug witb iiaphtiia vapour, or by
pouriof^ Uiat liquid liibo the obaUticted mains And appamtuEs.
NapiillialintiiT^ ile^iotiited most freely from gas produced from hituml-
none coaI- Some kindB of coH yield it in greater abrntdnnce than
others- hj using a proportion of oonnd along with the ooul, Uio sels
being enrioDed is onabkd to rotnin some or the whole oftheNaphtTiii'
liiM ui mapetidoD within it in thn goBcnns comdirinn. Tb^ rioher the
gas, the more oapabU it is lunder ordinary (conditions' ofntliiiiDg
the constitoents which contribute to its cnncliBiciit and n'fv ivrta
III the year 1877 M. Bitoond pabliahed an account of a atari
viihiable renoarohefi mode by bim on tlie quegtinn of the formati
Kaphthaline anil its deposition, in wbidj ha sliowed that jto nee hin
own wordfl) " Napbthnlinc ib prcduood wherever tliore is condcnaatJon
of th« aqueous vapours oontiiiiiud Lit the gas ; that it& Jepo&itico \^
preceded by the plioiiomenon of the coocImi 'Nation of thu water ; and
that gad absolutely dcpnvod, as far aa poesibtoi of aquoouB vapour docA
not depoBit Naphtnahuo under the ordiu^y conditions of temperature
add prittuurcn*'
It iH otear, therefore, that th^ subject of i^ondensfttion is one of the
atmont iuLportauoo if KaphthaJine, or an oko^bs of it. ie to be got rid
of- But howcTer perfect tJ)e ordinary coiidcoBing ftpparatna may be,
it is almost impossible to dt*priie gas of its aqueoua vapour by tliii
meansn M. Br^mond therefore adopted other means cfdr^g the
i;as \ and for tbi? pnrpose ha employed an ordinary lin^e punfier, bnt
insttJid of falling it will elftked or hydratcd lime, ho chru'goj ib with
iinslalted lime in lumps. By piwtsing the ga^ through thiti iiEinlatMl
lime he completely dPEJceuted thegflB, with tha iiiltreBLiiig rct-ult that
the a^ueou^ vapcur, and consfquuntly tUo exeoHB of Naphthaline al«o»
was arroated. Hie gne tbutt deprived of its moi^tuiEi was foundto
lia\« inereafied in ilhiininuLing povv4-r to a ooiiRiderahl^ e^ti^nt.
This rcmul^rLlik- result of drying the gee had prevkously been
ohservod by ibe £r&t Loudon Goa Kdfer«es. They found that the
CAS BKOCNEBHS AKD VAKAOSBS.
in
e at Beokton ftctnftllj gained tn UliimmAtin^ power in trftveraing
Ute long looglli of umiiM fi'Cim D«okUiu to Loadou . atiJ lL»j
remark M foibws ' "Ti^ cnnsidoKng the Gatiafnatcr; result of the novdl
it [tlif inerOMQ in tbo lUummntiEi^ pa^or] mninly by tho abvv and
padoMl withdfft^itt c»f Aquooan vapour froin iLe grisiii iLslongjourue/.
Tkii oondftTiiuitiaii ta vctry (^ifTL^rartt in <*liiLra«ter frnm ih^ 9tiii(!ttn witli-
drmirml of oqtiocmit vapour prodacM bj the upplioatLou of great oM,
for it takes pluo T^ry griuluiiUyi so thftt tbe vut«r ib dopoailcd without
viy opprMiabLia porLiou of tJj« liydi-ocdrbcfna beiii^ «ondwistid nioiig
vrith it. In ordor to uoertoiQ the «ffoct of witlidraving tbt* aqueous
npour fpsoi gaa, vo cudi eovoral onohmoatfl by p&sflLng tko g^ac
througli pOToufl cLlorido of oalciuia ; tn« roenlb ebowiog that dry goe
hu a superiority in illumtTK^ingpowBrov^r ordinary gas. to tlidetu^iil
of hiom 6 to 8 per o^nv
The romffdt for tho obj«otionabb dopoeit of NnphUiAhne U ihua in
A* gMaukorft own hondl to n stc:it rxtont. If thq gAA bo driod eitb«t-
by DUUM of ahloridii tif cftloium or n\i<\e nf 4-dcium intinlak^d Mme),
aithj csTOful and ^ivliuil coiideTiHTLLi^ii throufjli a cciiuidarabla tcingtii
ofiDEUiU, net only vnll tha ntter drpositioa of N^phthiilino he provL^uU^di
bet Uieri? will bo fk soaRJble iitcixAaa in the iiluLiuDjxtJng power of tb&
mui BO treated.
I H-»" Wrf
lUE EXHAUSTER.
Whvever tlm mrikn uf ga exaBnk 8 iniUiQus of cubic foot per
•mran, an Exhaiutor b(»L*omas & useful adjunct to the oth^r appurato*
of ft f;a0>work« ; the inT-^rialle r^culC of it^ txmi being to iiiorejtao tb«
prodoctioii per ban, tu iinpfove the quality of tljE giu l prijvLdxd air ik
not drawn tc), and loloni^Uieii tb*? diimtiou of thn retorts, by present
ins, in * jroat inooauro. lLiedepi5Hitiot»of <?arbon,theromoviilof wbicli
mtlb tbo ordnmry cUmut hiirn \>i ho d-^Htruulivu and tmsatiAfcLctory.
UocdiaukaJ Exh&uaUT:H att ut two hind:?, tbo ivLatury mid tin* lerin-
TOeMing. Boih desrripi.icnn hnvft r.h*^ir advocates, ant] uiuoh may bo
anid ID favour of ea«h> Tb# Totntory ia c<irtni:ily BteadLcr in itn notion,
producbf: lo»d oaoiilatian» tbo jcf^^ liowi:ifi mora o[)iubly Ihrougli tbo
raaJnfl aod appamtiis-
Bonle'e (tbe «Arly fcrm of which tit cliovn in Fij^, S^), Jonoaa f Fig.
8V|,aiidlAidlaw*«lFi^. 10} are ontho t'etatot7 pnncipio ; MctLvcn'e,
tfu£ffrfl>Vs> Aodorvon'fl jFig. 11^, and Dempster's ore reciprocAtin^.
The flWim-jflt KilmiistHr i Fis- '*^i' invouted by Mr. ClfiUnd. and
improved by Korlin^ I3roth«re> is kuiotUcn' fomi of exLaii»4tt^kgappara
Uitf, Tbifl opofatctf by projecting a jet of stcacn> at about 13lba,
Ilfl
KBWSTQGlKa'3 HAKDB005 FOIL
preasore, throagb Etc Ajrangemout of pipea or no^sloe, ^^iUioab iho
uiberv«atJou of nnj other mecli^ciLl ihppli&at<«a — dia sLvam beiuy
a^LerwardB eitnkL'ted by conde]^8fl.tii:in. The <'jLp9^ilj of tlieEicIiaiietcr
ia regulated bj the adjiutsble octaw and eprntfi^ at the end ; oiid b^
a movaMo inner bIoovg, oponiiig or closmg %hQ port hoUs by means of
the Bcrnw Bud uut at ilie side.
FiQ. £8,
Mr. R- 0. PRterBQii found a gala in ilhiiviiimting power e^Ufil to
jtbfi of n oandtQ from uiung this Extiaofltert wLicL be aUributed tp
tie sleiim h&ving volatilised floma of the liquid liycLrocarbons.
Vio.S9.
Fid. 40.
BcAlo'S fonn of EihauFler iss Um uut' now usually adopted
uid wbiUt Ihe ongiunl lypo ia retftined, great imprtjveujt-ibi
have bt*D eHwted iu iLb conatruotion and woricmg bv; vimou* makcti
of M«*iit y*(U'j< — notably hy Gwjime aiic3 Co., B. Doakin &nd Co-,
W. E. Ailon and COh, and G. WaUct and Co.
Tilt c.*»(jntitd fuftturea of ft good Eibniister ore that it ahooM
work wit.h a muiuinuu of friction and power* that it ahoiild givi
the ftloadiflst poiaible flow of gas. aiwl Ihot tlje pwU abould be
A
OAS BKOINEBHS AKD MAlfAOEBS
iia
■tight Bonle's Exhauster. whea-wcUconfiUtiot«^,satisi38s
tlMM oondidonf. Thft ooiamone^t fault is llie witnb of Lightness. &nd
iriutt it is mncmbond tbal. under ft prvasure oq^iiU ta u H-mcli
voluiui or w»t«i, abotit OOOJ cubic foot of gae will paw fwr boor
lllfOli^ »n np*timg of oiiXy an»* miuftfo iticU in aro*, the abjalul*
nMMBity ol tlw but workmanship onlj, buiuii osetl in EiLauBttra,
viD be ondcnt.
Flo. 4L
The* ftpt^niluii iBuolt'ti^ uuiiMBiU i)f El cylmtW, iiiefdu tvhioL a
<imm r«-volyeB, and i§ provide^l witb pUtcnu on Klirlot: vrluch have n
odiiJ rooLon. TLt drum u «aiJiUar m diameter ihtm the inaido oi
the Qjliuder, ftiid thu ceutre Iuim or axes nf both oro parallel and
honuiiit&l : Lui tlie druiri [a ^buv<(1 «tc(jutrii?iill}' iii Ute ^ylirdar,
«o u CO be iu coitttot wiUi it at iho bultotu wUhunt reatiog on it.
Tb& inkt and outlet paesa^Eue arc ou tbu tvro op^uitc aiSctt of the
cylioilur. and aa the alidea aru cujtltid b/ flttgrnenti] in thu miJ iilitlaUp
•0 tbat Ji^r nui^r oiidA nrp fttwn,yH in coniaot iritb Che InaLdo of the
Sliader, Ui* ga» cqUtr one tadtt, ii oairiod rouod ov«£ tbo drum lo
ft olhcr «ificr A^^ io foroci out ai the ouUol.
i
I
tu
NBWBtOOlNO'B EUfDBOOK FCm
F10.M.
Pw. Ifl.
Tb6 niuaLraliona Figs. 4i} uiJ 44 slow sectioiia of a BoAlii'a
Exliauster aa made hy Gvyane and Cc, undnr Uielr ptt»nt«, and
coatftiniug several impiovem^irta on t]i9 tnai^hini;* aa Jirat iavontod,
b> which th& ureuB of woorin^ ^iir^es Lav« been au^tueiiled 90 ft«
to ifrviitiv mcit*.ao lUu iluialilitj of the rinwhintp Theao mcludo Ui«
doubly Bildos, l&rg« fiegTQfuts. 9Lee1 pcTis fn^tenr<! in the aegmontt
and OKlendJuff Uirough the whole Jougth of tho slidtiia, and ilit outoido
bearing for tho axlo.
Tb(i ftppniutiu may be diiveti cither hj a eti'ap from a line simft
iLCttiAted b}- a £tQatn or goe oiigmt?. or. wlial 19 prof«rnb]«, bj* a «tOftra>
cii^ne coupled direot. By timpEoyui^ two Kvlmu&tera, and vorkuijr
GAS BNOINBSBS AlTD UANAGEBS.
115
them from one engine, tbe sUdee ot the Eihaasters being placed at
right angles to each other, a perfectly steady vaonTim end pres&nre
are mamtained.
When an Exhauster is employed, it ia necesaary to aapplement ita
uae by a gaa Governor, acting either on a throttle valve within the
steam feed-pipe, in thia case increasing or diminishing the speed of
the engme, or on a valve within a bye-pase connected to the inlet and
outlet mains leading to and &om the Exhanster, the opening of
whioh, when the exhaust is too active, allows a portion of the gas
to return tbrongh the Eihauater, and thna preventa the fbrmation of a
partial vaeunm in the retorts. (See Fig. 4S.)
^^^
Fid- 4G.
STEAM BOEjER AND ENGlNtl,
Thaae ahould be provided of ample aize, allowing a margin over
and above the actual power needed. An Engine and Boiler l»rely fit
to do the work required of them are a nuisance.
The Engine, beaidea turning the exhanater, may be used in pump-
ing water and tar ; and the Boiler, in addition to supplying steam
I a
M
HB^VBIOatMG'fi HANDfiOOE VOB
Ibr tbc Eiiguici ifi uaeful for sleui
bUe
aiid
at us
tb»
works.
UupUo&Co BoiloTB cl the rcu^nJr'otl sIzq should bo prQvicLed» tc oUcnv
forperiodioaJ cle&iiiiig and uxaiuinoitioa.
Fur JiruiK tli« DuUer, breeze tatty he uficd, mJied vriLL a porlbti of]
00 k« orcoBl.
One ^oiind wdghl of coal of average i^anlity roquiroa 160 «iibli
r^tof airfoi' ita perfect comlmstion. In actiiiil pmotioc, havever,
ftlioilt double tbia qmrntity cif itir pngs^s through the fuciiAue of 5t«&itl
Boilorn.
Wlicrovcr proolioable and oonvcniont, tUo Boiler ehoaJd be Mi ia
Eiioh a podtica as Lo allow of ita boiitg haftlad with the irftvbe heftt j
frum tTi(^ retort 'i<irJ43U, ■
In siupJl works, if ft steam Boiler oannat be om^Tovod for wa-nt of
Gp6ce> or dijotild a Uoiicr ha couaiflurod objcotJoiULblc? otj otlicr Rrouftdj,
tLe Exiiftu&tcr oaii bo driven hy a Gaa-Eugiue.
Th^ kir III or Boiler ino«t siti table for » gaa-warksof moclurntL^ iizn it
the oyhndrical, wiib llat et^As, and single internal tube contujutng Uie
fiirooce.
T\it lutimiihi horse posrer of such a Doiler ie found h> multiply iugl
Lhe aiici of the diamflcra of ilip rinter abell an*i internal flnt> by thft
leoftth, and {lividing tbe product by l>.
Example. — Required llic povri^r of o Boilor whose diameta iM\
4 ft. a in,, Ji&metor of tube '2 1^.. n in., and Isogtli 12 ft.
6
= 14-hoi5e power.
Raitilred Uirf power ofa Boiler whose diameter is f(„ diaiuvttir of;
tube 8 ft., and length ao ft.
t^+J'i^xJO' ^ ^Q^iioree power.
a
Bj WeiQltt
Powdtrtd tirt-oUy U partfl.
Fine iron Hliiig« 1 p^*
Ma4« iuto £h pasU with boibd linseed oil.
In hlgli'preaaiir^ op non-ooude rising Eogities, wilJi —
Tlje diaro^tr^r of th<* piHlon in inches, sijuamd = oirculnr inchos.
Tlift following tiibU gives the diameter of oylin^era for high^pvoo-
»\ire fnon- condensing t Steam EiigineBi froni 3 to 10 boree pow^r, mth
QXS BXanfKKlLfl AND UlXAllRBa.
iir
team at S6 lb«. tod BO lbs. ptr
irq^J*™
!ncU rMpeoUf«ly.
ruid the
Ingtil of ttrdk^ Uft tbo different (izfrs —
[
JJ^Mtrt al OjVn^r 1
MuhtUf ofC/ltnfMr
t
Pffwir.
In |nah#K
Steua par S^DV* iBCdkn
NulDlBa]
Mnrw
etnta.
Vlto.
B1^
Uwbift^
Allkh . ttltib
s
H
d la
fl
101
H
vo
i
?!
lit
U
U
1«
v!|
t|
Ti
?l
H
10
Ul
lUf
UJ
A
N
7|
16
11
1^
in
M
H
&I
7i
Ifi
ta
1^
mi
u«
V
H
IS
IS
m
06
H
M
H
Ifl
14
lat
m
10
7
^
la
u
^H
IS
W
n
ICi
^
-JO
16
IS
IH
SO
Etloal wei^hU of rocl uid wbiU J«iid, mixed with bcUod tinA^ oil
to IM con^isai^noy of pnity.
THE WABHER.
Til* Wmaher «u oao of the vdrj «Ar1idei Appti&noot ua»ct tn tJu
portAcaticn ofcoftl s^s. ftnd natuifkUy ao. owinft to tb^ QOoUog a&4
Kffldeiij^inK proimrtj of water, ftiid its power of ntmorbirig amnkoiiia
nd of anr^Rting tbo tjir.
Its corutr^Qiicn* hc^n^vcir, ^viu efton fjiolt}- tX dnC, juid thi» liiuiCd
oi\\§ fanotions luiaund^ntocd : :to that the ininiuc. oi' cvi'cruHc, of Uic
■ppeuuiuH, ri«nUiiig in n^ducict illunutiiiUttg pciwnr tn l]it» fpti itipnucd
bo ita Mtion. caused it to lull for u time into diaropatis.
Tbo principle oftt9 action la tbat of canning tbo ^m Ut ptuit m
fiDflKjT'OiTidea atrcune tbrough & bodj of water ooatomfrd in a
TCMd* u> tbut a portiun at t)i« amuiDTiin fi,Tid otbur gjnncouit
aDpOrities, and th<< wLol«- of tht^ float lugpirtioUa of tar viiit^i; ha?^^
•M^Md conduiaaticn, taay bu roiEioTcd Icforo tJiv gti» «iit4jr» tJio
«rabb«ra.
Tb^WajJiffrahnnlrt ftlwsjsbe obb^ Jn ponjimalcn witlubewmbber,
md tb» gtt4 paiu«dtiiroug)i it in tlL« ftrBt initonoo.
Wh«n tbc Wulir^r i? c?iponod to outtiidc atmoaphortc inJInonoo, U
MCeasu? in winter to «-mploj meiULf Lo prot«iii tJin wnter hoia Ulin^
I
lie
NBWBIOOnie'S lUKDBDOK FOB
below a ;«ivip(^rfittire of 5iy FiLhr. ; otberwise the s^* e£peci&llj a rich
g9J4, p&KRih^ tlirmjgh it ttiU »tiir«r deUiTtanitiori.
Tlie W]i?ljer is geutrftlly cmpbyt'd ils n sBparftte and dietiuot •pp"-
ratoff ; but Eomclimofr it is platf«d :it (ho bottom of the tmsex Bcmbbcr.
of wiiicli it coiietitotes a part.
All WaNhorj^give an ainoiml of b*u*l£ [JruHHaro, vtiryfn^ fioiJ] 1 lo t
incbciff, Eif^croi^litig lo tbe doptb of walur tnkvursod. 'i'bvrv iirt^ nuiii«fOUi
doBtgne of WftaberB. bat tbo pricdpal oud» ftro hero deecnbod.
Tlie |>er»i9tent nAvoent^y of Mr, George Andsr?on hn^ dona mnch to
TGBtoro tho Wanlitr to £ivour, oad hie form of the ap^iiurutUH is stiU one
of tbt* tcfil.
Il t^nAi8t« of a uftAl'irau outer yesBel, (^onCaimng a ntnab^r of irtkyn^
bnving 011 ifaoii under eido & eericfl of s«-ra,lcd Lars e^tlendiiig finnk
sido to SLdo ; Ihoso dip into the vraier ex liquor, and ilrn tttiay iii pMB-
ing tLiOTi^h tbl^ derrullotjs ih divided iiito i^iiiiutrf* ^-iJbulcfi. Tliv
preKsure gi^-en can ho rpt(iilalefl Viy rftJBing or lowering ihfi oveT'flrtw
vith which tbc apparatuii h provided, A iont-vr^y voivo U uaed for
sbub'Off Aiiil bye-poaa. Wcfuk hqaor from tJje coudccaeT 18 run ia ut
tbe top, ftiid ilripfi frciiii Iruy ki T,ruy tifl it n-itches Ibohultoin^ Tbtt
Wnfib&r k mad^ ehbor single or double as refiiur^d.
TIlc ufliift) oblciig or squiLrc ve»ML in thie cnse is divided icto tec-
tioiiii :uq niDiiyus may 1m desimd, 4?ii.i;b elevut^l hi^bor tliiui the oulwm
id the form of steps. Tha gtta enters at the bottom, passee in divide
fltreamB through a number of curtain sen-ationa citDndir^ the ^U
lerugth of the vcaEtl, lUiiJ go cm tluough tho reit. imd oul at IIj« top of
t}i9 higber coiiij^artm^iit, W'li^n LIig liquor in Iho lowest e&oUozi ifi of
tb« etrijUf*tb Tvi^uirod. il la rUEi ofl', atid tbe eotttenls oftbcsovonU
flC«lious tmcpfi^rrDdouo aHJp lower, ihc la$t or uppoiluOBlbetagohw^
witb fr«*Qli waiter.
TliiFi \V:i4lior ifl also armrged In the irertlcal form to occnpjrlefw
ground «]>aoo.
lAvrnty'i Waxhtr.
Thi9 is a compact ^0 cFGcicni apparatus^ ccocpyinfi leas loeaa lot
the work iIoub tbaik aiJj ollx^r.
In & reotai^gnlsr cfUt-tror boi of any vi^o idApf^nding on Uie ma^e
of fcBS) ia A eerics of rcotaTie^hu: txibfi^ of wrout;bt-irou, lo frhicU
vrroutEht'iiou p«rfcpratcd pktcc aio fastened, tuiued dovm at the
1
I
QJlS BlTOtNEBRS AXD MAKAGBIt3.
1t«
[till tb«y dip into tlie liqaor, Tl]« perforations ftre l<90th of ew
iekIj ^iomntcr, axid U5iii of an iiK^b npart.
Tht- ^ns piusi« tlovni biilwiten thi! tul)e4 and tliroagh ttro «J« per-
(brtiioni into <pac*i>i fillod wiih liquor, find, bubbling upwardun is i^jtLin
hrokcn op by tindtiig it^A way throcif;!! Ihu horiKantnl porforatioiui into
the op«ii spAcc Above, am! bo aloni; tf> tiiv outlet of tho Apparatus.
Umus ftT« [^ruvidei} for Micur{Ti|k> »ti HOtivp drouktion of the liquor,
vbdoh ifl contUuLl}' llowiu^ Uirouffb it from the ftdjoMdit lorubber,
4u j Away by on ov«tflow to lli« weJJ-
fc
THE SCilUBBEE.
of&i
^r mini
7Si4 Towor Scrubber i Fig. 161 in a cnai-iron vessel, Gtibcrrpptnnfftilnr
0ytindrioal ftbc [ftttoriliapcb«m^pivforrodi,ortictodon«Dd, Ch:\>iigh
which tljo fffia L^ nuvia to pa-M in Aii upirftrd direction After isruing
fmtn thi* WiwbfT.
Its primary imo li to ^nilroly purify tlic giLA frciro Ainmonio. bv tlie
«id of imtor i odrnntoKo bouig taken of Uio woll-kiiown great adinLty
of uamoiuA for that liquid.
WftUr. ftt rntun Lianpisraturo and proainTo (ftT Fulir., barometor
W), di«iolvofl 793 umc* it^i voZnmo of AnuQociitc&l f^aa — that is,
loUiVutA^ orEinioniaoal eu. When the Inttar is mixtxiwitb other gaaoa,
*< in the ooHn nf ociilI gdr^i. thu {Hiwur of uatcr tti nrrest it is not
nacrlj bo grL»jit.
it tdtc arroHta a ocDfliiitimblo proportion of tho eulphnrotled
bjdrogOD Bcd cttibonit.- imid.
TUb w uci.'ujii|ilipht<d Lj' niliitg the vukmI wholly or !□ |]&Tt with
idthcreoke, t>oiildor Atones, briolc^batii, roof or drainm^ tiloa, faraa,
orhyera of tbiii bonrdB A^ton od^o, nboxit C to 7 iftcLoa in width, ^Q^^
of&u inch thick, and from i to}of oq inoh aE>&rt; the m&terial being
kspt cannlAnily moifllon^ by a HLr«ftm of wnl^r trickling from b suit-
distributma apparatus Qxed irt ih& crown.
WbMl tbo cofio or other material is plncad in layers, it ia anpportarl
' <n gnds fll^d al cOEivoniert dintonci:? apftrt ; luirl opposite each spacc^
mmatibnlif, upcurml by a movahli? hd or cover, is provided, no na to
tSord a«ooci to tho intonor, either for examination or renev&l of tlio
eonlftiuol nmtc^nftl.
The aiigin&l Liv<^:iey Scrubber in Ottf^d with boj^rda of an inch
thlolc, 11 Innhufl wida, pltioixl o[i uigd. AEid kj*pL njicirt by strips or
blooka of wood j of &u meU sr|iijire ; thus makinc otic board to 1 inob.
Tho tiers are separaUd by ^-inch i^iiiuLtL- orond bWpor^,
Thr firfil ount of GUiiig with bciutii Is {^rt^aLHr thau whoii cokv or
t»
KKWBIOOING'& HAITOBOOK rOE
oibor mrLtcnnl i@ {employed ; but it pose^sees ihti markod odTonUffe
of arjt foiiliny iij\ jLml will ruTi-lj rr iii-ver need nninttiiig. Tl:* k^
cannot funu TiiLiriTw cliuunola in Us pusgiige ihrougli llm voiifl, but
IB pODataiitly bejug br<^lau op, wid brcnigbt in coiiUwl iwtii liia nalw
that dnpH frotn all aides.
O^^ii Bunjbljcrti ar» a1»o iiRed uilliuul tJiy of the iu&L«Tijil8 above
EO«nticn«d' In euch cafivti ibe coliumi of f;a« in its upwarcl progi^^
ifi mot by a dcaoondicc ebowor of aprfly from u Gurney jot.
The luOBl efficient kind uf Scrubber in ilm ujliij^ricsh atandlnjf ia
li«iglil aVoiU sit or N^ven liJii*^ lU diameU^r.
I'm. 4fi.
Th& BuperfoHty of the Tover Scrubber is flue, prlncipiiJIy, Ui
tbc faoL thai m tJiie apparalua, more than in ^ny clbw. Ui«ro ii
UngUif^vd contact of tLo paa s^Jth llie n&lcr or liquor m a mmnto
hU14^ cif aub'diviaioD. Hclgbl is tberefore an impuitaut factor in &'
Senibber.
Tcver Bcmbbere oro taoet oconomicai and cflVclivo ivbiu Uiov
ar« U!^ hi dupLcaie (Fifj* 10) ; tbo god being made to ftttt tbrotigfi
tnt one, and tben tb^ ct.ber.
\Vb«To lucre tljan cmo pair of gciabbera is employed, as ia t
GAS OKGlNIEERe AKD UAfiAQEBd.
191
In Tnnnjr fiondderablo works, (ho gut afaould be diBtribnted in
•qui quflotttics throu^ Uic ftflvcr^ puii-a aimultEUiEOuel^ — not
thromib Mob in socceseion.
BxmnefiM bsa provod Uiat tbe beat Glliiiu niutmtJ h llini ruubEi*
wwn ItonnK i»i Iwfore deaonbed, placed iu altonutt lfljora» on ougctp
COM over t^o Qthor-
Wli«Q flok* i« Qftcd oa iUe aorubbin^ mated&l. h may be pUct?>l
in Bx or «^ Iftjera. ori^ a spftoe of Bbont 6 tnt-hed b^Lween c^muL.
Wbatcvor material ii iiR«d in Ailing tho Scrubbuf, U ia Lmportont
tbtt ftil puts of it« torfikco fthouM be wctto<1 o.'i oijually &« pouible.
The proper oobioii of tho Sanibbor clepomle on tiits.
Tlui nnowidtj of A KOpd vmi^r-rliHirihutin^ [k^pamlnim m thArnrmn
•pp^rmt. Not only nhould Ihijr be of koi^i^ conptraction in tlio fimt
iMtaooc, bat ii oboiUd alwayii bo mAintaiood in cffioicnt woTldcff
The gM DUtcm ot tlio bottoio of tbo vofnul. nnd tTi« vfttrr or liqnor
Al tbo top. Tho gu in tnTolUng ufiwftrds em oooiploUly broken api
fresh suif&otrs hdng cotiotvitlj propctitcd to the dctaonndnig drip, and
lu Ihu nctti^ aJcIh rf t1i(« fllh'ii^' miLti^ml, ngiiiriHt whiah it ik ruhWd
dr " Borubbtd " all Uio w*y up, until it emt^rffea by iha outlut at iho
lop, A Ifftpptid oTwdow lit the boltom ooavcja tic liquor citbur to
live tm^hcT ur to ibu c&r wfjlL
TbogaM, U-funi unl«rLFLf; tht^ ScnibbiinH shGittd havs tbu whole oftbt)
Ui«lioaLD&Ud from it: J^iLd tuiuiurv this, u wnahtir may bt^ employ&d,
He wmL« own be oonvemeutiy pkctd at tho Loltom of th* arst
^ftibbcr.
Th^ weak aniTn-jniaoal lii^uor from the hydraulic main and eon-
JaniWt aod frcnn tho eoooud ^cruLbur, Bhould bo employed in the
-irtt Bcmbber* The objf^ct oi ihia in to an^ab a proportion of the
carbonic acil and lulphurL^Uinl liydm^^in ii« ^^1 ^^ th<? other
«ii]pliQr compouu^^, for which ammonia ba« a ntrt^ng nffinity, tbna
■vhor^ng th« limo and oxido purifiers, aud eavin>7 Labour and purifying
xnaloiiaJj* The vivak liquor ie also by thii mconB brougiit up to
4h« rMoixite commercial BtreDgtli.
FMb vnt^, in tJid proportion of two to thru gallon* pot 1000
«ttbM loot of gM paising, ib oecd in the soaond Scrubber, to romove
tho Uat tcstige of ankmonin. It &lso takcA up a cgmaidorablo pro-
Jiortion of iho delotcrions ga^e^ nhave named.
OiM method froqnontly adopted of applying tbo water or liiuor is
I by ft pipe pnanng through tlao crovm or aide of tho voasoli ftom
Vkkh pipo HnmLlW iub^fn^ plbrcoi] with lioli^a, ntdiale towEirdr^ tho
4firtiuaurunue, Tliiit may bu uUh«T f\\&^ or revr^vin^; ; ihn IilUct
b«iiu> tho moat efliciuot.
lu. Uuin. who b&B bonloved much attention to this aabjcot, with
m
NBWBiaQnrO'S KANOHOOK FOB
most ftutiaractorv reaulLH, makes tlj« upp^rmoj^t parb of Lis Scrubbwa
ftbout a or H inchefi wirier Uiao the rwt, in Gnlfr llml tlie piHes of tb&
^»iae] inftv ha wott«d 8« ncLl u tbe oonKuiLQ^ ni«i«nAL [n Ihi^widcir
portion of tho Scmbbor, <^nd vndOTnoatb llt« distributluK tubes, he
ba;^ n revolving ]ay«r of btrcbvood twiga lesstii»iug biOijfrtI; towArda
the cii-eiimferenco, suid the water fullmg upon Ibis ia eqnnllj
dislributod throogliout. Tbia (wrraugomcnt roquireB Uio nac cf a
smnll «ii^ne inid gefLrin^ to produce tlio slow rotrLTy moliotr.
To obvinte iha iiBfiossit^ for an engine, a Ba.rker'a iriill or other
similar appli'iuit^o U sometimes xisvl for prodoomff tht^ required mocion ;
but as thu gtreani of ^'ator imaoESfltj to Ucep thi^ in constant twtioiv
would be too ifreit for scmbbiiig purposes, tlie mill is nstmllT fed
inleimiltt'iLtly I'roni » lilting boi. or li vi?il^i]] bnlciin^ Aevtim) gnlloni
of wat^^r, and tiitctd wiLli a va]v« and lloftt- Wbero thc! qutuitilT of
liquor pa'^aiuf^ is tn:";^, ilb nifiy be tlio case in tbc first Bonibbcr.
a fltnall turbine may. be adopted for torning tbe distribtitor-
?*'"**'. — Thw aiuitm of Uie narlier'rt mill ia dn* to lire pre^sar* of
water benip oqiial and acting in conirary dirooUoni, Tlie rotary
portion of tbe macbino revolves aboLtt lie vertical axis. Tbli con-
aista of a tdiufL or iipindlt- wurkiof; in euitable buarin^ii, ttiitl paaaiui^
tbmng)» a fjjin^cr open at ili« upper end, vhlch li fctl bv n uiroain
of water. Nonr to tbe bottom of tbia cylinder, borifontat nutinimK
tnbci are 5xf<d, and ort od« side of tbeae, bolee are drilled for tbp
ontlot of tlio water. The jirwwur© at Ibese [Kiiiits being ' removed.
actA oulj on tbn o|>pcflitt> side, ar> cnusint? the mill to revolve, tb«
velociiv in?rciu<ing with the heighL of the liquid and tbe siie of
tbe iir^^rtnrcR.
Towor Scrubbers sliciild bave nn aggrej^ate oobioal volomc of at lea^t
9 feet for oacb lOOO cubic fret nf gas made per day of 24 boars, takiutf
tbe tpitriif'iiui prndnt-tion as tlif ha^s of tha c^alciibition. For ptattiplp.
take a worts produoinf* in the depth of winter ftOO,IX»0 eubio feet of
g&a per day tjf 21 lioiu^;—
Xhen,
000x^ = 6100 feet, OTibical \olnrQO required*
TliiP would be aiipplicd by
2 Scrubbers, each » ft. diam&ter, and r>(> ft^ bigh.
Or again, take a works producing 1,OCK),000 cubic foot per da>- :—
Ttoi,
1000xP=lHKlfl feet, cubical volume required.
TbiB would hs aupplied by
S tkrabbQL-FiH eadi 10 ft. diameter, and £8 ft, hiKli.
QA!i mJon^ERe AKD yAKAOSBS-
m
ANDEnsON's comhined washer asp sceubber.
A combineti W&«b«r airl Sf^iitbbcr, Ibo invontton of Mr. Qoorg&
A&d«r»oii, vousieU of a ructan^iiUr otaliron ^»WQl, iiLa]ii;pj; on uui,
icd ID hetgbt about five tiiutfs il^ vriihb. Tbv ve^ul 10 diviiled mto
campftrtoiMito, oAob of wbirb coijlAJiiti a drum oausui] La rtfvolve hy
Haitabto gooting. Tbo ctrcnniferenco of 6aob dram ia fitted with a
bnuh 0/ «-bdJabcin« or oibnr fibre. Those fil ouoCJj ifito ILu spuoo
Allotted lor thcEa. Mid. in rf^volviog. dlpialo tbeljqaid wliicb iitkrUally
fitln ihm MY«nJ diviuonn. Thn Aorttbber etan^ on oTt^ nf Mr. Aitrler-
•cm'4 WBibm^pivvioiiJdydoMribod (p, 117 ). A biiiilU atreaic of pure
watur. ftt bh& raUof 10 to l:i ^lloonpcr toaof onAlcnrbcmzod.isk^^pt
3oini;4; idlo Uic: tup cumpnUmt^nt thraa^h n funiiel and ftGatiiig tube,
ind grAduaUr dovtridi bv vjl)- of lhL<^H,a'pip^scciiiiidc<L!n^Llic^4!bamhi^r
liTJ il CDtcnf Uiu W&shon from winc^b therid is uu uvcrfluw pipe lt> tbo
woUi Tht> KU tntcra the Wik^hcr at Uif bolUjirt, and is firat relieved of
tilt) Uki Ftiiiiauiiii^ aflur cnjudtuButitfu ; ibeiicti il pitasfix UiroLigb Lbe
rpvolving bfusbev. nieeliD^ dilTeront sirtnglba of liquor ii\ ouob divi^
«]0Q, tiU It ri!Ocbo« tbo opjKrc udo corttammp^- pitrfi ivitcr^ ruil away by
tbv outlet. By tiu9 mcuis the whoto of tli« timroonift, juid a largo
Ipruportiot: of tho otli^ Lmpuriuoa, ia rumuvul.
THE WASHER SCItlBBEB,
Anothnr iinflfiil fnnn of Scrubber, or Wnsber'Scnibbor ns it ha,i bebii
4«igiJAt4>d, of whioiiMr. PnddoJie sppuatof; u tho original typs, bus
•omo Wgelj into um^ in recent yenra. Thin is of the bonr;ontal i<wm,
MciMogulai ill ^iciitJuibl pLiiii, m\d oon^ista uf n. cjiaL-irni] ii^nk or vee^el,
OKaiUly in Kft^ltotm, ronLa'minf^ wiiter or liquor, in wblcb u ."^i^ri^? of
Crtfbrat^d diHCH, or volutc':;Qf Hhc^at iron, or phambcrH eootuiiiliig wood
Db, or olhcr filling tnudium oxpoHlng el incvv snria^v, Jtru mudt to
xrvulvu oa a cnjilml slioA, ut jl nHiiVk- npL'ti]. I'lit^w?, &3 tUi^y nat from
tiift liquid, u^ oomplfiioLy wut&eJ on both eldea, anrk tbo crude ^3
jtirifTlc through or oiaan^t tb^m, oomiiu \n oonlA^t nitb tho wot
^Hirfrr**. U dopiirod of its nmmoniA ond a ])ortiou of tbo oihor
c^ectlonabl^ compoonJa. Tin? cli^An cr ft^nh wftler entering At one
Wd> ftfid domc^ tbroogb ihe dliloreat divimcikfl, U a\^\ by the pud
xrhich oBUn at tbo opposite onrl. and gmdually iaorouofl io ttittc^^th
till il isaacfl ^om tbo linbl c^mpnrtmtrnt m If) cir 12 oimoo (5° or
f^' Twmdrliali niE]momivy).l liqunr, Kirkhiun. Hidf^tt. luid ObnndJor^*
■'gttudApd' WiuiUtir- *^crubber. Fig. 47, and Laycopk imd ClapbatQ'
^'Hdipae'' Wudhcr-ScnibbG/. i*'i^. Iti, im: of tbiu typu,
Ml
KRWBmOINO'S HATfDBOOK FOR
rin, 47
OM BSOEKHUS AXD IdANAHiGHS
US
KBWBIOODTQ Q UANDJSOOK POB
fn a<lditioii to tlj(> ^Lpijurntiia ileftcHbi?^ ftborOi tiie *' PorifjJ
Xtacliine" recently introdm^eil hy C. nnii W. W^ker, U a powerfil
Washer and Scriibber ccmhined,
fiinra Scrubber- WasLiir nnd Cocbcj'a Washer are cc'mpocl appa-
rntun, proilurmg cslccDcd; reaults, ond ibese ^0 not n?i]uire mollTV
powtr tci work thorn.
TABLE
^tfudrtff thfi Nuwhrr vf Vohtmrn it/ VHii\iia Giij;^ trhffh TOO Vtifwni^ (jT
f/V, FrnnkUtmi.)
Anuncnin 76,000 volumcEt.
8ii)phuro;iSAci(^. . . . B.dOO
SulijliureUeit L^'drogen . 253 ,,
CarVinio avid .... 100
OlttiftuL^B Lid'S ,r
Oitygen »"7 tiolumee,
CWboiuo oxide .... l*GEt tk
Nilrogen 1*60
Hyilrogcn 1*56 .»
Lt^ht carhiTOtlOfl hydrogen 1 'ilO ,,
WLen wdltr hft» been Mitnmtoi^ mth one gan. nud is ^ipoacd w lliv
iBfla^ce of a fiH'cinil. it ntuiLlly pillown n portion of the l^rat to
e«CAp«, whil^l it i^bborbii jui ocjmvoleat quantity of tbo Ei;conrl. It, tM«
wny n ErtioJJ poruon of a nt^t cosily solublu gaa oua «ipoJ & larf»«
roluice of an cuily soluble Qinc.
BYE.PAKS MAINS AIJD VALVES.
It Is necesB&ry Ibat llie condcnaer^ «2liAU8t«r, w»«Jier. scrnbbor.
(tin It- meter, and governor, vhould btr proxidftl vF^tli Bye-paas maim,
nd witb Valves or wftter-trape, to allow of imy of Ihe apptnitiu
boiniE r^^* ^^^ ^^ fiction for cleajiin^ or rtpnirr.. TLo oxiiauatcr Bye-
SLSB is clo^c^l wltb n flop-volve. 5o Umt, iu cnse of sudden etoppAifv of
p muf liinory, the Viilve np^ne by ihe prtssiiro of tb^ gii5 lieing tliroiH)
Agsiiutt it, and nllowB tlie gBB to dow tuid]«cked.
THE TAR WELL.
Tlie Tar Well innjbebidll (*itJiei of bricligluld Jn com«nt, nrd cBr«-
fully pudiHeJ nt the lioltDin £iid ddesi or formed of ocLst or wrouxbt'
iron plnLca,bolEol togctlivr, frzidbaTLDgeitb^rpJaiitfdorcauikDd jinute.
QAS ENOlSfiBBS AM) UAXAGBBS.
»r
I
Tbo inso TMiol II pTeferftM« where che ooEistmebioxi of & gocd ioTUt-
thUnn m Mkaly to In- u qtii^eliun of gttmi tsxpense-
tt ibould 1» of c*[«dlv BuOicivut to contiiEn sit wtnila' makm of
m&torifUi rccbotking &om Uio niJiKiiziuui [iuiJj protdneiion*
AiujUicr WdU of nnaller dim v unions, iL« fli^e depcudiiiE^ on Lho mw-
mltid« of Qie vorka, ou^hl Ui Ije tJn^'t(^-'<l> to riervv »ih a lute> or sou,
iaio vhloh tbe lar-pdpt^ from tine difTer^nt appar«tti» should drp,
fVom lhi0, at a doptu of Rljout 15 or IH idoLob bolow LTio surfuo^^ of the
grouad. AU o^«ri1ort -1)11)3 or cLaimel i:cavty^ bbe coudenAei] |rnxlucU
in MiDd vorkd tii« tar-pip« ia tAk«ik direct from tl^ hvdrauLie uaain
ioto tbo )ftrit« WoU, luid th«ro Kftlod hy hex-ag mode to dip into n
lerUed |ipo sociirod Ut Uiq bottom of tlm tAitk. THIh in (ibjrc.tlonablo.
Afl, b CA«o of ntoppn^, il li difficult ^if AnM^wt^ AFrnixi, thore in dwayn
tbo LiAbilit> of ui <'<CQp« of L'u Irom tbnt porlioQ of the pipt^ ^tbin
Ibe Wdl ; fartbi^r, vrbcro Huohuif; of Ibo hydmulic main i^ rractdscd,
the nubinif lj(jui>r chrrus whh il u qiuuiLily cif t^i whicli h
Vbmiod witlib t^o WuLL H la also Inuport&nt timt th<> ciir <Uould be
cooJi^ scnaewbat tcfoiv entt^rm^ Uii lar^'^r rvouptttulc, [>ocau(w bvdro-
Cttiora TBpnnx is given off dom \i nt a tcnipcntarc of nbont !M>' rnbr-
tr
i.lQi/9R
TMfi
A WD
a-
VAm&O. BULTIOW.
Ktii- ^>, rLji>>
IS
^ »!nve. In cAcb cf thcK coms tho (^A ot vapour* mixing with Lbo
OonUiunI iiir within Ujo WrJl. woald (ixplmlt* with [liHutlnms ciiaw^-
pcncH en contact with u U^bt- A^ciduriLa whbb have oci.'urn>d bav^
tw Aoft ti> one or otl^cr cf tiicciv couac^.
_bi aB niif ibo Wdld diouUl he cuvea^d over k) exclude surfMHS JUid
runiruiEr. ftotl prt-nttit thu pt^^aibk' Idas cf HEnuionln b^ 4^vii[4»ratioir
Ixl ftdiUtioD to U:(' un^vr^'^imd Tnr \VA], an elovat^^d c-4v«t-iron
Q**™ Mf in JiiypngnH* in a wd]]-ai)T>ointod ^Ti^-worh^- Jnlo iMa tbo
ttt 4&d liquor mre puaip«d fruiii llie cuiderviiiuud W«ll> &ii(\ »uiU6le
^»^ppc«, fnniiabedwilb rtnpnochaof VftlvdB, «i>rTe ^o diwliflrjra
^^M^B
1 B
^H
^^H
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^m Ufl NBWBIOOING'S BANDDOOK 70H ^^H
^m tlie material into the liftrrela, tmclcfi, or bbrgci of tHiG ^nnha^n^
^M coTilrikcbor.
^B Th*^ Cistern may h& divided in tm> hy miMmt of a partiUoii pUtt
^ reachixxg to within nbuut fl indii** ul" thu tcip. nvax wiiinh tlie ummu-
^^^^^^b^nl liquor will 1\<m. a&poriitiiig it^olf from tlio tar by t«Aeon of iu
^^^^^nRper apcoifi« f^&rityK
^ A till anil liquor Separator» for pUiiog in tl^e ground In wiy coo-
^1 vpni^nt puRirioti nt^ur lo tliu iitiikT^Touiul Wtll, ie shown in aecikmnt
^B (jUvit^oD Aiid pkn m Fi^-s, 40 aa^ 50, It consists of » oiut-iroD
^H \-cssel, about 1 feot square and -If foet doop, for a ooneidorftblo suod
^H gBE-works. Tlie ilitisjon platu HXltjuils Irom tbc top of tliE^ vcft»«I to 1
^1 witHii 4 inches of llie liottmn ; lb& diR[ihrflj^. ovnr which tl)p tar 1
H cBoapcB into its fiep&ratG Well, being placed 1 j inchvA lowor tlian tbo 1
^m otUtit diaphrcb^m for tiio ammoniocal liquor. ^^^J
H TABLE. ^^H
^1 ConCfflU of Cif'^lflr Tank$ vr Wells m GuIUmt/or tmch Foot m I)*pth~ 1
^H i>ai&ot«T.
QiJL«i]Bror«V3li
nuDMor.
QftltonilDraHti
^H ri. iJL
F«iE tiiDepth.
S^ IlL
B^aqtio£j<fj<h.
H D
ao7-a
16 «
lasa-i
24
satTA
■ ft 3
4:W-o
16
lilTT'fl
fl4 8
wm-7
■ 9 &
4Ki-0
17
14l4'a
Ql A
VitU t
■ H 9
MO a
IT a
14U0 7
Bi »
3001 9
■ 10
400 '9
17 fl
J508-3
fl& &
SOOa
^M JO »
616-7
17 tt
)CW«
f» n
ai?a'6
■ IC
041-2
JA
UW 4
SO e
aiai V
^1 10 p
hCrB
JH H
lCiM-0
as
SflH-8
■ n
MA'Q
Ih H
ihm-(»
M u
vsw-t
^^^ 11 3
031 D
IS 9
1730-7
» a
es
^^^ft u a
e4fl-a
10
1773" I
aa «
^^^H tl 9
ffr7'7
i« a
1919' cr
w 9
S619-«
^^^l 13 D
wo
n «
iaw-0
sr c
BeT9-«
^^^1 19 8
7Sfl-0
10
l»U-7
97 8
>Ufi*l
^^^B IS n
7fl7-0
3C
i9u:i-a
ttr B
»7ia't
^^^M n a
796
90 a
3019 -a
9T 9
m-o
^^^H ij
M»-«
«o 4;
30fUI-9
SM
sue-A
^^^H la A
m\*b
w »
aiia-s
ta 3
as 17* A
^^H iJ a
QM-O
tl
21«t-3
SB a
BftVT*!
^^^H IS f)
ns-i
11 s
aiica
SS 9
40Pt-«
^^H 14
BM-l
1 £1 a
A3C0-1
se
4i«-a
^^H 14 8
DM-a
' yi
£ii!a-i
99 V
4l«T
^^^ 11 c
lOHU ]
«
asTS'S
OP a
*n-s
^F H «
lona
^
34:40^1
to, D
ftM4-0
■ Ifi
LlOl fi
as fi
wafi-o
eo
«m-fl
■ 1» «
uu-«
99 V
fi»4Xl<U
, »o a
uni-B
■ 111 e
1179-8
tt
BMA T
ao
«Ma-4
^L^ u »
ifliT-:
9S 9
eova-G
»0 1>
4iUi-a
^^^ U
iii5a*a
BS 6
S7io-e
91
4717-8
^^f 10 1
iwa-1
2d 9
STTM-e
Al «
iTW'T
^^ ^^J
QA9 B:I01NUUES A^D UAKAOBlta,
lar
PURIFICATION.
Th* ImpwiiitM m Coal 0<u^
Tbo clii«rucpQnLicd prcKicit in coiU pi«. m itA «riido or rivw antt
anpnrifiiHi eiLaUi, at llio tinii? i^ Uavod Ujo tviatU, arc l&r vupour,
UamoiJui- i^rtxjii&u Hcii], HLitpiiureLtml ti^dro^uu. luid olliur AuJ|ih(ii'
eompDosiU. uutHbly biral|tliidu cf carbon.
The fir^t nauivd iiijpunty, tar vapour* tK^iiua to cobdenao (m<l 1b
jafUally rv:uii>vel m lLv u^ilcuulic iuuIie iliilI pi^wB ]«iiiliug Uj lLq
iMOtlenGtD^ ftppuratLis. wliere. if tbU is of ^niDdent (upacii^, and
CtborwiBQ adapt«^ to tho porforroADco of ihe work roquired of u, it is
dmHj aU remoTeJ. Whal ronuLiLa U tohen out hy llit vaaL^r.
Tbd ammoniAcal ;&»> of wbiclt bliert^ is nlxiut 1 per ceut- by ToUimc,
aUo begins to Sia^mnhto from the cmde coelI gas id the hTdr»ii]i^ und
lout DQUDfi, oombiiuiiff vitb tlic moiaturo distUlod from th« cooi- Iti
tbd oondenMt: ftcd WMher a furtlior poi-tioti b Tcmoved ; nod Ln tlio
nerabtwnit ifUimw uto mn efl^clent u^ tliey ou^bt to be, or onn r<ji»i1y
h^ midor«d, tha mhoitt of tho rgmoutm^ ammonia (amounting to
aboni *L5 por ooat.) id oxtrootod.
Th0)Q<diAttliG &Dil fcul IUUJLI5, cotjdvnaerft, voflliEirA. and scrulbeifl
aiii#tlK)*fficftoinnK in rrmovin^ n portion of the cnrhonio acir^ [oxiiiting
in tboga« to tho extent of aboat 2-5 to K ptir coni.). sulpbido of
hjdrog«n or Fnlpliur<ttc<i hydroffon (from 3 to 3 per cent, of whiili is
I coDlaUlcd in iht- ^ah, iLrnl [liMuIidiiiln cf citrh^^n . but lint \m\k nf ihi^Ai:
^^ihrftalAUdrimpDritioB huU qmsI^ui Uiogki^ aftarloaving the scrubbers.
^^biid i» carried forwuTd to tbc Purifiern.
^KT TbrtiCATc charged cither with hjdrate of lime or Lydrtktcd peroudc
^Bof iron, or a luitnbiimtum of lutli ^irbMbnioiui, nrmn^i^ in nopamtt^
^Kbyftni or ti«n within th& sev^r&l vesveU-
^^ /'tf/i/iVfldV?* t'if m^ana of Lirru {Oridt of C'llcium).
Tbo Lim« bihd a purt^^t and strong oSnity for ciu-bonic curid and
ulpLurcttttd hydruj^tu. uud uci:urdini^]y It vutirt^ly ri.-tno\es thesis
onnpoiuidJ frcin the miA, wjilioat loavliij^ l)ii? ilii^HitLti^t ir&L'u of their
tm«j^ec. Tho IioiCt howovbr, in i\e eUtu ot oxntu of ud(.*iu.u]» bus no
^nilf for tbe bieuJpIud« of carboiip ao Lhut the i^reaWr propurtion of
Uiii impurity ^all, »\oi?pt sucfi p»rt u8 is rvmuvi^d by Lb<j frjul liuie
wliaa ui th« AtM of ftLilpbido of oAlcinm), is Cftrn«d forward into tb«
halduv.
Ctsuv or milk of liino was uikmI in Pnrifymg in tb« eaxly d^ya of
9* naGkC»otiinit ftnd thoiixl^ thin wag tboroujfbly offioiout, «nd b
1
180
SKVfilOOIVQ-S HANDEOOK FOB
I
I
Em^uhlly the moeb eoonomlcal Lietho<1 of eiciplu^ti^ ih& lim?, it has
&&n general];^ dUcar<1«d en acoocmt of thL> obnoxioafl oLuncter of
ihe refuse trmtorid, " bluo billy/' ns It was calle^l, UJd tlio difficulty
of getting' til cf it. Lime iu tLe lij'JratuJ alttio ie now ^i^jierttiJx
adopted.
Tho lime eboiild be f>ro|ifir«d by bfring alskod with olaftn vntor
day or two before it is required for use. If pl&cod in the Purifi
btifnre tliis n^ct'Asary interval Las iilapsBi). it in liable to cake or beuom
more rompsct than it otlierwiee wo«lrl. On the otJiftr hand, hydritta
of Unie absorbs oxcbojiic acid from the almoapLcrc^ oiid ila Purifyiji^"
power is nnllilted in proportion to Uie extent of nuch ob^ojplloit.
It uhoiild nut, therdure, be prepared forsny great length of time before
it is tt«edfrd^
U is a common tnistukc to place the proparrd lime in the Punfien in
ft companvlively djy and tilmoai powdery ^*Latt^ Lime iLsed in l.hi«
eonrlUioiL is ]ess effective than whiMi tlioroughlj moiFd^n^t. U is nlfio
a wueluful mvlhod of ueing tliu lime, ati a Lar^* projxjrtion of tho
material will be found urispeDt and almoat untciichi>d by the impuri-
ties, when th(' vessel requirsB h> be changed, Tht> finely -dlvidfid iima
JB also more liflblc' to cake than tlj<3 other, and thus incrL-asc thu h%ei
preeeure. WJion the prodoution of gas ia groiLt, au in the dopth
winter, tlic^^ diaadvantages are strongly felt.
Mr. Fur^tftTi'H InRlruciionB for preparing tht lime are eirallinit*
Afl«T it has be«ii thorouf-Lly well watered, " a simple and efl»tiTfj
ttieanB of ^uprijc llio proper d&Kt^e of moiaturij, and etcuriaff Hf
unifcrniiiy througboLit llit whole ohar^ of hme operated nptin. in to
paas tho alukcd lime through a- wire ritwd, witph an open meah of otw
eqoaro inob area, plaoed at an anglo of 70" with the Hoor^ Tbii
ecreening reilucea Ibts lumps U> gramilar poUota of irretcxilar form
and 9ii,e. tba largest not i^?i<.xWliit' tbu bidk of a i^ninll inukury uuL
The proper dsgre^ of moittni'^ is that beyond which any exoeis will
OAUae the ' douf;h ' to adiicn) to the scrosn instood of breaking tkronghi
BligEit variations of moiatiL^e in difTcreni portions of the char^ atd
iVJrrecti^l by the thorough mingling of Ihe v>holo Iir tbo flcreeitlns.
Tho pellets do nrit adhere to one another spoil tun eouniy, but con £«
flhovclleii into barrowa, ruidrcshovellcd into the PurjticT^ witbontloabkg
tboir indcpondoEce . but tlie «iigbtcat compression and working iu l1i«
hand renolvea them immofliately into luHieaivx' putlj. The hmp in
this atAto is so ptinfltrable to gOG, that lumps as largti aa valQnt0
tire ILoronghly saturated, even when lying looacdy upon thu surface
of tlm liiyera/' The weight of tbf^ htwa prrparod iu iho ipbbdct
deaicribed, and ready f«r the FariOern. in 92 Ibif. lo tlie bushel.
(Juiok limu nearly doubles in bulk on being elakod.
From tiO to MO ibs» of quick lime> reduced to a bydratei an reqnixwd
i
014 ssraiXBSBs utD suKiasoa,
m
li<:tticin cif ill* gaBprocliru^ from 1 tnn of cnniiel. mid from
t, of Umt ptiMMd from 1 ten of j^aI^
Ur. fiOvlop bu patented a prxt^aa of oolomfttion in nuitablt^ kilns, hj
[vbidi Ui« ipcnt limt IS conreiii'd mtc quick limr to im ibljno^t uQ'
ited «itCTTi, nrd ut ronKirlt-nilly k-sr; nuiiEt Uinn nciw lime- A
B it thus got rid of. tud furtLcr oi^onomy in Purifiutloii
Pun^wtfwn hy MWtjf 'j^ Htjdrtttfit PttoAiit of Iron,
OtuIa of iron pomomapi thti propiLy of noiiiliinitig witli fJip Bulphn-
Mtc<l bjdnogDH. bat it Iilje iio idliulty for ciu-bonic ictd itud bimilpliide
of cftjbon ; £«occ wbon IbU oxide is used cxchiBivel^, tho t^x* latter
nuned iin|mritJc# nrc jitiU pFcsont in titv g45An nuppliod from LUe
iMldprn- TbiM namaxk, huwuvur. mw<1ii uomti qtHLlifimtiun. Afi oxide
of lEon, pure &nd nnaplor it liofi no nOimty for biifilpliidF> of cftrboQ
Aod other snlplio-oftrboD oompoundt. but. from i\xK olinvrvaijoiis nuide
ai tbo aiiVBrJ mctrowjUlan (^TiH-tturkK, Mr. R. H. PHliLTnua \oxie of
th« B«f«H>cii} doducbd Iho inU'Ti^ALiDg fact tliAt tli« uulphur vrhivli i«
nroMOt ia & Atat« of mintitu diviaion ld tbv oiido of iroQ. Liftef Uie
utter bfti biMin in uw for eoiuu tiuif? and frciqut-iiUy rcriviljed. pusaesees
tInpovMir of ftrroatiiig a porLion of iha 1iisuf[jhidf« of uarbun.
Tba hjrditttod pero^da of iron may ba oltJicr the nalnnil oxido. bog
■on 0CC| hA it ia c&lk'd, fctand liu^^tjly dj^poailofj in uoulu cif tbu bof^a in
Irduid Olid fLi(!V^liL>ru ; or liie tLrtirmUJ uiide. ottEiiui^il hp a wtulti
pwrfocft from vaHods ptt>c<>™oA of thr in.iniifrbHnHn^ i^bBmint.
IhJde of iron posHB^a^A tl'U a'lvant^ti i^vet Unt^ : Aft^r it luu been
ia lL« PurifiiT, and \\aA taken up it?7iu"tfum of Bnlptuir^tU^il hydroicen,
ilcaa b** fe^ivifieil on capostire to thn lur Acvonlin/i.v, Vi\\>fW tliU
TRftkri.*! IB nwd, .1 rtofir bnK to be providnd on whiffh it tan hn ^pr^itd
OQt.ftnd ttimo<l over for rc^i?ificivtion. At thn Monchontci' Uoa- Works ,
L Wm nrtd pjoiiffh vr^ employed for tnntini;: over thn foui oxide.
liUii^n tAiwn ciEitof LhpPEiriWttiHmttphidnnf iron, nf uilensoblnck;
indvfUir expomro it cban^Oft Vi ita arifpnitJ roddiaJi brown colour^
oirm Lftvijift been taken np, tird nulpliur dcponitod m tho free state
JnutmiM. Wbrn tb« rtulpiiui ia fi^und iq it to tbo oxti^nt of nbont
H^lofSO par ucnt- bjr wuight (t>ic proportifin (If^pc^nding un tb<! equality
■ftht oxtdo), tbft nutoTuU in aold lo tbo niiunifnatuTiiig oUoniiEt. und
'ipltced by &e«b oxid«.
la lumg fnnb oxide of iron, it is DL^ucH-ntry lo oxcrcitfu c^rLcun pre-
ttUioiit. Ill* fbul mALurial. 6Ti itH i^vpovurc' to tbu nir fiir tiie fiEst
^ or Ibm tiaK^, ftbaorbe oxy^-a 00 mpu-Uv uj oflon to ^onumt^
^*T ioteiue bm> Hit ^buk- md» frf^atiently bccouiiiis! reii Lot.
l^wild llii» occur iii lUv PutjIierB. the ditu{juc ifl isoiuiiJtfrELblu* und
laa
NE^VBIOOING'S HISTDBOOK FOR
tfa0 vooil giida niaj be oorapletdj d^troyed. W]i«ii«v$r» therefor*, ftl
Pniifier conUiufi^ sudi new ou4e hna be«& put out or ucUod. It
■houM be ^rptiflil u^'ihvut M-Uiif. Tbo dai&gcr of i^tiou tn^y be
Qveroome by miiiliK the now cmiIo with a piopurtLOii of tliir npuuC
Foal nxirie s}iaiil(1 nit 1h] apitejid out imme'lml^K' on ht^tng romovod
ftora Ui« PurifivrE. If it tg allowi^d to remain id Uj(? bMip for & a|ttoa
of 12 tr> 2J hoi^T^:, and tlien di^tributt-d over Iho Hoot, tbo revirificfttioa
is moru coin^debe* wltllat the U&biUty to igniiion is rfiduood-
Puri/}/in*f Purpoia, Jried at 212'' Kahr. [Kin/f'* Tr*iiti**\ : —
Pfirrio rtidv 4U1 lo TO perotat.
Or^imic; umttor 1^ to 2i> ,»
Biiiod. 4 to (}
Alumuu 1 „
Ab guiOToU/ tts«d. bhe m^tflrial oouteinA 80 to 40 p«r oeat of
{ja\il Of »i/fni (iW), [i»J O^rhU of Ittrn.
Lime alonoi or tlie lime &iid oxido cf iron, nhen properly «pnll«dt
are capfttil« of ij^eiou tbo ^o^ eittii-dy of tliii' wIioIb tliritd ampuntiOfl —
ejkfbonic ncid. iLiLlphi]rHtk<] hydro^L^n, am) bisidpliide of (ou-bon. Thk
briait* tts tn the raethod of Purifying eipoundod by ttit Ucfcrwfl in
Uieir Report to tho Booid of Trade on t3uJphar Fiirtlltailjaii at Ih4
Beckton Gaa-WurkH, Jauuttry aUt. 1872; and it!«o hy Dr. Odlic^,
flomewhat maco in dutait> m his luctura oq &u]phid« of Corbet,
4olivBr^ nt tito Aunuul Muatiu^ of tbc Briiieih AnHocialion of Gia
Uuiigerg, hM iti Lutidoii, Lu Juiiuh 18T3,
To ruL<^ijiii|^ltKli IfiiH pt-rfttct Furificalion ui twartTilmncii with tlio cog-
gestione ma-lu by Dr, Odling, three 9qU of Purifiorii am roqiiirMl ; iho
f;u paasJD^ Uiro%-h Uju tlrsl eot iuto ihu uvcoud, aud an lo the Uiird.
rcim vfUlcii it uiukea Jta eiil Lhrouicli the stfttirm- meter ialo tha
haMoi'V. The nWiu apftttjuti \^ as foUowa : —
Lot lL bo usuiued tbit tbree aete of Purdii^rs, conniating of four
T«d0eb eadJ. are employed. Nine of tliuee »;« oonstaittly ui uciiuu,
ihrvv beliiK at rest (oaa from each set)* for blie piirpuw af clnagmg
or revivifyinjf tlie Purifying iiLateriiU.
The hvax and e«eond Bate are chared nilh lira«, the tbii-d set villi
oiide ol iron-
daj lliu nlmle nme are 'lewly uUnr^r^d. On llw ^aB from the
terub'bArt «nt«ricg the Grai set, tlio limo is acted oii by tiic oarbooio
aoid ai^d nulpLorettod UydtOf^cnmiutUlanaovaiy, Jcaviii^ the bi^alphiide
OAS KNamRRRH XSl> MANAGERS.
US
itt thft bAginning of the pTOc«ee tn pa^ urabaorbed. Art«r
I worked for 0Cim& timf<, Uw Biilplmi^ttod hydrogen in tii«
iiiv« "vrt U f^du4Uj expeUod by the incoming o&rboiiic acid, for
vliicb Hit Mm* hn n stroiif^er ftmnity. Tbe second aet ia uuw bviug
lOnled with wilphnrstlnd bydrnfpin, thp Ume being wbolly or in part
cbftli^d in ohmniiotor, having bucornr sulphide of cnlniiirni in wbich
ftaU< it hn-a an afHnity hr, and oonnoqcieEttly nrredte. ihe bisulphide
(if carboiri , whUiit Un^ imabflorbrM] jialphurelted Lydrogtin pojweA on to
h^ bik^Ti Tip ^T the oxidu of ircn with nliit^h tl]« tiiml nal of Puri-
fiors 18 cbiLT^d. By tho application of tbe proper ti^fita 0.1 tho
■cvQi^ eota cf Puritrcn, Ibe luae for obtuigmg tho materiAt is
woertsiued.
The qriMticm ot nif plying gis entii-tily fr« from aul^^nF in any
form IB a fon&idubL^ ono Tor t^a* oompanioa; not BO much bccAuao
ti lb* cost {tliough tbat Ja ocniBidvraUi^) of erocting tJi« additionAl
wis of Piinf^«r», &s fn>m thi^ dilTkiillj of providing ibe n«ceaaary
ground spnco for th«ir ereoticu- Jn »ew vcvkti aboat to bo ocn>
sMMcd, the thinK is eimily Arr^at^od; btit in tho majority of fforks
■lr«ftdy ctitttblIfiL«d» it would iiut be tsaey to carry tlie Hyalem iiito
A> r«f!B.rd0 the anoation of coat, & oarefil ostiiuat^ ahowa th&t to
adopt the extended melhod of Pun'fyliuE ^ euikuciatod, would 4>ulftU
■n ovtlfty of ^IriitLODftl capital eqalvaUnl to dom upon 2c1, p<rr lOCX)
fobse f««t of ffftji Dotd.
Th<^ property of abflorbiug or [Mt«ftting biatilphide or disulpliide of
curboo] povKCMod by ihB sul];ihiilc of cali^ium. waa Iniowti hy cheiniiis
and mmiti nbxrtrvtnt maniiF^^na fJ giis-wnrV^t fr»r n period tonEiddmhly
ularior to tbo dal» of the pjibliccition of «ith«r tb» «bk report of tbe
Befareod. or of the valuAbk kcture of Dr, Ocllin^, aiti the principle
of Purification, tberdn lerontineinietl, cioW on to sume extf;iit. Dr.
Lttfa^by, in K pnp^r aomrnn mended Lo Ihe itritinh A4saiiiAtif>n of
Gta HiniigtTK in IH70- speaJtmi^ of iht' modo of Purifieiitioa por-
soed at Ibr Great Ccatrn) Works, olUr rcfiTring to tbc Bcnihbtiri,
mx» cjii to iMy. Lhut "the giis is Uic^n pnHwd tljruu^b n Mrrj^^v of
irj Iktna Puriflcn. vhich prodoiit a very lurge aurfaoo for abaorptton;
and lh« limo id purposely hit in the i^1rltio^fl after it hua bcoomo
fool. &Dd imiil a good d«(vf of tbc eutphurtttt^ bydTc^en Arat ftbaorbed
is displaced by c&rbonio oaid^ Tn this tnaiinf<r Ihe natural affinity
of folphida of c&loLum for bifiulpbide of carbon U pormittod to act,
and nccb sulphur, in this objuctiouablo form, is retainrxi- Leaving
Ifae lilDO Purifiecfl, thfr ^aa. vhich la atill cbaiK^^d with laoTQ or lesfl
of nlphnrfrttfid hvdfog^fi, ia paaved through oxiil^ of iron , . . ,
Tb* eiiamjoiil e0#ot of th«flo operations 10 very ini»Uigib1o, for anl-
pbjd( of ammoniuia (iu the acrubbcre, fto.i aud .^ulpliiia of calcium
IM
JVaWBlOGIKG'S HABDSOOE Ft)]t
&T0 both cadcwod v-ith the poT>'er of ccmbmiii^ with biaulpludt o£
oiuloi], tuid thi^i-fDrf^ of libtiDrbing and Jjxiiig thU ubjectioiUilik ini-
liurit^. Il la macif^sLl^- then of tbe greatast importailOA thftt OOid
cw tiliould Lu kept Lu contact ivitb thc^scj Gubcitanc^e a^ long M |>O60ibld
aoriiig the process of Puriti^J^tioa . . > la the case of anlpbicle
uf oiiluiuiu, jb al^ould be piirmiUi^i] to aqI foe some lime ufLer lh« LJiuv L»i
b»com« foul, for it is in tliis conditioQ th&i it is most eff^Hitivii, anil a
limo Purifier should not bo cliatigod lUitiL tLo aulpUnretUd hjdrofEi'Q
of tbo foul lane is lai'gely dtfifUcud by Cho corbotiic &cid of tlir i&w
gAB. If il be iiiiu^asitr^ to ug<) oiiJu of mm on urcoitnt of Oi^ (liffl* ■
culty of diBpGSLJig of foul Urae, it ehoiild he tmed ftUor llie lime." ■
It remained, liowcvci, for Mr. U. H. I'attoraon to abow, wLicli Uo
did ooncbeivelj. bbjib this oomplete rnrlfication oui only bo fluOGcna-
fulty alU]rif?d hy i\v^l extracting t\\e co-rbonic lUrid, b^, until thftt ifl
ontirely r«muv»d from thu orud« gas, it i& ua^o&abia Co obUun tb?
eulpkido of caloiuon ia su£iojcnt qaantit)- or condition to uneet tL^
bisulpluJe of cuboa.
CLAbSltiLAXiON
Qf ifm i>ai ktn/H-'ii LiuifUitrtM 0/ thia CatmUy^ in th<i (hiitrr 0/ th<ir Pmntf
tiKd which Ih'Jtfi' aUo iA-jm^txcM tfitir Vaivd^ for rfi* pvepatt of
Puri/^0 Coal Gum, {Hu^fuM,}
t> Tbe white chalk limestone of MerBtli^m, Dcrkiog, CL^ltou*
Eritli, and olht^T porta uf ihd t^i^Wi rpirige .qurmuiiilijig tbe metropolis-
2. The grey chalk limaatono, from tbe ton^r beds of oballc.
8. Tbo blue beds of tJic upper and middle Oolites.
4. Tbe lower wLito und grey limsJstoDes of Uie OGlItea.
6, Tlie moat rakareoufl and c.i'ystalline buds of the carbon ifaroits Off
mountjL^i^ hm^Btout, Oirloure grey and lluiaU-
G, The tEicLgneaiEUi limcsLonu of Vorkaliiru and Ucrbyolurc.
?• The veh'iia VutA Umestone.
8. Tbe bliK* linA limosiona.
_ 9, Tbo tiilorjan LuiceUjjlc ofWoulouk. Dudloy, A;o.,iuid tbbCOnUlino
litaeetwtea of Plymoatb oiid tbe u^i|{L^urboud<
Tb4> valu^ of IJQicetoue us a Punfyiug tLg^jiiL ia in InvtirAfi proportion
to lb« amount of enrUiy or fort<i^'ii uLLLtLcr it cciUamn : tboit ivLJcb
IvBvefi Uib HuiiiUest proportion of Jiiaohiblt -ii'dinu'nL on buiii^ divoiolvfal
in dtliLlttd &cid iB iLo bfist
OAfi EHOIKltRftfl ASU> UaHAGE»3.
US
UiMCoKf i« the ctfboniite of lime fcpacd in ita natanl 8tiAa> £rom
iiUih ibo otiilA of nEilmiim ii{[uak or ouuHtiu itEiL«| la produced bj the
•zpcUaiorL of tba cft:rbonic Actc) by m<>uittof b«ftt In lb« limftkiln^
^£cA or Viimtic Lxmf (oxide of calcium) )B Ume in tbe solid state,
bvfon Bbvorbiag. or being alakod vtitbi wator.
tijf^rau a< Limn ii linifi in ft moiMt sUIh, Ti u a cbemica] oe^th-
potuM of limQ Lod wAtu- m Ibe proporlioa of GDop&rlofwfttsrU) th:ve
pftrt* of lime,
^fifVi'j /,r~inf. or rrrrifji q/ LifAff, k ft Eoisitiire ov fiolutiou of hjdrj^l&
of Umu luid wftier.
WEIGHT AND MEASUriEMEST OF LIME-
1 btiftb«l of ^uick bmu ^v^jgli* about 70 Iba.
1 cubic foot of .1 ,. £'] ..
1 ., >ardof „ .. \\m ..
1 ton of ,. Ifl «i^iui1 to ftboLK ^'J bnslifilfl.
TADLfi
Shtt]£iti^ fhi CumpcviUhn qf IVptMU F-mfttomr and thrir Spfdfi^
Qaaliir fit MmMictti
C*rb0-
C*I>M>-
tvin itop
Wal-r
ma
DbH or
■itte *>f
Aluuiluft
uuj
lmuiu.
I'ima.
Bitiutiiiiiti-
1
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Mr. J. U, liawkina diaoororod (hat by drawing in fiom 2} to d por
06dt. of air at tho inlet to ihe ouuJiinnur, roviviflootiuu cf tlio axic5o
of inxi in aitu e^n hn nfTk^cM to a l^i-gd oxlcnt-
I
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m
KBWBiaouia's hahubook for
I
I
Tilt? PurifierB are ibus moi^D to continue in use lor & ip^ealev Itncth
or time triLhoul ahacgiiig; irliiUt it h i-bm&th&ble Cimt the oxiile Ijy
this prooesa e&n ba charged with Be nuflh as 7fi par ooat. of tee
anlphux.
Purifiors vnth ti propOTtionatat^ krg« &roa in oomparieoii with
the malie of gae aj'« lequiied to oblam th^ ftill ^vtuitage of Uiis
lit ftdoptln^ tLo &ir pn^ceea. two lajem of oxvie are prefernbk to
one de*ip layer. Owing to tlie beat gRneratei by chi>initiil nctitin, m
w«U fts tf> the depositmn of th9 aniphiir, a con^idprbbU iricreiiso or
OXpcnsioD JQ tbi? bulk of Uiq material Uhes place in the Parifiorfi ; ftnd
it \3 neooFsary, Iherefoiv. to ollictw nmple voomf^r the oxide tn expuid*
A spjLco of Be^GTal inrhes should be allowwl lielween t]»e lwd UyiTM,
and the surfnco of tlio uppor layor ehonld bo it leaat 3 inahsB below
tlic edge of tbo water lute,
To coonteroct thb effect of the mtrogeu passing Into tlie gas, \fht
Oiyfjen having enlorijd into combination with the pnrifyiu*! materialj,
an^l reduc^ing Llie ilium inniiJJH ixj^ev, Mr. Bawkiiin has tleritied an
0ppKrn(iis for irarbiirpitin^ tlie n.ii'. TIlIa (^o□lLi^t« of a olosed caet-iron
box. obtoc^ in fihap<!» which ib oonstautlv etipphcd ^itli tar from U)#
hydraulic raoin or condenstT, the tar l>e]ng healed, hy meana of
steam pi|)e8 ai tht' LliUdiu of tht> boK^ to u t«<riii]e rat tire uf 170° Fahr.
the boihug'poiut of benzoic. Air i& fore^^d, by moatte of a auam
putiLp, tlirouf^'L the box oxor th« fiurfaoo of the lar, bdn^- lua/Io to
pursue a tortuouH courfi^ by mc^one of a serine cf baffle plMtc&i and ii
then pt-rmRti^d to join tha itrcfiTii cf gfLn at ihp '■crdonnertt ; no that
any flabBonuciit coiidanaation of hydrocarbon vapour \9 rotnnjed to
the tftE wdi.
Th§ U$^ f/ Pure '^ry^ in l^ri^tiim,
TliP chii'f objection to the line ofnir for revivifying tlip oxide of
iji titu IS the iiai>ortation of a eonsidcirubk* volume of the inert
nitrcgcn inity the ooal gus, reducmf^ Iho lummiferons vnliit^ of the latter,
anIoAE couutflraottd by tbo oarboreUjug prooesfl above deacribedi
U is obvioua that if pure oiygon is employed iuatead af atmosphcrio
air. Ibe objt^ctioii stated will be overcotncp The cost of produoio^
osygen, how^v-T, renilered itn use prohibitory fbr tliis purpose untO
Ihv advent of Brine procese for the production of pure oitygen front m
atn)osphcrio air on a oommercial acalo and al a choap rat«. I
In n valunbid paper read beftrrre tlie Onn Insututo in ICiiHft, Mr<
Valon gave %a Jntcroattng deacriptioD cfaaci'ioe of careful oipdrUnenlB
(
I
OAB ByUINEEHS AXD MANAOEitS,
lAl
I
mm§A tni hj him to Uf t tbo rfthii] of Uio system cf ar!diiig poro
OTfgfMt to the j^ m tho procuFiEi of PurKication l>y oxidu of tt^n or
Tho oxj^on w&a udmitUd at tLc oxIiAiigt^ outlet by b pip« ooii-
Aoetod to a wot m^Uo- to T«^iBti^r tLe (j^iiuititj j^aAsii;^* uid to ft euiftll
l)old«r in wliiuL Uj« oxy^tti was «ontamuJ-
TLe <iDft]iljly of ot^^u pftssed into U>€ otlde vm -1 p«r cent,
by mlnni^ forevtry 1()0 ^rainn ot intlpltiirtittful liyilro^nft par 100 cubic
TliAfn vwt Toanrl to be an incren«(i in luminosity of nhimi fi |mr
oftnt^> wbilitc Lbo Purification was conductt-'d Avith tees thftii tbo qeuU
f^uontity of Piiritjiiis mfttennl ruid rtin^ing apace.
Uftuig lime ouly III tliu Putifion. tbc rtr^uUi: wvt-^^ flttU motd »&t]d'
factoiy. It wEut f^iuid tliat the aulpjiiii w&6 Uepceitcd in the solid
ttmOt llttf liniv Uiu^' jjetfectly corbontttcd-
Tbo folpbur compounds v«re bept down to an av«raf (^ of G to 8
gnina per 100 cubiu feuL ; uiJ tUe luiimLUiiUug putt«i of tUa gas wm
fmiicd Dj l'S5 per cent.
Id order to obtaui the \t\iire oy.yi;vii by Drlu's i^ioccBBi dir U lirai
dflprivfi^ of its cnfbonio ncid and maJHtiirf' by bfiing dr^wn by a pump
throng ohonibcnt contAioing iijun and canetic hoJa. and llio sntnf
pomp foroAi it, under & t^rcttsLire of about ono almo0|>lci:e. tlirotieb
buium oxid#, COntaincil in aUkiI r^tortfi M iiirliitn in ilianmLnr. h^frt^d
in brick fuiTiac«fl to t daU rod bent by producer gns. At thistampora-
lora Uio bafiGin oxido absorbi! a lojgc proportion nt the oxygen oon-
tainod in tbc air, and is converted into barium penjxidc ; the nitrogen.
and any unub^^rbifd oxygcm. os^unpirig tbrnuirL \i rHier-viLlvo iit t1i«
Other «a;d of thp rotorts, \Vh«it the barium oxide is BufliaiontJy
peioxidiaod, the tcmporature of bho relorta ia raided to bright red, and
Llu9 pumra. by the cLim^in^ of the vnlveB. tuc coiivortecl intoTaouum
pumpa; tlicTrenpmi lbaubt«tluHduxyg4!|] .under Lbc inAnetii^eof thabigb'T
Canpofataro auJ ruduaud uruUEcur^. id givvn nlT Of^mn, und dim<bar^d
bj too pum|ja iiilu tbi7 ki^boldar. Tbu roturtH contujaiiii^ tbe roatcred
barium uiude ure uUuwi!il to ouul tu ibuir ^niviouH dull red bemptsra-
liire. wb^M the bflHiuu oxido irt agafn roady to abvtrart a fi'i'^b supply
of Oiygcn from tLii air, VVitii dut cai-i-, und under nropui oondjtiojis,
Iberd »oem« to be practically no Itiuit la Qiv tiumbvr of lyperatious
vbicli may he ^tt^f.UMl by th« ouv chnri^v of burimn uiide, Tlie t^ust
of the oxy^Cin obtamftd by ibj* nrttjUicd fJunoribiK!^ inclnding interdfltcn
etf^it*! for plant, wear nnd t^ar^ xod all man iifactn ring <ijiponBofl, \b
by Drin'i €oEnpai^y at ^f», ^er 1000 cubic f«ot.
I
\m
NBWBI06INa-& HAM>B{X>K FOR
PuiiJIeatiim ht/ jtuatv 0/ Cau»tie Soti/t and Siilphidf 0/ N/jrftutn,
Tile Iftle Mr- B. H. TallerBon putenlecl a procesa of Puiifjmg byl
'VflfihiDg or flcrtibbiiig the g&s in ^olntiOTiA of «ftnq^io soda Aiir) sulpLidfl
of Bodium, cilmcting the colonic Eicid aod ^Lilnhui* impunLi^v, euid oa
ili^pensiiig altogetlir^L'vJthlbeoTdicQryLimebDaoxideoiiion P(iri£«rB*|
Tb« sodft Boliiijotis, wliei) 8fttunLted with tli« iziipunties. possess th^!
fm|>ortflnt jjuftlity of being easily and perpeumllv rpvmftpd or rwi
to thoif ori^Jiifbl sUtc on the* ga^-^orkg. whilst th<i witoloof i\i& eiil|»hixr^
ie 3acLir&i1 for sale. Tli« plivn. bovreTcr, h%i not btan Ined tui !Ui'|
ndifi^Liatply lar^c a(^aJe.
/^tr^/it'iitM/n bt/ mtunt 'if t'ttuttir Amtnurtut, and C/trhnnot^ ^
Ai'ttfrrniN.
AUompU Iiave been made by Mr. L&iuingp Mi. LWestiy, Ur. F. 0.'
HJUa hhi] ot}K*rs. to purify the gna in cloitcd v^EBel? by employing
ftrnmoniu louijd in tbo gas for arK'stm^ LLu olbor iiupurilics. U&fiot'
tuDatol;^, tlif,^ lodB of ammonia &t each liiuv of iI«£Uplu.rjibmg the
liquor, owing to ii-t e\Ueme volutiliLy, ^vvk-iileJ suuuoas in Uii*;
direction antior th^ aouditious odoptud-
This proceBfl of oontinuoua l^tirilicaiiioti La cloflcd vesselB, thoogh not
hitherto ltirt*ely udopted, ia of ftucli iiupui^liuii^« a£ tu iiiurit & dvULili<d
deacriptioTi-
T he crude Ammoiiii(Vi<l liquor, consi^tiag of i^ulpliide of animonii
and cfltbonitte nf amtnotiia, is passed Lhrough a, sericn of Iowvth,
wberem it ie expoeod to the action of ciirboiiio ft<id [obtaiticd »
d«ocribc<i belowi, ^herebr tlie aulphidc of ammoniam is dBooiupor«od,
flulphurcit(^d hydiogcit being libcrutL^d, niiil carhonatu of BTatitonift
f«anaioiug &io»»'.
The sulphuretted hydic^eu pufKv8 through &iid out of thi? towfini lu
Hie opposite dir*ctfor» to tliat m which the crndo lifjnor travels, uiid U^
disposed of it^ the ruannor diHcribcd horoftiti^r; wbiUtiho oarbcnfttc
uamonia volution pa»»cfl forward into other toweia m vrhioh it is
hwted to a tempeifttiirci of imT to '21)0" Fahr.
At thifi tcmpcraturt> ihi> carbonate of amnionia* of a dtrcngth «i|ital
to 10 or lifOuiJOG hi^LJiir, loses twu-thirds or Irhrbe-fuuiths of Jta cftrbonLi>
iM*id, imd a convf^putiding qiiiuitiiy of ca.UE}tic ammoiiiii r^mDirm iij thft-
bqaor p&samg from these towora.
0A8 £^'GI^'BBBS A»D tf&^ACJS^P Iff
I
As only ft portion of Ui« carbonic add «vo1vad in Ujv honting vumioI
or to^rra is required for tho&boTEi-mt^ntioncd docotapotation of aoiphide
of VQjitonia, Lhc surplus ■£ allowed to c:4Capo iu & EcguLktod qujuiltty,
And naj bo tiwd fnr oilu^r piirpnj<iis fanning piu-L of Ditt prootiiM-
Tbe sulpbutxttcil hydiugcu, aflar tcnviug tUe lovr^ra^ lA QOQvej«d
lo n nIOM'f ftimju^fi diiir^»l wUh oxicln of iroi\, wln^rc^ u low-int^&n^
diioaDt tant iti g£Ji«r.iU]d and m(LmtMii«d by tho admituoD of a
>egQlftt«d supply of &ir,
Thoodddof iron, cno^ hflfttfldr^-ofitinues to absorb Uia(ulpharatiod
kydiofcen, which, otcxh^; to ^L^^ coritiiiuLil odnusuon of air, in oTolvcd
ID tbo fomi of Jialpbur, tik ftnt^lj -divideil porucles. vrhich la crimed cff
Uid cftUgfat in clmmbnTfl. no Ebiit ibn rncida dn^n ncit r^qiiiro nivivifl-
CitiOBi V^d tho »aniG c|unniity, l^i^pt hoi by coiuinnol working, goes on
uidi^HGlj dftcompoaicif tlio enjpbnntted lo'droeeii smt through it.
Tbo purified uuiinoiiijiDAJ bquor ii Ifaim puBOd down dtttilUng
lovrors, ioio which flteam U admittad, dririns off blio omiaoiaia goa
ftt tho Uip. which ia poatud tbruayh conlin^ □hnjubtm. ui vrliiuL ^uy
cubODfttC of ammoniH rrurriud with it dupoiiU in cryuiulit.
Thenov. tut inin'Ai nt tlie auiuwium gnn ua is roqiartd for ihe pur-
pOMA of pxirif^cHtiotf. pfiaaos with Che coal gns into a cltaiaber, wher^
tbajr aru allowed aulHoicut umu to niix.
Tbo ^4 IS tbfin pnan^] throi^^h acmbb^iig low^ra, wharo nil ttin
nD|nuitias aro washed out in tlic bquor, whivh taay be obtained of 10
to £0 01. sirQDgth if required.
Any (turplui anunomftr boiiig perfectly purt;^ oan be uDcd for makini^
tnj of tlic nults of omcaonia d«nrod.
Tbo liquor flowing from tbo boitum of iljc [liimliiii^ towvn ooutaiiis
niIpboo]ranid« of auiuionituu, aiLtl luaj be tiatd mti ivud over a^iua
bth« Acrubbtinf iii^tvad of water, mitil tin* viLl[iljii<7JL[Hdt4 accnmu-
latM lo anch a strength as to mak4 it; mai-kubiiblj^ valuable for
Avnu^al niaautactnri^p
PUBIFYLKG HOUSE.
TIm bouAo to coctsin tJio rurificrs wbonld bo lofty md well vonti-
Utod. not only for Ibc comfort of the workman rimploycd therein, bat
lo IvBcvQ or «utirc1y romuvu tho rink of eipktsion fT-oin nny leaKagv of
m Uiat might ooour, Th« honaci ulioald atao be itrraiig»d with a vi«w
tohtore eiti>nsian<
U IB A fvmvpni*Ti( pTan lo build the bonso willi a grotind and
^ppcr Qocr, and %(> pincv th« Purifying vossQle on the latter with tha
liD
NEWamGlKO'l^ HAKJ>DOOK POIt
connections and ceiifTe'TalvGnndemeaihan^ fully CTpoaail and **«««.
ible. The grcimd 6cor oait tliits tie xi&ed for rcvivif^g tbe o^d< of
iroiiH if tbnt m&tiGria] ie empktjed, or for other puipoees.
Tile %'cHae!B BJ'e discliarged tbrougli an ofFiLirig in tlie bottom of
each, doBcd by a gaatigbt hd. and tb« freub materUI la nisftd by
meaii6 cf an endlens chiiti bddtr, or other GDiUbloelevfttiog i^ipft-
intus. to Lbe floor above.
PUBU*1EHS.
I
The Purifying veeaela are almost invariably made of cast-iroD, with
sbeet-iioii covers semircd wiLb HuiLable fnateningB, to prevent tlrMr
being liftfid by the incoming ga*? pressing on their under surfac©.
Malam^s drningenient ot' &\it in the »et, mth ootmoctionii and A
centre- valve [Fig>£l J, by which three af the vee&ds are kept iDftcLJOD*
and one out of use for renewiLl of the l^urifying materiat, ig still
ganeratly adopted, [uid i^ the Eimpleat iind most convenient. In eomo
worlEP a b(ec^ond ac^t of two i'uriherii in usrd in addition to the series ol
four, and thctJe aie coniiect,€i1 together, and Lo the others, wil)j siugle
or four^-ny vnlves. \Fig. 51 j. I'nder thi!5 iirrixngemenl the B«t of
four ia ehargwl with oiide lo arrest the sulphuretted hydrogco, and
the -let nf two ivitlt lime ta take up the curbonio acid, the gu poBSiDg
tliruiti^h thtnt in Iheoidt^r iftiirwu.
I Drpth and brtt Ponii ff I'ltrififTA-
I In detenniiiiiig tLc size of Furiflera, where either dry timo or oxide
1^ of iron n ititeurled to be used. It Ih of the »tmotit TmporLftnee to
^H provide Et ]ih«r&1 enperficial area, and to make aioplo allovocco fov
^B increased ipu'inabe.
^1 Ojie of liie ^reale8l 8cuicea of dieegmfort (o a i^aA manager ia hitving
^H Iii4 PiiHFlerH ho craroped and conlined !□ their ar^ui an to o@ InoapabU
^H of doing lli« work required in ilii oMcient maimer.
^B The ordinary and best form of Pnrificr is iho siqn&re or obloui^ ; thia
^H aljtt]re U the cheapest, afTorda the largest ar^ foi t)ie npnc€ occnpied.
^V and is also the most oorvenient ns regards the placing of the irayt or
^H Thio uiiiEU dcptli of Purifiers is 5 feet ; in aome iarge gns-worlu Uiey
^H ufe $ feet dfHTp.
OAft SKQDfB&BS AND UANAQBBB.
141
Luge Furiflen, nj, 20 leeb aqmra and upwarda, ahould ha ve two or
more tie rode of nmnd wnrnght-iron, atratohmg aoroee them from side
Fia, 61.
™^^e, at the upper port of the late, to aapport the sides nnder the
*™^ut to which the; are uften subjected by the expanaion of the
141
llBWBiaOl^a'9 BAND300X POB
contained oxide of Lrart, espeoiftU^ wh^rc tL« air |>rw««8, prcviiMiftfy
^aacntMfd* h m opentticm. Tbeee tiee aLonld be reiaovEkbl». bavme
un uytleL liule al bolL «[idfi> fiLLiii^' inlu u ftiikcd piucE?* uIho funiitihua
wiUj *jclel bolei*, bolteiil to tli^ vt^rtical finnges, arid seoiirtid by kji
eaay fitting bolt or pin-
TIiQ capu«ity or Pui-ify'mg power of the veaael is deUrmliieU more
by lie riuiierflciJil &rfi» iWi iDfl cubical volume. Tliere is. )lo^veve^. %
mntnOil relation heiveen the tvo, as, wbcn the depth is iiicrc«eed an<3
fully utilisod, the aurfoce arsn. haalo ba pro portion ntoly au^onted, on
ftoooLUit of UiG resistance ol^cved by tlje decpfrr m&teii&l to tie llow of
the goA. Il in more Ktrmtly correct, then, to sajr tbnT thn s^perRcbl
a^a, in proportion to tbo depth of the Parifying matonal, is LbegaitgA
of Ibe capacity or Purifying power of the vcaaols ; and Chn Diaximum
honrly or daily ^s-make of wLidi the works nro ctipable should form
ihe basis of itny calf ulntion to determme their she.
One of thQ chief oonditiotiR for securmg sati^actory Purification u
the DAe of veAsela of Urge aroa- If uoonomy and cfiicieiioy ikre to b«
cunaidcied, thi'i^ in nc impiirUnt elamt'ui, aiitl roust not be djsregitrdfld.
The more pnsfling cf the gite through Ibe Purifying meto is not aaffi-
ticnt to insure good roeiilts ; timo is reqnirud for oheimooi ftlHiiity to
operate.
It is atibMin OUgg (4tb cd., p. 200} thrtt " the iiaunl cAlcnlatioa vitL
gH0 TDAkers in Frutce is that an i\i*^ of Jiboiit 1 foot is rfiqiiirbid for
ei'MjasOIbe-Chfcoal carbonized in 241ioin'B.eflpli Purifier be inf; a up powd
to contrun three nicvc^f nhich nouid amount to about throe equftrv
y&rds of Dnrfacc lo <iaoh ton of ooal carbonized.'* Thi& \s not Terj
explicit.
The Bftme also HtattK " that for every 150 pnbie feet of gAS p«r
hoar wliiiib con be Kcnorutcd, tacb Puriticr elionld present otxt: mper-
iiciul foot of surface/' This aUow&uuc is nbeui^ly Email, and ai
[irnf lietv nitli anytliiiig ne&r tlid in&iimuin pruductiori, would ba found
alto^thet inadtt']uatd.
The ruUjeiviju inHu^he»(3rded-tp. 158) is muoh to be pr«fotred<—
viifi., *' Allow vnv Hupvfliejtil yjLid of Fii^ve fur evury lUOO cLibio fedt of
^fi prodiic-ed per diflm/
Adopting this mJo, n workA capable of iirodueing a iflasimana of
^'20,000 cubic feel <i ka^ P^l' ^^y of 24 houm wtll r«fjujfe four
Piiritierfi, each 10 f^t Htjiiari'. jui^ hnvin^ Hve tier* of bme ai«T«a
GMb.
Another rule, agreeing cioeol}" with the ahoro, i% to fcllow 10
Hiluure yihrda ol Hirjvo for cvory ton of coal and cdnncl that c&u be
carbonized in 24 houra,
'
0A3 KirOTSKRIlS A7if> MANA<]B>a
iU
I TMitiuo cm artothor rnlo vhiefa oxporioncc hiM likofrht mc to
'tcf»rd with more favoitr ih%n any of tlio nbot« — viz., tliAt ni)i»r«
TBttifimnm lUilf (94 l)ours| vaakc Gf f^N, axprOHitiJ in tliouBUidji,
zaalttpliod bj tk« conalant '(i> ihll h^to tb« Bup^rtioiiU nrna in foci of
fadi Puriiier.
ExAMTLft. — Required tho superficial irea of wcb of Utt four PucifiorB
fa & works «qual to the prudkiution of 500.000 coble ft^ul of ^tb& ptr
icm of W houri,
51)0 X -6 ^ BOO fa«t imp«rli«iAl aroa of cftcli Purifier.
V 800 =s 17-8 |ny, 18) fcot side of squikr* of Purilior-
For very frmnLI nmrloi whtrrr lh<rrc is no €xl^ftiiat«r, tbc conslAiii '8
TEOf be eiaplojod \tixL iidv«LDtage>
The evil* of contracted area in PnriGerft ore aggmvAtijd by haviag
t ifaallovr 8en1 tn the lidf! or covi^ra otitl LJie hyclriinlic ctrntre-^ve.
In vmaU workt tba nl«r lute alLouH never be leas thin IS inob«9
dMp W 4i incbe* wide ; and in medium sited and Lirgv works. frxQ
Id lo 24 iTich«» hjr to S iiidtos in wisltU.
Ampta d«[ith of waIgi IuIq if uap^trLall/ imp'>rt&nt wlicrif tlia bftck
preasure is morooitod bj the use of Uloaoupic boLdera-
In PnriAon L*liMr^i<i1 ivilli lijrlr&te of lime, Lbt^re iii&y bv tvro or fonr
tivB olsicT^H- Tb<] hme spreftd npon their eurtaoe may b« from 4 to
9 istdK* in doptb.
Vbtn Olid* of iron is «»ed, the lfl_vor» rany be two in uumbtr. tunl
kbi tDfttttH&l Ifi to ^-0 inched deep od each,
ItiiamSvtako to adopt tho pUn of pUcing dther tbe time or c lido
bannkle^eeplajeT. Tho gns is Eipt to form po^agi^Hthroiii^liLbedeep
Ruteritu ; vbereM wben there are two or more layers of le^fi deptb. it
neovnrt ItMlf. <uid changen its oour^ti thmn^li each.
Sii'f»* IVii/*, trr Griila/pr Livin nnd Orifis nj Iron.
iftmiiid vroajtbt-iion rods, j) of aa iuch iluck, bonnd together with
ftftmfinif of ADglc or flat-iron, make eji vxcdleut tray, e«p«ciidlT
*h»Te Itnw 4a lucd. Tbey are leiaa BuitablH for oxide of iran, which
Xi4
unrjuoonra s HJUfDBOOK foil
a
dttttciyt thorn W corrosion, tltonj^h whou juimJo oI
>4ittigtli noniDcI, Ulc^' laet for many ^t^Etra, Tliejr poaa<
HUSH Tt ifn^ZLl udvjLiiUgt^ Gv^r mcKt nthiir Irftjv ui tbfl
ouallcr ttpHcv ^liic^h tL^y ccfupy m t]}« PtiriAer, ami
thu lur^T l'anl)i[iR tinju obtnJOoci by thcJT u«- Pei»
forntod oaat'irou ajitl wood tniys aro suitnMn for «iJUi0r
[imti rjr oxiJt', T}}l* liilLer ts,Tv uifuiLlly tiijtdn with ■Ulpi
of wood (jroUov pmo. pitcli i>itii>. or rvd doAl^Uio prioes
bdb)? (LB H, j, I) of tmy oouvoment Ivn^Ui; tbo aides
aro ]( iiioh lirovl. ^ lui Lidi tliick, luiJ ■lighciy
tnjHTprl, UiA nuier pint^Ax of frume being of hnrdar tim-
b«T [hiohory, b««olt, o^t or Aatt), and 1} mcUoa thldt ;
th« vhoU boond togoilior with 3'iucl^ bolit axid ni^tfl.
laving tLe haoda, w&3lier«, Am) nuie uoiintt^mutil: ib
the odd fhiiQfla. and the liolfs ptiigg^l witli wood ^r
oomant. The etripB are kopt } an inch to | of ut inch
apurt by pieoea of -wood of ti^nt tliicknosa, &ui] 11 itichoi
si^uari', put betwneiL them at the p3jLci>H Kli«r« Lu4 bolti
*« iiiiiiirlLfl (Fig. 53).
For r&isLiik' tbe lids or oovera of the Punflera,
viiJ-iniiH coil Lri vail c«8 9,re employed ; the tnott common
lifin^ n (ioiihio pnrehftfls oTfth, trav^llins on iron rtiU
Injii on oitJior wooden boams or irou hittico girdor*,
Sinvidg their eade inserted in thv walU of thu build-
ing ; or, iti thi> Kbs(mi?e of walls, Riipport^ on plUftn.
The lifting mixchine, sametmtea culled n ^■(tolmth," &i«t con-
ttructod by Messrs, C'ockey &ad Sai^ti« is a iiAcfcil aud compoot
OontiiTUJce for tliL' oaiitiT piir|ius9. This cocmJAts of two Mt^ridurd».
ore cm each 3ide of the PanliarH connected jLcrniw the top by two
g^rdi^n a few tnchee iipart> Tiie stUkndiirds, Jinvmic ^oovt>d or flau^:i>d
wheels, or rollers atbadicd, travcrac tliu puiifyitt^ JiouAO from oq« i^nd
to the nthur cm mih Uid on tht- lluurH Thu covL^rx atr raided by
meAD» of two lon^ vurtiual fcrw^. witli au oyoli>l-hoJo At tho ^nd of
oooh, ill wliioL tho hooka on thu hd are luBertoo.nnd moved by a winch
aud co^wLtda put m motion by memia of a h&ndl«^ At otic of the
aides. Whvi] tliv uppaniCn^ is uot hi UKt*. it can bit whetlud out of
tho way. leaving ib« 8pao« above the Piinllera to tbo tivrodn or
heoms of (ho roof entirely (mobstruotod-
Mr. Beiil eiDplo>3 a eomevhftt siraJlar triLvelliiibr carria^ ; but.
inxttttwl of tint uljet-i gte^krici^ and Bordws. he ua^h hytlinflUliir prV£fliiro
for AC^fflplUbiitg the solug object. A full deacnplion, with dfftwlug
rio, &J-
OAfl KNOINEBRa AND MANlOBRf,
14fi
fe
of kk ingttilous npparalue. wa« submlllei] by hfm to tlia Korbh
Brftiib AwooMon o^ Ou ManRf^era. ftl tbdr meeting in July, \B7i,
ind ftfrp^ttis ftt Jorigth in the JvitnuC n/ (}<*» LUjhUn^ tor Ac^. 27 of tbo
CVNJrtf and tither Vltunfft V*ti''ts,
Tho &TJ OmtM'ViUvtt, will) anrfuov fooed to fit gU'tii;fht, is now
•xUnvTcW adopledi %n^, tis il rulc> h prcfcrrei] to the old hydniTLlio
C*Btn»-vuv0. Tbtfcluef mlvjuiU^tti il t^ai^usaeM owt tlje ktu<r hr« tbe
grfiAUr «ft>C UQii facility iu rrhtn^t'lu^ fn^m ouiti Ptiriliur to collier;
nw nun boicj^ able to ao^sompiidh Ihin uitb a T^jw turun ol tk hMidIo,
tbna Bunimicmg to blio uLmoHt nxUut tlic» pas»go of luipuriiicHl jKM
firing l^t operation. It OL;i;ii|iida leea apaoa, U etitireTj beriBalb tbe
J^DLTilyiiig'bOuM floor* an^ presents a aead roBlstauce to preftsnrft,
fldmiUifi^ of giofttor steodmoeB in the Oovr of tUogua wliera an «!-
livu(1«r LI at work.
Fonr-wAj vhIvm »irp lulnpttvl hy^ sumft nrnnft^fflTs in prflfcrftnw
10 lb« Contro-vAlvA ; tlicirchief rccommeudfltidnbaingthat b/thciriitio
ILe conQGcticnatriitimpLifiod. Tho n^lvanUi^ which thoy poflfleu
vtvt lli« ordifiarj auiglo Valvo are mare apMiaut. Wbnu (be Utter
tft omployeilp twa]va ara n«vd«d for a eeC of four Piirifier^, nnd fix for
awtoftvo; vrbflfoaiv, vrith tho foar-wa> valves, only ono-third that
Qimber is r«Litjircd,
S*« of C'>nnrt^tmi-f'it>fs.
Wiih Kspoct to Iho tizo of tho Comiflctin^-pipafl, Uie riil& is to
Ciia^e tlicif intcntal dijimclnr, in trk'A<*'. oqiicil, an noavly oa poasiblSi
ho ihe wqvMXt root, h /"rt. of tixe nrcn cf the ?uhflon>
TbnSt PiirifiL^ri 10 ft^^t pc^iLnrp. i^ivlng an araa of IfX) Hvidcm feet,
ilM^CiKmoctiag-piptiir 10 liidiuB in ilianiDt^r ; rtnrl PuritiotE l<i Uti hy
li GMii having an irr^a of 1?^ ^qoiirc foot, Imvc thi^tr CoaneoLing-
pjipM 14 uichcs ill <IijtmL't<]f. Willi tbuliir^or projitirlioitjito ai^^g of
Pqr ii l an now being L^mptuTtfi] over Lboiu formerly omcltid, a. dtductioo
V I aaj lafDly bo iniidc from the roeiUt vbtoitiod by the cibovc rub.
^00 (foe rule on p. 141S), u tvorkftcapabtc of prcducmg A()0,000 cubic
lial of gia uer daj nquirea four Punfitix, Uuviiit; t.-JLnh ati areu of
300 aonaro IMt [COO x '6 i= SOOj , ihu h^ubj-^ njot bubg n-8:
dfidnob&g t. or ^% we have l£'l. or aaj IG inchoe. iho di&itKtor of
ihr rDnncCtui^'pip«»-
DBORVS MALS THERMOMETER.
Iht nitiidnitioiu (FiK*- 33 to &S) at^ow ibe improved arrange moot
uinaliil by ^Ir. Drory. for aucerlaliujig Ihu ti^mpurularo itt theiE^
I-
m
NKvmtcicuiva'a handbook fou
passLDg throagh tlie conilonBcr Aiid other &pp&r&tiiH, and Cbo uiailift.
It consi^U of nn niilnr nliell tiE.ud vitb ftcnniciil hoUow ping hftving mi
Ftpcrturo oorredpondLn^ lo tbnt m tbe ontir eb«]L The Tester, whifih
dl3 into the piu^t oonttiin^ a TUermomotrr, whicbi on beins iunwd
LU5a>KlaJ^
Fia. 54.
FlO, fiB,
oppobita to thf bparturt^n, ia in immodistc oout&ct with th« gu, fto^
on Tvithdrawivl wit tcmpcrntiire ia ftsoertained, for ottftoUajf the
Tester, & hole miiuble for it 1-innh wrcitigJit'iruu pips is rlrilluJ uid
tapped it» tLe pipe or didB of tha app&rutua, and tue iDStmincml ii
TESTS
y^r fJi^ Vet^tioji oj Irnpuritut in Crml ti^A nftcr ift^r Ordinary) I^roCfum
It/ PaiitkatiiM.
Expoflo yoilow tiirmfHc paper sliglitly moi3t«n*>d with w^ter, or
llliviii^ yti\wr ^vfii re-lclei^ed i> nay wi^k fkcid. lo a jet of imli^ittd
gAii for (ihmit K minnie. If r,be yellow colour of tho tmraflrtc bd
tiiTnod to brown, cr if t>ie bino of the LtmuB bo roatored. Ammonia is
preeenl. _
Tiirmerio niid btTiLiis papi^rH may bn piircbn^ed at the chemlflts. or ■
they can be prepupad as follows ' — "
TuBMittic Pamui- — Six parts by wciipht of rtpirita of wine are
add«d to ot>e of turmeric powder ir a i^ppcrcd bottle* and vtU
ni9 RNltlN'XKKS ANI> MANAOBItS.
w
I
ltulr«iii up oeoagloimny for tht^ cUjfl. A |>oniOD of tlie clear
fitud ii Uk'D pouri^^i oa & plftte, ftiid fuoooft ot mieiEud whitQ filter
iti$ po^r ««D »utik»<l Qi«r«ui4 Theaa t>rt tbon drjcd ui ait, oat
iuio Hlnpa IiAlfaii iudj wtdd auiJ 2 mclieji 1rjii|;, aud k«pt lor lue
lEi « boUl^ Awaj from th« ligbt-
IjItwds PAnoi- — Six partB bywoiK^t of watf>rlo oac of powierad
lilimifl. aliakf-'n wcrl] tocotliui-, allnwtid to sUiid for ^vcml daj's.
and ttirri f[hHr(*il. PiticeH r>f wliiLc litLL^ririg paper are tlien
Iborotiglti^ ttoak<>d iTi Uie solutjut], dnud. und <Tut iiito atripe,
whjcb &Uould bo kepL in & dout otopptrcct bottle* tiolud«d ae<
uiiii^li UB puBsJblti fruiu LliH uir aui li^iiL Shuuld it be duHirmJ to
redden tiio solution, juld |a(tor llltrAtion^n ^inall {iLi&Ticit/<*f vny
djlnu enlpburio acid, i^duEtlly, drc>p by drop, until lUd pink ot
TEtntnO iin^e is obtAinad.
MiLkf n ioluikni of puro bArytes, nn4 pftst tho pnf tbronf^ it. If
dlboiiia Acid bo proMtit, OArboo&ta of barytcn will be procipitatcd ; or
pm Uif gM tlirough oIgm' Ljidc w&tcr, ftnd cnrboLuito of Eime will be
pTMIZpitAtRd.
It UAy lUao bo dutoctotJ by adding to wuUr impro^cnat^id witJi the
fUft fevdropcf of aabtiurii! uoid. ivbcii loinutQ bubblon of Cnrbocic
ioid giM wiU he mpicily dibtngit^d.
Lou WAtcft ia prepared by AgilaUng sUkad llm^ witb dialillcd
vmter in ■ bottta or otber vesflel. It ib tbi^ii allowod to stATvl
uiilil the cxc^AH of litite boa been depoaited, wheit the clc<ur liquid
ia poured <>ff, nnd tiltored through filtering pjipor.
Mr. J. T, 8hoiLrd'tt mtrthod oftiBtimiLting CiLrbouic Acid in ooalgftt^
cOQfiifitf in ptimint; t^ d^liiiiU volume of gus through n .lolution of
barium liydraU; of kiiovru Atren^'tli. which ubxcirbi tliu Carbonic Acid
out of the gv ; lb*) amount of frcie liydrntD i^nmining jiftar tht
qsorfttion being det*Timii<id by titration wiih dcici nnrtml hydrooliloric
«oid. Either tbo voluuio or tbo woigHt of impurity that h&s been
Abflntbi^l can tbeiicu le wiloulatwd.
Tho gu abtorptioTi tnU? f? of the form abown in Fig. 54; the
Dtnigbt purl Abov6 the bulbs boing flUod ^th »?btAH builds.
To avxka tL icsi. two Absorption tubes ore cLartred with 20 or 80
cubic eciitiiuetrea oAoh, of n Wiiim hydrate »ohiti4i[i. i\i» atrengtli of
Yhiob hti boiati AcouTAtely determined by titrAtion with dooluonuAl
«cid, And Tvtuch ahould be approximatoly of c(^ua! airon^th ifitb
this lurid. Tbd AjipArAtus being ooauected up lu abovru, Fig, HI,
&00 C'L*- of gn^ ATt< dr&WTi by mennB of thn )tflpini1,nr qlowly throiigli
Uifi li^oidi and loUo^ed immediately, without stopjiing the cmront,
t 8
MS
KKWBioanflcra hutdbook Fcrac
b^ an equal qnnitUty of air, whic)t is tloiio hy Gllpplit/ ofTtfie iitilift-
mbber tube at the iiU«t of the ftppamtug, as the water mni^uig &^d3
tho aspirator passes the maHc of a COO o.c fl&sk, tnd then nmoiug
out A. luitlicr qUAnLit> of COO cc. into aiiolher flafik LeM in rea^iii«a».
The holbs are tlwn W7i3li*:il down with WH-tor free from Giir1>oiiio Add, a
few drops of the phonol-phchalein (aufficioct to inrptirt a duatioot
purplo rod colour to tho bquidj added, and the whole titrated witb
deoi'tiormal Ljdrooblorio acid — the iii:id being added a hvr drojis
at a time, with frcqtiunt a^tiLticiii of tlie Hquid until thi^ colour is
dostroyod. The uuomit of biLriuia liydntD that h%t btnai jieulnUixod
P10.5A,
Fifl- W.
bflqnivttUiit to the atnouut of Carbonic Aoid absorbed
of ^as : fr-om whidi the perot^jit»ge of the impiu'ity
wtiwbt per cubio fool ofgaa. can be determined^
Exam i"i.fi,— Two tTia ahaorplioii tubea ehat|;<id, rcfi]
^ c.i^< and 20 ChC. uf buriutii hydrato aolntion. Oa« cu
nf the barium hydrate liaTrng previuudy beaa foutid hy
from 600 c.Cv
pre^eDt, or iU
ee lively, with
jc ccutjmctrc
V2lJ«riiiie(ib ftA
cquiTakct to 1-00 of p. ooid,
, B2'7 o-c.
Equivaloat of buitom hydrate employed
^ bflid roquirod to noutrali^n ruaultant liquid. 21 '6 ce.
11-1 0.0.
"HIS 6.0.
2L-4C0.
0-4 CO-
OAS SKOlHltBBS AXD UlNAOSHS.
w
* Q.iH4grm: " *'" ^^ *^'"'^' "J' volume of C0»
11-6 cc, X (>WZ2grm, X lC-4afi gCT. x iW,tflgc,o.
ftSl
flftbu of CO, per «nbie fbot of ^a.^
ThoM caloulHlioiiA may ba ^hort^ned b> emploj^ing llie fftotor
0'241 for percer)lat;« by Tolumo, &nd I'U:' for gniina p6x cubic foot.
Thus—
11*6 X 0-2J1 ^ S-77 per cent. Vy volume of CO,
11-fi X M*2 = 22! ffrainaofCO^pct oub, ft, ofjplB.
A comiilcio beat oon bo made in Jifteeu miuutDS, and pcifbodj
Mcunto retulu obtuued.
Til* wpAratus it oi^uiLlly appUcftblo to the oetirDAtioQ of Ammonift
in gftSi Sy euaployiog B<3i^ ^f euibable slrMit^tb as the ftbHrbonL
Moi^tOD a piooe of vntiug ^per with a oolulion of &cctato of lead
in diBttUed «r<r. ^ucl expove it for not Iubs thmi n uiiuuto to a jet of
unltgljle^ ^AA. If SiiUibunrlteil H^dro^u be prusuiiti tiie p^cr nill be
litowiifd or bUcVened^
K eolotiork of nitrato of ailvor is e itioro doUcnto teet tban the nboTO.
This re<i[iiree to b« kept in & bottle coaW uutaidL^ vriiL iJufDJlp aud
pl^.od in A dmvnr or ameT dark p1ju?ie lo [irrtei^f. it fmni tbe rn^iienoe
of tbe ligbt.
L«id Pftper may be mode of white filtoriiig paper soiiked in
the occtatc of Uod tohitioii, tbcit dried, cut into filipa, utd kept in
ft wcll'Oorkcd bottle for UHe, But tlir eoliibion applied bo the
fftpor At tbe timQ of icBhin^ tli<i iL^Kt i* prcffrnblci.
Tho follovinfj are the regulatioos given Iq Schedule A of tlie Q%M-
Works Cleu£«ij Act. 1871* iii roapect of tbe apparfttua ouid mode of
ktUog lor SulptiuM^ed njili(;|fuu : —
A ela49 veead (l^ifi- CO) ooiitniiuus a ntrip of biktuloiia paper
QOialcLicd vritb a JoJttUoa of oLicluti' oi lifad. ctmtiunm^ CO gnutie of
qjtiaUgjad afwbnlo of lead (Usso\v&\ m ono ttiiid onuce oif water.
*Il»ibjr h* AipUkTifid Ihfc^-
rr
eVM (nnn. U tlie wlghl of ^ o^o, ol COa Htumli^U wiih rsoltlaN-
w
SEWBlOaiKGS H&KDBOOK FOR
Jiffl^u of IWtTfi^/or SttlphiiivtUti liifdroj^n. — Thp gna sliall bo _
througli tbe glass vefisel oonuining ihe etnp of bibulous paper
moistcneil with Uie solution of the acetate of lend for a foTtod of three
cuiiiuteB, or suob lougur pi^nod as mny be prd£orib«d ; and if %ny dii<
Qaioumtion of Ibo tost pt^pcr ie fouud to have toLien placet tbis i» to
be lielcl concloaive elb to tile preseuce of Sulphuretted lljdrogeu id tli«
The Sidplitir prest^nt in g%8. due to eom^
pOUndB oUier Ui&n Sulphuretted Uydrcc«ti,
Dotably BiaulpUidta of Cvbaiit la cQtimo.te'T by
bummg a j^L of IIih j£a,9 ni Uit^ rd.tu i^f ouh cubjv
foot, or half a cubic fool, per Lour, for "ii honra,
from A Leslie or other buTDor arranged vithin
the vide end of a trumpet lube ivhoao upper
ttnd smftlW end h inserted 'in a condenser,
&o[n the op[>ontfl end of \vhich a tub^ cutu«
off the uncondeuacd vapour, ftud creates a cut'
Tort through the uppAriitua. [8ue Fijj. 58^i
Throtigh tha tower uid vide end, where the
burner ia fiited^ a supply of ftir, to support com-
luation, cntora. oAriytcg with it th^mpoaror
unimonia froiu lii^iiid auunouia or pieces of (lie
oitrbonELte contained in & suitable ree^ptflcU
surrounding the burner. The ruumonift com-
biuing wttli the suIpbHroue Acid from tlie eitS'tlftme, is i1epoait«d
within the eoiiderLiier aa sulphite B-nd sulpb^tte of arninonia, from which
the quantity of Sulphur per 100 cubic feet of gns is ealcuUted.
The ilhiminftting power of gas mny he higli, aud at the Sftme time ft
^OOddOAl of Sulphur and other JmparitJcB m«y bo preeont. PuritjiB
not alw^tye In a glYea ratio with illuminating power.
Hatvouit'i L'tAt>w TM.
Thfs U on^ of the looKt useful apparatus in the gas nianwet'i
Inbcrutciry for determining \rith c^aso and ecbnty thoaniount of iMBUl-
pLide of CELrboii, Sulphuretted IIjdrog;en. and Carbonic Acid ia «Ottl
^as. The foUowiu|{ ia a debcn|ition of the ttrat. and direotlooi Sat
Itsil8«.
Tatitig jor Bimifhiii^ of Vtirlon.
The lurangemetit of the colour test is shown in Fig. 59 ; the (^re-cU/
(jhoder being repro&dntod by doited lines.
The bulb, whioh ia filled with phLtinizod punuco, ia to bo ao adjastod
Fia.ee.
i
1
I
0A& BNOENKEBS AND UaHAOIUUI.
m
tbftt it may be aboni on inch above ibe barucf. and in tli« midSlo cf lli«
TV) QKc Utn A|]pnmt]]H, tiini on ^rst lh^ iippor stnpcock, npnitrng gna
ihroiif b tho bulb ni the tAie of about liilf ii cqUc foot ld hour, aa mfty
be jiMnd bj lii^htin^thcgfwf fof amoraentrhi Uui on^ oftltehoriEOJitaJ
BI1D, 1R14II a flaiiin alroul /tii iuch m Inuj^FjlmLuuld Ijd prixh]«:iFil. Raim
tK<i cjliiultr, wlitoh will bt siipporud by ihe pressure fif iht* ipir«0,
liBtit Ibu btiiu«r, cimi tuna Jown the flamfl till it formn i^ biu« noH'
lutouiciufl rinj;, Lcwcr tho cylindoi, xad plac« the omall <Any piooof
vpou it rxiuud tht t\iivk ni the bulb.
A UstiDg EOftj be made fiv? minnton aft^^r th« burn«r is H^litod,
Qc^«pt vbcn th« apparatus h itt-^l iiacd, wlicn tbo ^ru» nbnuld bu
aJkjWT^l to flow tliiuo^Ii tlm bulb for a i[uut'l^r a{ (bik hi>ur, or a littlo
longer, ru id !iuy niimlitT of ticntiiif^f^ oim Eif^i^r niiLiLlmr kj lc}ii|^ ilh Lhu
Tbe DQode df i^ntlikK >n '^c follown ;— Lay fr pk<c« of whilu paper on
lltn uJ)1« by tb(i iiiltt of Uiii bLintjir. mid itx n pivcc of cWbo&nl
l|in^ht in U;^ br^uj^ clip ; l\ui cnrdbaurd Hurvi>i< ha k biK-hf^ruuDil
n«( wliidj CO obfwrYO the colour oiihv oouttruta of liio gluaa^s, mtd
i reooitc a mJo lighl. (uiil be ns dobT act paadiMo frouj HLtidi>vre.
?dlartciglAdi% 4UIic<] for ii\\) up Lf) Lltf inATli wiLh fltuiidACil cutuurvd
Gqvtd, oitd cork it lighily. Dduto tomtt of thu k*^ dyra^ wktii lwuii4dr
I
IB
SBIV&TGOrNG'S SAHHSOOS FQ&
timfis iU voluine of distillled wAtar> aud W tbc otber glua ap to lli«
mart vilh a fiortinn of tbs liquid thus jir^parc!^. Insert ibe
oaonlcbottc plug with captU&TT tube bnd elbow tiibo, Jknd corvnectt ftd
shown in Uic figure, with tne buJb and aspirator, placing th« two
glMS«s SLd*> by Aide.
Ths aspirator sbotild b« fall of WAter at starting, ^nd tlie iQ^iiftUT-
ing ciyUnder cmi^ty. Tom tJiQ tap of the aspiraior gradiuUlj; ■
aire^m of babbles will rice throogb the solution of lead. Turn o0
Uie tap for a EuiniiLe, and observe tlie tiijnid at tbe boitoiu of tb«
c&pillar7'tabe- If It gradually mee. the india-rubber ooimcctioau
are not oir-ti^it* and must bo made so before proceedings Avoid
prcBsng the plnga into tbe gl^s or the aapirato:- wbLlc tb&y ore
cotineoted, which wonld drive up Uiti looil solution tnio the inTHt-tutu-
Wben CL« connuctione ar» air-tight, lot tho wat^ run into the meftnr-
ing oylinder in a. elondor atreui:) until the Itt^d soluiion haa become
9ts dftrlc aa the stsuidard. Aa tbe rtsc ending bubbles uitcfrfere
aomowbat with the obaerratiDTi of tbe tmt» it is best lf> turn off
tho tap when the colour eeciUB ahuoat dot^p enou^-h; c^omparo the
two i turn on the tap. if necesaitry, for 9, f*w ifl0m<wit3, iheo
compaid a^ain » euid tio on. bill the colour of ihi iwd lii^uidH k the
same.
Thi> volom>> of wator which tbo nioaBLirin;^ oybnder now oontAina
ta «qvi^ bo the volume of gM which has E^assoi Ihicufh the lottd
Bolution.
This voIniD« of gM eontunod a qaantity of Sulpbar M Oarbon
DiBulpbJdo wbiohr aa JjOad &iiJphide, has colounad th« liquid in Iho
teat-glaaa up to the flt&nd&rd tint. Tho atanJorS has been made
such that, to impnrt thU tml to iho Tolnme of liquid^ 0'01H7 gram
of Lead Sulphide must be presont, containing O'OOUi^inof Sulphur.
Hence, sitppoEin^ the moaatiring: cyliudor, each divimon of which
coTi'eBpondfi to I-2000b]k rtribjc foot, to liftvi^ been fiUed U> tho dOtb
division, flO-ZOOOtha cubic foot of gaa contained 0-0025 grnin of
Gulphur, tVom thiE ratio the nnmbcsr of grains of Snlpbnr ftxinting
ae Bisulpliide in 100 cubic feet of iho sample of gas testod can
easily ha rnbmhlcd.
The following table givea the relation between (Vf the divisions
of Uio moa^uting cylinJor filM with wntor, and fS) the grointt of
Sulphur oxiiling as Bigulphidc in 100 cubic feet of gus. Since SM
oonlaina be sides Cnrbon Bisiilpbide, some oth*t Snlphnr eomponniU
irhieh ar* not transformed inlo Stjlphutcttod Hydrogtn by the action
of boat, and which contain Sulphur amounting ordinarily io 7 or fl
^nviuv it) 100 cubic feet, tliis quantity mini be added ia that founJ by
the teat, if it ia wished to know approximately tho total amotrnt of
BolphuT,
I
QAS BKaDiEEB& AKO UANAOEBH.
lAI
TUBTF r
600
s
" V
T
S
V
V
B
V
3
U . .
GOO
38 .
ua
ft^ .
. B-9
Tl»
. B'9
n . H
«■«
H .
U'7
6r
. ta
ao
H Ot
n . .
*1T
» .
ll'8
5S .
. e-e
»
. 0-t
u . .
M-»
H .
i:iM
na .
. «-«
M
. a'l
u . .
a»-T
n .
15 A
DO .
: n
8S
. 6-0
It . .
ns
m .
18 7
01 ,
04
, 00
u . .
81 t
60 .
13 'fl
oa ,
. «-l
m
. a<o
V . ,
»«
tc .
18-*
oa .
. Til
•a
< aa
J* . .
ma
ii .
U-fl
ei .
. »-B
«
. ("T
t» . .
flS'S
4V ,
11 U
OS .
» 7-7
m
. S-T
90 . .
sa-o
4a .
ire
m .
. 1-0
m
. ra
U - .
B3'8
14 .
U-4
ff7 .
• 7-6
90
. i-i
tt
ai'T
4a ,
u-i
DM ,
, 7'4
u
< t-i
E: J * '
11 T
« .
10-51
AO -
. T-«
ai
< e-4
mS . .
fl^S
ii .
ID-fl
70 ,
. 7-1
D»
< O'i
« . ,
SD'O
4fi .
lOM
71 ,
- TO
94
, S'S
» . .
13 a
48 .
10-3
n .
. <■»
9fi
> a-fl
r . ,
ia «
10 .
10
70 .
. 0-9
H
. G'fl
a»
17 «
n .
v-e
U .
. SH
•7
. a-s
2} . .
17 3
It) .
1 A
n .
. C T
00
. s-i
30 . ,
11 T
«8 ,
g-<
73 .
. e-o
n
, B'l
»l . .
%nx
M ,
9.11
77
C-fi
100
. a-o
n . .
l&S
U .
Bl
78 .
. fi'«
lAO
, aa
F«T ibo
next
Usting.
lie Ust-sUsi 19 to ht diflcomiectotl and
it^bflifeed.
The
water in
the messonn^
ojlindere
IB
loured bftck
Alio UiaftcpirA tor.
Tbo ccJoor of tho ntondanl ia tLna0bctc<) b^ ciposiiro to lif^lit, bat
^ea^Bfia if tho liquid in wn.rni<^d« rcturiiEiig to its original »hci.]o a^ tbo
Hqdd conln, Tf. Uianiffini* tiin ^Iurn cQiiUtitimg ihti sLftTidnrd bu
I ^ in u wtrm ploco. ii tnuitt bo lot cool bcfijrn tostinc.
The Hquid vuich hu boon anod bcoouies colourless after bcinff
npoMd to Lbc Hgbt for a fnw lioum, atjU nia^ thus bit uiirfl riYtir and
nctigairi for ac limes or moro, if it ii not allnwi^d U^ iibsorb trjir-
bonk acH from ibo Air, Thu bcot mode of Torkiap i* to bnvo two
*<U<oirk»J flub), into cno of tvbiob tbo ooloorcd liquid i» emptied
^^^aU Ibo giftn itt re-ohtirgcd hutix Ui« othur.
TLc appofdliui may ilIho be need witliout the bolb-tnbo and dlond to
Bbh Uie amcuut cf Sul|}liucQitcd UydrDycu ur Carbonic Aoid iii ga» ftt
Uij «Ugit in iU panlitrntLon,
Tbc gu ia lod til LtiEH 4?a.so dirf>^t1y tiito the tret j^kae^ wbloh b
dArf:tii irilh l«d aolutiou for SuIpLurctted Ilydrogeu. iiud with a
tUoraUid iiolulioil of barium bjilmte (l>aryta water) fjr Carbonic
IM
^aKWBlUOUiiOB BASHBOQK FDR
When the gns conU7nB thotg than SO graTnn of Bnlphirr u Snlphn-
retled Hycirogon in JOO cubic ieel, ft BmftUcr cjlirider, coQLeuniDH
I'SOOtlj cubic loot, is used to maosoro the voUiae of liquid run from
the tmpiiJiior. The diiiafooA on \hv mn9.]\cr ayUntl^v arti tenths of ihn
correapoiidinj^ divisicrs cm the larger cylirni6r; therefore when it w
xid«d tLc numbers undor S in Tabic L muat he road as whole numbisre
b^ CtuiUing the deciimal points.
To t^sinimiite Cnrloiuc Acid a staitdnrd liquid ccnlnining u ilefiicilt
amounl of lui^pead^d biiriam ojubonale is used for ccinpariEOP. Th«
glassoa ore placed udo by side on a blaclicned bo^rd or pif^os of papOT
And wiUi n blnck bu^kground hebizrd therii. Thi: poHHOgu of lu gu
should he iuWrrupied. nod the t*>£l-gUs3 slighLlj uliuttou once or twioft
to waab down mj partiolea of carbonote whiuh may cling to th* eidee
of the glnas above the surface of th« hqaid- Tho ntaiidurd should ftUo
h« sLfi.k(^n btifcre the uompnrisoTt \a made, in order thcLt Ihti prBL^ipitates
maj be in a aimiUr coDdition. When Xho two hquids ato Judgod to
b« equ&Ujr white and op&quo, the volumE^ of wator m th« m^ftVohn^
cjliadfir gjv^b Iho vulume of j^ua whii^U hha precit^tLated il kDOTH
weight of bannm cftrhonato. Tabla II. give§ the r*IaiioTi betwpeTi
(V) the divuioDfi of ihia Juried lucAaurin^ cyliudor lUlcd wiih wat^r.
And (C) the TohLUkv of Carbonic Acid In 100 votuiuefl of pas* When
the gas coittaius morti Uiaii-7'i p«r cdiiL cf Carbonic; Add^ th« 8miLllBr
measuring cylinder fthoiild be tieod, ^nd the vnluee cf (C) muUipliod
by moving tho dacimal point oua place to tho rljfhtt
TABLE IL
V
Q
V
C
V
C
V
c
10
'7fl
8» > .
■aa
Sti . .
'IB
7H ,
^00
u
'66
M . .
"ii
67 , -
■ia
80 .
, 00
a
'M
OS . .
£1
oa . .
la
(tl .
, -00
<U
H« . .
-ao
• *0 - -
■la
ea .
. -00
u
'61
37 . .
■flO
00 . .
'la
aa .
. -00
u
'46
od . -
19
01 . .
■la
w .
. -00
u
•«
30 . .
'IB
Aa . ,
■11
OS .
. -0»
17
'U
40 . .
■in
AH . .
-II
M <
: t
19
■iO
41 . ,
IT
04 . .
'11
07 ,
u
^ta
4fl . .
17
Sfi . .
■u
es H
. <oo
ta
■M
4» . .
■17
AA . ,
'H
R» .
. -ce
11
-a*
H . .
10
07 . .
■11
BO .
* at
n
*33
« . ,
'!«
Ocf . .
■11
VL .
. '00
tt
'ai
4a . .
'la
W . .
-10
ttfl ,
. -00
»
-ftO
47 , ,
10
70 . .
■10
M .
. -OB
SG
'Bd
4& . .
IS
71 . .
■10
M .
, -m
H
'3»
4U
'16
T9 . .
'10
« .
. ^os
r
■ar
00 , .
■14
Tfl , .
'10
SO ,
, -or
tt
-»
Gl . .
-14
7* . ,
<10
117 ,
. '07
sv
<2t
ftt , ,
U
T4 , .
'10
Bfl .
. 'OT
ao
-M
63 , .
M4
70 . ,
■08
IkO .
- 07
n
'9S
£4 . .
18
7T .
■OT
100 .
. -<n
n
-tt
t6 . *
'iS
7B - .
-w
JUJ -
. oa
i
0^ BKOlKBEHa A»D UASAtiSiUI.
w
k
After oacb Uwtinff tbo ^}am uid cftpQluj-tulH^ eliociM be elevied
vitL B LiUTe dilute liydrocLlLirLc ucid and well ruised wiLL dirtilled
nu<r. The tnrhid Myitii in prifirc^I inlri a flaak, which flhould bekepi
voU ccrbctit eonUinin^ an oxcoea ol cmultiE^d bftrium liydra.t«-
After tLo iOflpcndod precipiiat« hru sutiflidcd, th« clear liqaid is
^ond oC or, if nocesmi'v. UlUred. inUi nnother flnHk, alan kopt well
cerfaid, frotn vhid) h mny hepoiir^ inloLhe lest'glnM whenr^qnlnd,
Ckfo ilioiild 1)0 Ukcn not to vxpofio tJft eolation to the air longer thftti
wcwnry.
4^ fA« Lvmhn O'^t H^tr^t ii§ to th* Tititft ttmi Mo*l^
t/ Ttating Jor i'uritjf^
Tb^ tgstingt for purjij ahaLI «il«iid over twontv hoars of enoh dftj.
' sfaftU bftioad* upon ton tsiibio fed of ^aa, wiiieh ebaJl ba tealod
itelj lor eftoh of tlj« fullowm^' impuniics j —
gu fiLoll be ^sed u it l«avea tlio Homccpipf throug'h on
AppwmluN ^Fi^^ ffOj m nliich nrv luapmidKl alipHof bibultmi^ttpor,
iDTTigintod wiUi bui« ao«tatA of leul.
Tlie Tcet-papet iroto whioh tb««e alipa arc out ia
t« be prev&md frouk lime to Laim tj moiBUmnij
iIiMCa of bibulous ])uj>«r wilh a solutioTi orrjii«p»Tt
of Sugar <*f Lud in ^tght or nine ports of w&t«r,
kndholdinj? «Bch th«<t vbi1« etill cr^mp ovur the
lurfaue q( a slr^iiu Aolutiou of Auiiiiuuia for a
Firv moineDU. Aa t^io papei' drios aII free Airuuoiiia
^ If asj difcoloratioD of the Bh^ of Teat-paper ia
I foQud to liftT* taken ploce, ibiH i« to be held con-
ctnnveaa to th« procMioe of 8u T pi m retted H/drdgan
btbogaa. Ftwh 'Dietalipg aro to be placed in
tbe App«ntafl tvery day.
Ia thd evetit of any inipiirity being diftcovored,
<ita of Uid Test-alipa shull be pkij^d in a stoppOTod
liOtUe and kopt in the tbirk at Uic Testing-plocc ;
the ruaaiiiing alipE fihikll be forwarded with Lbe
dailjr Bwport-
II. — Ami\QHla,
The gas wLicli has biyin loftl«d for SulphuTett<9d Uydrofren ah&U pa^s
^ttttUTDDg^h au Ajiparatitu iri^nuaLin^ uf a ^lauii c^hcidt^r tUIed with
elui b^fl^0, which hav« t^ecn iDoislened with 8 tnenatired qnantity of
■ttndatd Sulpbnrio Aci^. A b^I of burettea, properly gradoat«d, iB
provided.
Fjo. «0.
IBS
NEWBIGOnJG'a HANDBOOK FOR
5
The loaKimum Binouiil of Ammonia allowed is 4|;:ntMH per 100 cuLhc
teoi of gtiB ; ikud tLc Toatiu^'^ shall bti mode ao fca tc bLlow lb« oxaA
uucimb of Ammonia, m thu ^aa.
Two Taat'Solationa are to beu«ed — oiiecoualfiLmgof dilubc SulpUimo
Acid of euch strong ih ibat2&^ti<H^H[irAft (gitpt^itis) will neiitra]i2c Ignin
of Aiumcina ; tlio clLcr a wcoJc solution of Ammoaia, IQO noMeaMt
of vrliicli i:ijut&u] 1 gr^a of Amuioiiia.
TLu i^rreulLienr^oftlie I'UfluIl Lo be obtained depeoda upon the fkil-
Glmoiit of Iwo coDditions —
1. The propumtioji ol Tuflt-Bolutioua bavinK Uio proper strongth.
2. TLu JtL^(;LiniLe pPtfurinouut of the oi>eraLLou of Uslnjg*
To prepare rJia Test 'Solutions the following pror^easeB may be OMJ
bj tbo Gfts Eiiaminef : —
Uu&fliiio a gftltoo of dialilled voter into a clean eiLrtbcQw&re jaTi or
otl]«r 8uiliabliT ^ttiHel^ Add to this Q4 septema of piiie concentntttd
Snlpbuiic Acid, aiid mil thoroughly, Tako exactly 50 septerDBof tb«
hquid and precipitato it with Uorium Chloride m tbo mnnner prooorib«d
for the Sulphur TesU Tbew-«igbbof Djirium Sulphato which DO *ept«l&i
of thoTest'Ocid should yield ia Id-dgraiTis. Tli^wtiLghtohtainHi vrith
the dilute acid prep^i^^d as abOTo will be Bontewliat Renter, unloBi llitf
Hulpburic Acid uav.^l had a i^pccifio gi'nvity holow l'S4.
Ad^l now tA^ LLuililuiitid jicld a misa&ttifd quaiilit.vcf KHter, which nU>
he found by scihtm^tiug \3H from tb^ weigliC of lUrium Sull^haM ob-
tained ]Q tbo cxporimoutt and multipIyiM^ the ditferonco by 7^^. Tbo
resnlbiijg Dumber ia tha number of fieptema of water to ho fkddciJ.
If thpse opfiatioTis have betrri iLcciirittelj iwrforraed. a 3Gi?nnd pm-
cipitatioD and wdghing of the Bahum Sulpliate obtainable from CO
Beptema of tho Test aoid wJi ^ve nearly the coriect inimijor of 18'8
giaias. If the weight excctd^ 139 graind, cr falls below lU'T grftius.
more water or Siilpburii* Ac^id vontii he added, luid fr^sb tnab fcadc,
until the weight fnllB within tho^e limits. The Tost-amd tJius pro-
pared abould DO tranafcrred at oncD bo Btoppored hottlea. which haiQ
becni well driunfd and \iv& duly labvllod.
To prepare the atnndard SDlutioti of .Vmmonm, measanoutaBb^fon
a giLoD of diatUlod water, ilblI nux with it ^0 acpt^aoo of strong toJB-
liou of Ammonia Up. gr. O'bSb Try whether 100 scptetas of tho
Twil-aliali thus pitipared will necitralixe 25 (jf the Teat-iUTid, pDmnd-
Ing Aetfordiug to the diructioub giv^u suhnoquently afi to the modo of
testing, If the u«kI is jaet neutraliaod by the? hist few diop^. tb« Toat-
(dkali Is of the required atreugUu Uui if not* sjnaU Jiddilioiial
quatilJlie^ of wuttir> or of Htn^ti^ Atuuionia seluUori, must bu Jiddcd,
and freftb trialtt made, uulil tlie propter atreat'th haJ boon aitatncd.
The bottles in which ihf solution t& alor<il aboold he filled nearly full
and well stoppered'
The ULode of tenting h n» foUowB : — Take 50 «e|>t«T)tB of tho Tott-
GAB BNGINEBBS AJSD MAlfAGBRS. UT
■dd {which is greatly in «ic60H of nnj qiuatit; of Ammonia likely to
ba foond in the gv), and pour it into the gloss aylinder, so as to well
vet the whole intenor aur&oe, and olao the glaaa beads. Connoet
one tenninol tnbe of the cylinder with the gas snpplyt and the other
with the meter, and make the gas pass at the rate of abont half a
«abio foot per hoar. Any Ammonia that is m the gas will be arrested
\tj the Snlphoric Acid, and a portion of the Acid (varying with the
qiisDtity of Ammonia in the gas) will be neutralized thereby. At the
end of each period of testing, wash out the glass cylinder and its oon-
tente with distilled water* and coUect'the washings in a gkss vesael-
Tnoefer one-half of this liquid to a separate glass vessel, and add a
quality of a neutral solution of hematoxylin or litmus just sufficieni
to colour the liquid. Then pour into the burette 100 septems of the
Tefltolkoli, and gradnally drop this solittion into the measured quantity
of the washings oollected, stirring constantly. As soon as the colour
flhinges (indicating that the whole of the Bulphurio Acid has been
nsntrslizedjt ^^^ ofT the quantity of liquid remaining in the bnrette.
To fiud the number of grains of Ammonia in 100 cubic feet of the
BU, multiply by 2 the number of septems of Test-alkali remaining in
Lhe burette, and move the decimal point one place to the left.
The remaining half of the liquid is to be preserved for a week in
A botUe duly labelled.
HL — Sulphur Compounds other than Sulphuretted Hydrogen.
The gas whioh haa been tested for Sulphuretted Hydrogen and
Anuuonia shall pass next througb a meter, by means of which the
ntft of £ow can be adjusted to half a cubic foot per hour, and whiah
ii provided with a self-acting movement for shutting ofT the gaa when
ki cubic feet have pasaed.
The testing shall be mode in a room where no gas ia burnt other
thm that which is being tested for Sulphur and Ammonia.
Tbe apparatus to be employed is represented by the diagram (Fig.
68), aud is of the following description :— The gas ia burnt in a amaJl
Bmuen burner with steatite top, which ia mounted on a short cjlin-
^liol stand, perforated with holes for the admission of air, and having
on its upper surface a deep circular channel to receive the wide end
of a gloss trumpet-tnbe. On the top of the stand, between the
' Uinow stem of Uie burner and the aurrounding glass trumpet^tubc,
>n to be placed pieces of commercial Sesqui -carbonate of Ammoni.L
woghing in all about 2 ounces.
The producta both of the combuation of the gas and of the gradual
^^^Istilization of the Ammonia salt go upwards through the trumpet-
^beinto a vertical glass cylinder, packed with balls of gloss, to break
i^P the current and promote condensation. From the top of the
cfliLder there proceeds o long gloss pipe or chimney, serving to effect
lOQ
HiiWDtOGIJfG'd IIA2<I>BaOR LOH
eoiDO lurtlicT c4>iid«nBatiOD, bs well aa to ro^Uto the draught vki
&fforJ bh oxit /or the uncocdcuaable ^jiBes^ In ttie bottom of tfie
cylinder is flipit a sinall glass talw. lliroii>;h vliicb ihe lipoid i^fonDod
daring tli« testing) drops into a heaker placed btiififtlh.
The rdlowing (7]tuti<j[]»Aretobe ubEwrvcd in aolociiog sTii1«etlingt]|
ih* upparatua : —
8ea tiat tJie mlet-pipe Iita ^'As-ligUt into the buraer. aoil tli
the Loles in tlm circitt&r stand Jiiro olenr. If the huraor give*
tnminoua damo, r«movo lh» top piece, and. having bammewtdoi
gently (h« TiO£Kle of aoft mulni.p«rforUe it ofr^sh.mqJdu^-aA email
a holu ari will ^vv paasage lo half a. cubit; foal of g&a per Lotir al
Soo that Uto tubtUiire of the oondcnaor has aa iutctral dJaraMf^
of nob leBs than } inch, aud tliat ita onUide la etoooth and of Hit
Bame M}te n8 ^he email end of tlte Imiiipet'tiilie.
Bee that the iiliort pi«ce of iadja-mbb«r |upa flt« ti^litl7 both
the trumpet tuho ftad to tbc tubulura of tk« cocdonnfrr.
The stnall i,\ih& m the bottom of the candetiscr should haTt il
lowei' end c^ontracted, so thai when in use it. may ba cIoamI lij
drop of vater.
Th« mdia-mbbvr pjpo at the lower end of tJie otiiinn^y'tol
should fil into, ani1 not »ini|ily re»l upttiip the luoiiUi of the voi
denser, and the nppcr eiEir^mit^ of tins lube mny witli advanls^^
bo given a downward curvatnro.
At tlic end of oAoh i>er]od of testing, the cyhnder ami trumpct'tnb*
iLfo lo b« w^t] waEl]<>d out with dieiiUod wnter. Fresh piece* 01
oarbonato of Ammonia aro to be UBOd ouoh day.
The Ga« Etamioer shall Uien proeeetl aa follows ! —
The liquid in tho beaker and the water used in waabing out
Apparatoa shall be put into the aame TOBseKwell mixed* and a3«asiir04j
OaeOialf of l)ie Yuiwu] so obtaiued m to be »et »9iih. aikd preaerTml Ifai
a WP<^k, prop^ly labelled, in case i% ehoald ba desirable to verify t1
coiT'ict.noan of Iho leflling,
Tho i^emaininy balf of the liquid iji to b<^ pTit into a flash, or beaker"
covered with n lurge watch -gin sa— treated with HydrocbloTJo Ann!
gniSoianl in quantity to leare an excels oi aeid in tho solution— and
tbon raiBCd to the Wling point. .\n excess of a colntioii nf Jtciriam
GbloHde is now to he n.dded. and ihi; boiling couEiiniod for five miLtiiU^ji.
The 7efl9e1 and lis ronienu are to be allowed to stand till iLir lliritim
SnlphaU settlor at tlio bottom of the veB^^^h aftor which tbft doar
liqiud is to be as far hS poeaible poured off through a pAp«T filter.
The remaining liipiid and Rariinn Sulphate arc llien to bo pcnrrd on
to the filter, and tho latter well wa^ed with hot distilled wat«r*,
J
UAS KKonrSBRS AMD ;irAE<AGRR3,
U»
onkr to OACtrtaiu vrh<>Uior uvory tiaoa oJ Barium Cbioride and
LCAUiim CUbridH liu ^mu removeJi & anmll qu&ntity of tLcr vnah*
ingn from iLc Ijlttc ahuuld be placet] in & teflt'Liibe. juiil it dnjp of i
•vlntiOD of (Silver Sitrate A4lrle<i : ahoiiM ihi- ]\qM^. ir]atr>iu!l of re-
m&micg porEMty doar, become? oloudv. thu wodhmg iLu«t bo ood'
tiaueil initil, ou rtpoaticg tbt liii»t» no douiiitfJHa ia prodoccd.) D17
tb« l)1t<?r with lU coiil<*ttt4. Aiid Intuafur it LjIo a weighed [hltttiiiiim
onwibU. Heat t))« crncible ov«r a liunp. tnoreftaiD^ i\i*s tompomtoro
mi3u&Ux- ^OJA Ui€ point at wlucli lb« paper boj^inJi to char, up bo
brj^lit ieiiiJtiH8. WLiiU no Mauk particli?e reiuain, ftUovi' llie <;ru(Jibl!f
U> cool ; placo it vhon itpftrly (^o)il inadpniccatorover aUon^ Sulphiirlo
Add, Uicl ooain woigh it. Th« ditforonce between l!t« tireC and
BCoODd miKiuugB of the cnitiblo will icive (he nimber of grains of
Bftrium Sulphfttv. MclUplv tbit iiiimbpr by 11 a.nd divide by 4 ', th9
nflnlt is tiip OEimbcT of griLiun of uulpbar in lOf) f^iibtc fsct af the s^aa.
Tlu8 onmbor Ia lo bo corrt^otod for tho variaLoits of tempenktnro
tai HteOB^MOCio prvomrc in tho ruuincr indic/ited aadat the hci\K\ of
[QiumnttUng Powi^r {Krr /^ir^O* ™i^h thii dif^l^^(f^c■t^ tbiit Uie ren-dlriga
of tho Baroco^Ur ^nd Thennomi^cer aro to bo iakiji\ for tb^ d^y on
Hblch tht l«BtinR ccmmciiccd and aIbo the day oa wbiob it doaod;
vid tlie mevi of tho two is to bs used.
Ihit oorisi<rtint] may he mode moat rimply and with Buffidant
ooonrftoy vn tbo following manner ; —
\^li«n tbo TAbiLkr Number is betwoon 9GJ!><0CA, %Q-07C, 976-985,
WBfl'flftft, iEiirr^'aJia the number nf grlLin^ of Hulphur by ^pllipi,
ite**w- rfc^- r^^^*'
Wb«a the Tobtiliir Number in between D^<S 100^. do correction
iiwdb«a»dc.
Vb«n the Tabiikr S'umbur it botwuun lOOS-lOlfi, ]01d-lD2a,
lOU'lOa^, diminiah ihft number of groxni of StUphiit by ^^tb,
_.tfctt», xfctbi,
^B iBoromattfr imnun) 29*4
^H KxAMTUi ; Tbcnmimfitf^r {mooii) . . , . 6B
^B I'Pnbular Number 935
^VOnini of BaHum Hii]phittu fmm & cubic taoi uf tia«
r SToJtitl}- by 11. and divide by 4.
W
GrKxa of Solpbur in 100 oub. ft. of Goi I unoorroelcdk
AddU-Sx^=
^nhi of SnlpUar b ICO cub. fl. of Gas ioorruolod) .
, 4-3
11
4)47 a
11 «j
U-<nJ
^
leo
»BWB1GGIN0*3 EANDBCOK F0&
A9 to the Afitj-ii'ium Atr'uantji nj Ii'tftiiitif tn fiieh Fimn itiih tihtch
tht GoM thalt l^ altaHfii to be C^iaTfffd,
B^ LLh Autn of Farli&ment 9^ g&i aupplJed mast be wLally freo
from this impurity.
The raatimnm wnoant or tliiB impurity shall be 4 ^Tftins per 100^
oubio foot.
SuJphnr Cifitfj'tfiLrulfi other Ouin Svlphurftltd Iftf/irt^^fn.
The uiM^L^imuiQ aiuoiu^t of Sulpliui with v^hich gas shall he allo^
10 be charged ahall he 22 gmiiiH of Sulplujr in cverj 100 oubio.
of gli0.
STATION METER HOUSE.
Tho Stnlion Motor Houso, if coDveEiontly ffitnatod on the woi!lc%
And mido safiiciQntly large, may contDim in addition to the maurta
ihe sUtion govemois, eshnuat ^nd prefisuru re^ldtuf, u ran^v of
presHutB gmiges, and a jet pbotorneter.
Wb«D thus ansjiged, tlicy itre bll nithur tho purviow, uid unme*
dtftlctly uiidflT tlie control, of the workuaan in ch&rtEO-
Tlie Metcr-KoLise ia 3i}si:eptihle of onLMueiit^tion, and should bj^tv
a little teatow^d upon it, tie^iiles being liepi ficnipulonaJy cldui &ad
W«ll Tcnlilatcd.
Station Mbtjeb.
Tha <juiuiLity of £M oniiufocturDd, ua li passtsE Into the ho!d«Tii,
aftci it« purillcation has been completed, is miiasoroi and reoi>rdod
by tho StatioH Motor.
ThJA IB mvarijilily of the "wet " descnption — that la to uy, tlia
meaaiiriTLg wbt^l ur drum is caused l,o roiohe by tlie ekBlto foroo
tho gA3 pressing upon the Biii-fitco of a body of water, with vhich
veaaol 19 chnrgcd up tp a cert^iin line.
Iq const met ion it iliiTere elightly from ^c wct metera useil by
oonanmera, hut its priiiriplf uf Action is identical with th^o.
The Matncr cufle, which is of caatiton, is made either eyliudrjeal
(Fig-Ql), or reatAiignlnj ^Ki^-63); tbc former Ah apo being gon«rally
adopterl foi aizefi up to 20,000 cubic (eel yet hour. Wbeo it h reel-
angular in funn, tht^ ruci la rumioae^ of wrought-iror plat^Vp usually
No. lOBAV.G.
The tneaeuring whoct or dram ie made of ohnrAoal annodad biuii
0A« SNOI^mSliS A^D UA^AOBRS.
un
rirobcd uitl Bcldcti^l logcther in acgmcnUt and tUc alioft or
nuupar^eil h^ HEiti-friuLimi wliculn.
Tbo ri>^Btning tii<.H:Latii4in corisutx of », hqHum of atuuuolloct dtali,
with who^l work ihJ pointi^rv indioalint; from 100 to lOO.OOO.OOO
tabic tctl ut **cli 4>f dicir ryvoluliond. Tlii? dial figures, tinlikfl iIlo^b
ou tlie ooriBuin4-rtj' lubten* nil luia iu ibe itftme direuLion.
An di^t dftv clock And ull-tale appAraiiu src plAcad in Croat, above
llw ndex, Oa a oircol^r pU;o> & (cnuluutod aide of cord paper iB
Aied ; Aiid ft lead |i«noi] alloclied to a rod, vrliicL i^^a Ja uCta-cbed
10 vie) Jirt^nntrrd Liy t)w miTiiito finder nf l.ljti cloolc, pr^fifiinfE upon tii^
p4p^, indicate tLo luiiformit^ or oUi^vimj of (he gae production
d'trtr')- cncU hooi' of the" dav oiid tiL^Ui.
riu, or
Fin.oa
Tht s^e or capacity of n 8taLion Mctor ie dfj»i|3:ii&t«cl bj iltc quonUty
of na ui cubic feel Wuicli it is capablt> of iNt^Hiug |)er boar, tlio moo-
mnii^ Drli«K>l mnkinf^ 1:^(>dovm to TOr«\o1iJlionD, 1L8 a nnncimuni. ui
dill tiuKt ithi^ imuibcr of rovDltttiona dcpeadLDg on tlifi fiza of thft
^lLA^lDl4^nt^ with a Iom of pronitrc not exceeding 5'10tUp< of an inch
I'twwn tlic iulcL jkiid tliir uutlut. TbuH, \i Uto dnim biivn jt niLimcitj'
4f SOcnbic ft'et, iO V 120 ^ 6000 cubic feet, the aiz« of tbu Mctar
If tbc capacity be 2i)0 oubw feet, tfien tJOO x 100 = ^0,000 cubic foot,
'<U %t^ of M<Tt«ri and ao on.
It i» thuH eiLHy Ic detertiiiJic tiiir cupjit^ity uf l.ln' wbf'al or ilriUB
rtiqiifnd Lo rii«a^ur« aiij^givtii productio1^ Say the /'Fu.ifM^f/fj hourly
mtkt of gOA in D wotks ia 80.000 oubic feet ; Uion,
100
-^^, ^ flOO cubic fwt
tilt acquired capocily of tbc mcAAuHng v/h^pX or drum. Iii aII canes a
i^ucfiftbto mniijin in iii«eilioiild bo allinvvd fnr Rowing pnKluctiun.
lUfl
NEWaioaiKO's baiidbook fob
Wlien t Metier wtetl is driven boyond tlic^ ep«ed ^bon DUuSt
[rictiou ia iiici-f used, more prcsfiure ig absotbvd in wortdDg fln
and tlie rtigiatmUon Is ralsiiied.
Tlif" StutioTi Meter sboiilJ bo placed peifectly level on a BiibstAntial
foniidation, with luiaod etouo base.
It fibould be iiUed wibli byO'pasa aitd Lydi-aallc trap, vritli outlet
fock ; ebut-ofr Vfilvi^s; a4jitst*ble oyerflow pipe; waUr-linB gsagB;
an ordinnry pressure g£ti:g« eocb fortho mletiui^ nutlet pipes f Fig. M^
and a difforcntifil proaanre gango ( t^g- 66) ; a tJiortnomeler : m filling
mbo And fttnrtcl. ivitb atopcocb* and & fiushiiig cock-
TABLE.
RwDliilJ^jn.
llnvoliitiri't" lit
BritBBaHan Dram
l/Kt UOUl,
r'icviii<'l<rof
l>*plliarlitaclb
Dnuvp mlw
IJUblL.' fL-Cl.
tMdIC F»l
Incb.
*X in.
rx u.
«W
i^
130
A
a
1 ai
900
7-6
L3U
A
y 101
1 HI
IVOIV
10
190
A
a 01
« 0|
UWi
lO-A
m
A
! a
a Ot
1^1
IA
\SD
\
a A
S.^GD
20
;^>
A
a m
3 10
9,0OU
S(k
LEO
(V
4
n
BpAOO
ao
]tt>
A.
ft
S 5
CMIU
40
liO
A
« a
ft f
6,000
AO
Lac
A
* Tl
-1 «l
7,'hWU
nd
IflO
A
ft II
4 ai
iSoSS
eo
100
190
UQ
IJ
a a
« a
4 11
U,OD0
JAO
100
A
6 a
a a
BOOOO
■ 0,000
SfiO
iS
15
s s
B B
■VLDOO
aoo
)0O
A
8 Ift
» 1
^Sjmn
40D
100
A
a a
6 ,a
PSSho
COO
ICO
A
10 a
a
[jSuS
TAO
00
. A
u a
10 a
I.0DO
60
A
a JO
U T
100,000
1,480
70
A
U 4
14 a
THE PRESSUBE GAUGE.
Tbe ordinary ProBfturci Gnuf^o |FlgB. ii3 and 04) hu it« tuboo, wliicb
art df glfias* vl^jirgiid nith wtktur to tbe ^?ro line on the ivor> or bo^'
wool scale bctbwt^eii. Thib ia graJuateO into mclics and luittbfi- It ia
tikadoof sny lengtb ab rviuir^d, luid the ^cilW iimj be flgured eiUier in
iiLohce or icctlia of au iiicu. lia aUown,
1
C-lft KNUIKICBA^ \KD UAVAtiUitS.
1«3
On llie GaugA b«i&g utt&clivcl b» tha main or norvic« pip«, eitlier
Milyw bjnuHUiP of a abort oooncctin^^ tub^;, tlio difTorencc bctweon
two irftl«r levela reprcMiiU tht gnti proHKuro.
AMriea uf tliem Gitu^M. to iiulic&Ui Llie pn-ssnrs extsLmg between
dtibrent ftppAratua of (ho giia worker, uhotild bo fixed m oome pOil>
t eoimnioDl for freqnunt uiupfyctioit,
Xiojfi OftQjc« (F^- 0G» iH cuiutructtfd on tlie same principle w the
tbo^, bat ib imliofttea i^li^hter VHriftLiouti at pn^satirii : tlic^ finder h&viii^
ft long «w«»|) for amalJ JlfTareniMifl of ^vator iwul, And ihu di&i boin^
IttdQAtcd itito Aoer divuions.
4^
■^
I
l'ii>. Kl.
yin- w-
FWlW.
Fm. ftrt.
The Difforcutift] Oftuce (Fig. CO* ia commonly attaoho3 to the inlov
KoA outlet pipea r«flpectivtflj <jf tiibtitiu inotera : tJii3 iudications of (lie
iiutnimoni b«iDg tiie difference In preeeura between the two, sbowing
lt« pTMSoro ftbflOrb«d in actuating; tiff itietor-
Colonred val<*r for Pr«08uru Gau^a La tn&do bj iafanng ft little
pouiiled EMX-.hineAl m hot water. It ia llittn llltered. [Lcd ti few drops
bf nitric or Lydrochlonc ftcid ftdded, to preT«iLt tbd bngbt scarUt
^loiir frorn fbdin^.
Ilio gUs* tribes of rreaeuic Gftngtia, wlien foul, may be deansed wilL
t WPiHk ■oliitiiin of GoIphiiHc furid in wnter.
?&£88URE AND EXHAUST REGISTERS,
The prininplc of acUau of Hmsv InBliumeDtHB (Fi^'. Ii7). IjivtiiiltKl h^
Cfotloy. ii the Bftme as tbat of th^ foregoing, hut they are mftd^ to
ftri u «<>I1 aa imiiftu the [krt?anure or ^Tthaiivt. iu the o&ai^ may bo.
1M
IfI!W]3tUGlN(i 6 BANDBOOK Fl>B
Tkie U fiooompliMhcil by niL^oue of u KoB.t irt wntev. to wUich a vcrtieal
fipmdle ts &tteiC]ht.iJ> having a [t«4 pencil at tl;c upper end, prcAsiiig
upon a tjUnilri^^al j^riultiJiUfd ri>li cf pdpL?r iipfjii n ilnini, wUkh i«
tiiuwd lo revoh'L^ by wlouhwork oni*© ia ihe 24 Loots. The pjtper roll
iarcnowcd daily.
TLq K^bjtiuEi Beinster ie coczufcted to Cli« maine oc llic vorks. at ■
|io[iil bi-tween tlie Tiyilrattllc iimlri arid tli^ exbuusU^r, jiiid lIr* recoi^d
shows vLebhar* in the abseno^ of the muiaget, the exhaustet Ima beon
kept workinf^ with ro^vdn.rity*
TLti Fii.'ssute rtugistei: is abttAuliud to llie strt'vl mam bi^vuud tL«
trnvprtioTp and rpcnids the vn.rioiifl prexBHres nisjirtlJiiiiecJ lliprein (luring
the day and fiighu
Tbo difference between tb« Exhnufit and Prossnrc Hcgistcre is aimph
one of detail in L'oust rue tire ; the zern Jintr in the foimor bfiirg plnced
midway on tliL^ scjile, u-nd the spindle len^th^n&i) to corre.^pond, wliiUt
the aroi of tlie (lout is also incrGoaad. lif
the latter the stcvo lire is nt the botwm.
Wrighi'ft rregflurt? Regii^Ujr (Fii^. <J8> Ik a
eombin&tion crthi; Kin^a gaugi^. with acim»-
pioce, having a i^irctilur plute luid piipcr diao
iuatend of a dial. The 2i hoars are prinlcd
oil the diE<?, iind n n&noW at thtf f^nd of ii rocl
n(\buatod Ly the float. prtaBlu^; upon Uiiji,
records Uie varyuik' preaaoree.
»>
^
Fm. 67.
Pio, h*
Vr- W. n, Cowui hti» invented a n<<At ajid <^oiiipHet Instrunuint
whioh tocords the preBBQr<>B by photogr&pby tipon soadtii^ed sbeetir on
ihe revolving cylinder, inat
pundl.
of by the initrkiiigs of the ueucJ Ir'vd
0A» BKOFNEBBS AKB SdAKAaEH^.
JOS
UASHOLDEB TANKS.
The Tank h ibttb |xiti!on al i\w aiflrti^^e reHarvoIr far gJLs wliidi con-
It RiAy be oooatruoktl vlblieir wholly or iitLrt^y under bLe firound
\a\v\t or (a0 in Llie caMofiron Tunhfl) entirely al>ove^t>iui<l- (Ftg. 70).
CfnifmJ
J^U.
Flu. CT.
Btar,
FuhTO.
0r0i»qJ
rrv.
Id «xaAvdw lulta. wbert<vt!rUie Aubbtrvtuiii jn Ikyuurubk, H in
voDDonoioaJ to \€a\c a circtUar or oonioal moonfl in the odQtre.
IBi ii colUd tho ''dampliniT" ot "cono." (t'i^. fllK»
TAnkfl jxre occasionally formed by la&klug a <'iroa]&r cultius in the
RTOvid. and croctiiiK tliiiireiii an iron or l>rJok aiiuiilar gIihihipI to
coattln the water, Ifao intvfVGiiing central spaod bouig alflo covered
*fLh wittar, but only to a tovf inehoa depths TboBO o^e ^lUcd
"AnnoUr" TiuJta. rFig. 71.)
m
raVf3lGCI5Q-S HANDBOOK FOTt
tliat wljoro tho inJut aud f>uLlot pipc^ pass through the wcUJ oA tL<
Wtoui. TLc matoitceH of fui1ur& bere are sa numerona as to jt)flti&
Uit pluxt, BlJIIlellIul'^ u(l<?pLi?J. ctf |i]jv:ing Lite pipe!^ in u reacts biiiU
in t})e TftOk wall. TJji} obJt^troD to this nf^3£ is that it breftkn tbo
uralo of tlio ^vall, and ouusfqucatiy wouk^ru itfi power of rcaiaUnco to
oatflide preaeui^ : lut cgnlinaitj' of tlta diule cmi bo soounsd bj
strutiiD^ Lljt opuikiu^ wibli i^&fEt'imit atrntK uft in V"t^. 7-1^
I
F». fl.
F», 71
Or tlie pipes can its iDJule square tn «eotioD, and built in witJi t]i«
Wlien A brici( or atone Tank built in hiae liJks lime mortal b of luge
diriJt<umou9H Ihu naiiis uiu> tit streu^lioULil uL inter^iil^ of 2 or d uol
apart, by rinas 2 or fl ftet uj width, of the brick or stone liud in Port-
land oeiQt^nt mortur-
lloop'iroD, cr tUt wroughttron ringu, built &t iuborvala iiico Uic
Euisunrj or conur4^Lt*. iirL"cn!Paaiojia|ljf u^^cil forgivui^i Htrcutftli lo llie
viill^ of B Tank, Wbenchu dtamctoJ^ iKgn^LLl, Lind j)%riioukr)y in Tnnki
wljuro uo piidcLJ;} Je omployed, ilai buriton LoopUt bracod or li^LtCD«il
hj Bcrtiws or coLttts, are abo Aometimea placed roujul U^ti outu'de.
Whuii from mij cause it is foaml bitpraciicablu ur ^lEilenii^ble to
coiLdtroct a masonry Tank, wiicther of etone, brick, or cocctiete, with
iU GOpin^: on a [ev«l with the adjacent ground, circumaiauoofl may
rtf<juire thai the luiiA&ii pcrtiou oi the wall fhouiit ba atrengtlitnod.
In iu](iition to th^ snpiioi't ^v^n by the earth hacking, either by
flat wroutfht irob rin^ bailt into U, or by outside wrought-iroB
hoop?. t)no FTioh ring op hoop will siifficc for every i feot in hoigUt
of i]w Tank wail uhovEt tin* uatuinJ gnjunil lev<J. Thv vttcngtb
of ttio iron wUi. of conree. be detenmneti by Ute rlimenBions of tjie
Tajik ; but it may be suited, by way of j^idanco, tluit ktv a Tank of )Q8
foot in diameter* the iron »ihould be 5 inchea wido a^J | of an inch
tldok. Tilt* lliit rint' h mmli- continuous thi'ou^'hnut tin- oirult by
tirotifig. aakI the hoop by screw-bolts or ootters.
M
JA8 BNOIVBEaa AKD MA^ilQBHa
169
I
Xho bmkfl need in boiliUDg % Ttmk BhonJd be tlioroogUj noU w«tt«d
fen bun^ Iflif), to cnnM the mortar to adlmre.
ui tirn8 of sevenf froal &U brwk ami rdutie work sliuultl c^ikAfi.
To prawot iyui^ in ifme of rain, und cap^ciimj in wint*r. wlicn a
iuddoQ ^et mi^ht Hup«rr«n«, bho top of Ui« nt?w ivtdlmg should Uc
coTorcd vrith iveaUier Coanif.
fty iturutDra
BlnaliAB limi: concrete (for fotirulailotia) —
Onvel, uliin^l«. broken aione> bHcfca, or old r*tort»,
Ij to t£ inohdfl cube tt pEtrts.
Cleui AhttTp .uik4 2 pEirbAi
DUie lias ur ntlipr lijdrnnlic lime 1 prii'ti.
Ffirtlftnii ceuioui coucttU? »'for Tnnl wnlls)—
Gmvfll, ^litLgld, bfokon atom:, brickci. or old rotortu*
l)bdic8Cube 7 piu-in.
CltTKii rdmrp mkti^ . . _ :^ ^utrLii,
PottlaJid Romont . , . . , I pari.
Ur. J. Douf^liu gtvoM tlte folEowing uspfiil inatmctiori!! for rulxinh;
br PTOpiLrJEiff Uio c^noroto ;— - A pUtform, about 20 foul aciuaro. of
doaU, uhoiilJ K' lai<l on tbe groiuij to eoaore tbc oLtfftn mi3iiDe^<»f
the mntcrUU. Ihe itu^nsure. for the mntftrtAl m niiiipljr a. d^uare oox
without tn^t or hottoiii, iLnd should contAiit. na a or>nv«nidnt ^uantitj,
about h»lf a jftf']. Jt aliotiEd be twice an taiOky lui^oa doop &» tlio
proportionn cf oem^-Jt iuid bjJUnt, For inrinnco, if the cement is
1 lu e^, it ^LouM \w Ht [ndiuB <W[^ IfiHidtr, nt ^ iiic}i«8 from tlte
top, iiuU A Inth all tbu way rL>und; lUid after placing tlid inoiiNUiV
at one ifmi of the platform, fill tliv Wx i^klh ahuiRlo or bullaBt to
the Ie\-d of the hitl^. Mid ouupletu with cBiumil, stiiJiing the ctmecit
level with ti atLVKiKht^ndgcu Tbo box measure cfui tlLtn btt tiflud up
and r^movud* when tli« Gom«nt will fall down aver ^ad nmonff the
Aggre^iUu, and the wliolc niaaa should be twice turned ovtr tirif. \Val(T
«an tneii bo ^hM tpliroiLgh a ro««*, lirid dit^ whole turDLnl twice OV«r
again, A3 htlif wntor ahould be addecl ft3 posBiblu, but enough lo
th»Ou<hl>' moiittun Uic wliolo maBBp Tlic coticrot^ is IIil'G fit Jor
liao. ill dry 1^^ather it is imceMBM^y to keep the work damp, afl, if
th^e is not HUlTicimit water tc enhhTe tho cviiit^ul to set— alx>ut
llj per cent— ihe ooncroU will bo uwoUhi^ II ia alao important Uj
UioroQgtdy wet tJie pn;ut>us woik on which the ItgsIi ooncreM i« to bo
laid,"
ConerctA Ib bext phLoud in position from harrowH wheeled cIom; up ;
k tthcnld thun bv wetl and bohdly reLinmed down. To tip it from a
m
K£VnUGtiWO'@ BA»PB001£ I'OB
height (8« wuH li>rtutfrl^ ihe pnwlice) i£ objeotionftbb, tu tending o
UisinbCKrato tb« ingreJieatti of wLicb it h compoaefl*
AfipWte uL^ ttLr coiLcrett) U&a aevtr (bo far itd 1 uici aware) W^u t.m>l
for a rioliler Tank ; bat tbert- h lio reason wlij it ahoul^ not answer
ndmii'abijF for lliAi piirpo^. lU covi])os\i\im is u followH: —
By nir4«ure.
CoeJ tar i} }jQrfp3.
Sifteil liflj* lime , . . , 2 parls.
Gravel, shingle, broken atones, bricks, or old
retorts, not more tliaa !{ iQcJ)^ cube . - 7 porta.
Oeaji, ?Ln.rp fiunil fl puta,
The lar anil Lmo to bo tiret mixud lo^olL^r, imd tho oLber mftWiulA
ft4<led> AH to be Iborou^hl/ drj.
In tbc construction of brick or stone Tanks, liyilrniilii* mortar or
tjOQient mortal-, either one or ikxc otber. or botb. ia invariablj uacdi
The following is tbeir composition : —
hljidriiu}ic Mortar.
Beet bluo li&8 lime 1 ptJt-
CtduiahftrpHver aaui] S pute.
or,
Beit bJuo tit« liin« 1 p&rt.
Uumb cky S^ PA^-
or,
Dvi8t bliiv Has liriiti 1 liart.
PuKzolnna 1 pnrt.
CioaA sbarp a&ail parte.
Osment* Poitlaiid 1 purt.
Olean shnrp Haritl ,..,,. ^ . 8 pKrts.
Tim Imu; aUotild bv freali burnt, untl uo^ Luiuti Lhui nuflioitut oftb^
morter fvr nduy's work prepari>Ll al cuc«. The oem«Dt mortar thcoli
coly b6 roa^o aa it ia bdug uBod.
The characU'riBlics of good PorLlamt cemeat ore thus euocinctlj
Htat«d b^ Mr. Fuija : — " In coloiir Jl 8liouM bo of a doll bluisli grej;
and ehouJd have a dear, ehfkrp, almost floury fn«] in th9 liand; it
8houlidireighfromll31bs. tcll8lb«. perairikoabLisbol ^87 to 921b».
OAS BNGIKKB&S A»D UANAUBBSh
m
I
pftv «tttic fool), fttid ivlian moulds into ft biiquetU, or smiH ^Mtin^-
iJock, frnd flOftlLoi m water for mvau dajrs, dioald bo oupabJo of rociattn^
a Uiuile fltruQ of froni UOO to iOO Ibit. per (iquaro iatih. The cctnent
(hottld, daiing thn prmrtiuM nf Miittiii^f, ulitiw nsithor exjjunuuu iiur
B; mvftfon,
CmI ur 8 pftrts.
Biftad Uiufi 2 pe^e.
Tbe Ur uiij Litao to b« nau«d to^^er, ujtl ffimd, in a thoroughly
dry Mfttot to bo (bfWcwu^ ftddod.
for poddlOrdajiSMad with oaoth^id uuidt ailt, or aoil freo from
r«(«l4ble fibr«, i* prof^ble to pure clay, beiog Gnnci: in texture, uid
km lUhln lo cmeV w]Leri dry. U ahunlil b» prtiparoil outHiile of the
tncicli, put in in tliin bLjeru ^ tlie wall of tb« TatiIc is built, kept
uoirttnedt trodden well in witli the feet, and bockc^l tip wi;h oartli
c^rofblJj ponndcd. A cubic j&rd of puddle weiglis aboufi 2 toii^i
[roil Timkt.
In LTOB TiLnks the flanges of tho bottom plates flhoald nlwivya be
iMMiiU ; vhiUl tlioHL! far the sides may bo oiUjiiilf^ and the plutee should
broAk joint with emeh otliur thi^oughout.
Iron picTi, or picrn of brir^k, ^iic, or ootiototo. oro oroctml al oqual
di«tftnc«i Apjut round thr^ vutmda of iron Tivnkd, for the purpoHc of anp-
portirK tlur ipuihu]dtr coluuius ur Hlmidatdfl- If llje Tank iit of
iiatjUl dimooHicinH. tlie gtindarda iii&y be bolted to «lroiig bruoktita
a>faxed to lb<; upper tier of flido pl&tce.
Lfoitiuft^ /torn Ifm T'inh,
Lcftkagea of waXw from iron Taukj may oft&n be greatly rodufcd or
idlugietliivr fltoppe^ by emptying a bushel or t^o of \n)tse dung into the
vttVOOniigaonM Ui the uscapc- A biLmlf[)l of finc! irnn fltiugs sprinkled
hgbUv over tho dunj^ will bu fotind of lulvninogo^ By this simple
trxpetfieut, \(ry heavy eBcap«a huvu frequoutly been roduced to a mere
drip wilhin ti^u npucc of ^ fow miuutes-
Dry WflU, and fnf^iitibl Ouxlft PipeM.
iCbodiy or stand pipe well h not naacsaarily tho invarinblo oocom-
puiinwnt of a Gasholder Tiuik. Some engineers prefer to diipetise
»ithil altog**thnr.
%
ITS
KBWBiaOUf^S HAKCDOOS POft
KUciy of Uie liu'gost Taiiks arc ma<Ic witliout dn troll8> tin IbM
outlet pipes bolfi^ of ^uuti umjile diameU-r as to ftomifi of thdr ouanl-
natina nnd repair. Ef neef\ be> from die insirle.
The m4vni)tage 9[i|>fo?«d to be gained by providing a di^ W«U iff Ui«
facility which it afforoa (^f occcas to the iulot and oQblct Fipo3» boib
vtjrticitl &iul liori£ODta]< tn cusb of fiacture, idtLni^t distuibing ih«
pnddio or ath&r hnckiiig of tlie Tu-nk wmU,
111 smiUt Ttmk9 it is aot imu^tOAl to form u roc^as in the Tank welU in
which the inlet n.nd outkt pipea ere plowed, and are tliiifl occe^iblc
when the? Tank is ei[ipti«^d cf waua'. (Fig. 71. j
The iul«t und oiilt^t P>1^^^- ^spt^ciEilly wlieii of wroright'iroap fihotUd
l>e Mflurolj iiiitiinif<?d or bolted down to tJit Bti>no of tonarotv bftdo on
which thc^ rvBfc withia llic Tauk, If Uns is not done, tho water, bj
reasnii of jL-4 tloutlnK powvr, Ifl liable lt> raiMi tljbin filigbtty. &ii<l ^3
dUiiirlt j^nTid cfliia^ a Touia^e tbroagb or past the ruddl« or o(?notvte in
wliloli the horifontiil porttoiie of tbo pipoe an^ omhoddaij.
Thvknt^ qf T^tnk \\%iiU.
4
Tiie ^TillBof mflaofiry Tanke ibriuli. sKinQ, oiid oonoreto) ue
L-equired to redat, unsupported, tho prcflflurc of the y^'t^Utv Oiotia^npoil'
tiieir t^ktes ; bnt nro itivariably btiUl uuJur iliu nurfu^i:' luvul of Lbi?
ffround wilhio the epu«e of an oxoa\^LiOQ mad« for thai pnrpoao, and
httTine a backing of wlh ourofully nunmed all round Uiom. Tlua
earth biicking oBaally offvre a rcaifttAiuw bo the prtwufV of the walw ■
within tie Tiuik, gi>;al«r tburi the uombiiu^l w^igbtcf tlii=i \^'a11 nn*! I
tbu 00 bcmvi: nature of its component ingredionti; acd ooowqiuntly
in detiipnin^a Tanh walli i\\\B fact is allowed for, and a dedoction maacr
from the oa]<:u]at4jd unBappoitod tljickneaa of tho nifkscmry.
In the well-known }fh'i\-'y* by M. Anion, a Lranslwtioa [if which, 1^
l>r. Poki, is given in *' King's Troatinfl " f VoL ll„ p. Ibl W *c<(.], tlio
author iDVCsti^ntoa this enhject with hiji nxinil abilitj* After !>oma
preliminai^ t>^jr^(;iMLtJons on the nuluvu of Liio ground, lUtd tLio uhoioa
and pladug of iiinteriAh he proceed!^ to a coii^jdi^TnUou of tho fbrcn*
M-id rosiBtiuiovs in u GastioE^er Tank of mnaonryt and d«duiHA» tho
following forniuI;r :—
H"
(I) S D ,. ^ tAf Uiffl/'frft It/ t/tf Hii^r.
Thru at t9 t/ie iJirt^f/otd retiut'in'Y lo thU f'>r<ft
QkB KSOmnEHS A^D »ANAGKR«h
ITV
(a) A ^ Iftff nrHifl(^wr 0/ M« tfrfpjAe of ihf latmtntitf,
Addiiig the combing rosiatawoy from Uic tlirco eoiiroefl togeUier. we
2
P E' D" H
C D» -; + ^^^- ■' ^^ K H' E.
jl&d to prodnrw strbHIity of t1i6 T4nk thaae uuat be t(re&t«r thiui tbc
'lllftiiti pressure of the «iiU;r —
&D
vhoro D = Intt^nioi cikmstL^r of tliu Tank ia fMt,
£ — TLioktK^ae ijf the vral\ 4uT«rrw«) ia fo^>
D^^ Cxt^nuil iliauieleT uf the Tank in feel.
H ^ Heig}Ti of wall in feet.
8 = Woight oi a cubic foot of water.
C == R«dflUJii>e of ^e «4rtL ba<;kiiij( in ll>0. p«r sq. fool.
P = Weight of * cubic foot of the nifMioory-
K = CohGNivv torcfi per »f|. foot.
Applying clji?0e fbrmalje to on« of Uie txamflGs of T&nicd ftotu&ih
conittroctDdi lot u« aec liow lli»; work out. TAo tht Tatiih d?4«ribM
(VJi p. im .—
D = Iniemnl Jintneti^r of tank, V22 fnnt.
E = Avum^ ibEcknoEiE^ of ^^-IhI^ :£( feet.
!>' =^ CxtentJil dinmobcT. 1:17 foot.
H ^ Ifei^Ut <ar Jnpth). 2*1 fLTUk.
ti = H'«<i^'hl oTa cubic Cvoi cf wut«r, 112-C lt>4H
C ^ tit?3L«tiuicio of tbc OLrUi Wkin^ p(>r ai|. foot. diLj and oojtli,
ftwy avera^'i; liiOO IIh.
P = Weight cf H cubic foot of the mruJOTnj, 1 12 ih».
K ^ CohQmvtk t'orct' por- ^q. foot, bricks in 1 Portlajii cement to
d «an4l, inurUr^ 81,6^0 Jbs.
Thm
O)
= €2^6 X I2a
W
= 17,M;8,0fK)- toUl force of
'-^^-^— the wfttcr
m
KCn-mOOlKQ^S fiAKDBOOlC PDA
(1) CD'" ^ 1200 X li27 g = lti.tt9l,2(H) - mjBtMice of.
earth bao^<
tE"DiH lift X 2-5' X 127x84 , ^„ q^v. "^^"
(8) KH'E = 31G80 X 21" x 2-6 = 15.619.200 = reaiaUmcodo*
I
sm.G7T.W1 = total rMin.
ant^c ill lbs,
or aliouC five times tlie presBtira of tli@ water, wbioL is an fimplo
laai^n for aafetv.
It hae already been pointed out iUnt lite whIIh of brick Tftnlu, vhtt^h
are porous in some degree, liavi'ng a backing of elaypiidrUB behind and
over tbo Tank bottoio, ar« pliiced in fquilibniuii by tl]« water on botli
udee- Aitd tlterdbre do not require to be of as fp^atftthidtneBSjutJiow
with Mi iiitei'iiul linijig of cement iinperroeaLle lo waLer. 7n tlieUtt^
case ape<i«I care should be tuken to ^ec that the o&rth booldrk^ in
thoroughly coTLSolidat&d btihind IUg wall, so that tho proBGiire of tl)0
^vnler n^'^nsL ilif Tank may It! Iruteiuilled Ihereto direct, wiLhoiU
ilftng^r of ruptitiN.' lo i\n- iiianuiti^.
When it ia requirotl to ascertain the thichuesa of any portion of a
Tank wuM to reeiet ttie foroe of the water pressing e+'airiBl it. the
t'cir luuJie a» ujidet i& applicable ;—
*. p=UiklaicrflB ill inalju&,
Whore P = tljc (>t'u8BQro of tlie water in lbs. per squrvre incli-
D = the radius of thfi Tank in utchflfl,
K = i\iv naf& colieaive fiyvoa in IbK. per square indi.
Ekauvlk.— A brich and pti^ldle Tnnk aet in Portland couient mortar
h 12S feet in mtemal dianictor and ^t ievl ilccp to tb^- Rnrfficu of the
r3»l atones. [Sei4iiired tbichiie^fl of wall imiueil lately abu\D rootitiga.
The preftanrt* of the water on endi sfjuare iT>i.*li will tI)ererore bo —
-^'^— — = 10 lbs. pr&saiire of water per nquare inch.
Tlie safe colie^ve atrengtb of tlie bnckwork in Portland ceineut
mortar (1 ct'iii&nt. H nand) may he Ukeii at ^'2i) ^ 2 = 110.
PD ^liij^ 7a3_7^30 ^
the Teqalr«d thicknero of the walh It wilt lie spnn, howorv^, that in
VOU
Gotiom tlitggtid vilh j^rd flaga 9 in. tliick. Ijeddcd on ibi
Diiclifl. belt hud'bnmt stocks.
Mortitr, Vinit limii, tuixi^d wjtU Iwu-Lliirda aJinrp rk^Lr sand,
FoutijiKH. '1 i;OLii'iM^A : viiclth rpnpeclivvljr 4^. 4. 8^, imd A bric^ks,
WalU* UiickiiosB At baE« to h^glic nf A ft.. 2^ bnekit ; uexi 5 It.,
SE lml<» ; rcmftuitn^ :{ ft. to iindorncatli uoptiip, l| biicks.
Coiiiuji; atotiea, 1 ft. liiicli, droasud to the pnji>er mdiiu, aiid laiJ
in c^nti^nt.
Piier»> ti, brought up from fbinidatioti, l>oiiiicl in with Uink wall,
eflcli capped with ft tton^ 8 ft. si^uaro, 10 iu, (liiek, ^t]i4 bolt*
holeSi
]t«Gt Atoni>H. 12, in ill- njtutre. A Sii, thick, Inid oti fuutrngf,
Mourd lofc >n bottom of tanl, » fo£>t Icks in diamcLJM' than th«
Utlor, do^t^cd rouud tlic baac. otliei' part piti;b«J wiUi nuidom
Fiiddlod i;Tith tf\a.y twotblri?, inlim&tol}' tmxcul with ouctltir^
Mild ; 2 ft. tljjck at buUom ; tlio oidce, 2ft. «l bja« tt> 1 ft. iii.
at wp,
Hi'icki, bflKt Imnl-bumi sttn'.kH.
Mortar, Itos limo, mixed with twO'thirds ei^nd.
Diameter, i;^ ft, Depth, ^G ft.
FooLiiigB. 5 coiir»o«, J&rat cotirsc, doublo, & bnok* in width;
otbtTB sui^lo ; IJ, 4, luid Hi bnc-lie wide rcapoctir*lj,
WttU tliiiJiiithB fttbaflc tobotghl ofl) ft.. 8 bricks; m^xl n tl.,U
brick* : leraaining 5 ft. to uiideniealh COpin^j, 2 brick<>
Coj>mg etor«b, 1 ft. tliick, drassed to llie proper Eodiud, 4nd laiJ
HI ci3m«uL
FierH, H, brnugbt up from fooinlaljoii, bound in witb tank vail.
cncb TApped witli u fitcne S fe«t c^uare, 12 in. tbi«k, wiUi 1
toU- holes.
IU«t atoiios. Ifi. 2 f\. 4j in, long, 12 in. nidc, 10 in. tliicL
Moimd left in botU>]ii f>i tmili, II fnnt Irwjt in dintikijtL'r tbon tlw
Ifttter, covered with roiicrc»ta 11 in. thick.
Puddled witii clay ; IB ui. tbick At bottom '% Ctt aidM, 2 ft. a:
bttM to 1 ft. in. at top.
Bricks, bent hiLn^biiruL stttuudn.
Moi'Uf, 1 PorUuad cemtint lo 2 of Hbarp noud.
DiUD^ter, m ft. B in. Depth. HO ft.
Foolings, 4 coiiraofi; flrvt coiirft«, doubltr* 5 brick« ia mdtb ;
othora smjcU ; It* Ji uid 3) bricks vidtJ r^flptclivcly.
OAK K^Grf^TXft AMD MAKAGEItS.
170
WdUfHWlbuotolieiglit of? rt.,3 brickfl; nexil ft.,S4 brioke;
Aud Tenumin^' t^ ft.> tj bricks tLick.
C(T[titi^'. bricbt buI oii hJ^,^, ikiiil Wd in c^titeiil*
Piors. 9, bro%'ht up from fmindfttion, *icb rnpp^il with & slono
1 fl. diiuoM, 10 in. Uiiolc, With -1 Loi«H for liolding-dow^i boUx
of columm.
!U«t Btonea, 18, 24 tzi. equftre, 10 in. djick, kid on footiu^a, ftod
let B ia. into «idosi of ttrnk.
pD(Jdl4>d wilb cbj, mixcfl vith onothird vuid. 2 ft. tbick At bob-
loQi ; bbe aides, 2 f^. d,\ base. Upering to Wt. C m. at cop<
Centre pillar, tct MEipport rrowii of f^aaholder vhtm dowii, built of
Ittifik, coated with cniJu^nL
Jtottonit llagK^ ^itb Vorkithirc flo^s, -I in. thick,
BrickHi bnirt iLard-lfurnt AtocK,<i.
Mortar, lion lime, iiiixo(3 vritli tvn-tliirtU ulmrp river niuid.
Difefn«tfir« IflSft. Deplli, 24 ft.
Foutinini, i\ brickd wiJo at base, dimiijblibg bj uffadtn to tU«
bottom of vnD.
WaiMbichnfJild ut bufiu lo 7 ft. kii boigbt, 4 brickid ; next 7 fl..
SI) bticka , rttut ^^ ft.. 3 bricks; &iid rt-iitfurimg -1 ti. Uj
casing, 2J bri<:k« tltii^k.
Copmg of iioa^, 1 ft, tljick.
i'icri, l*i. uiLmi-d i£|i OJid biult in with ^^IJ from foniidatioD.
Eodj lui^pi-d wicb a, nWi^G 4 Si, s^Litire, IQ lu. cluuki wiUj t
bolt-holM.
BmI etouss, ^4, ^ ft. <I in. eqiiar«, i9 in. thiok, lot 4 id. inta
bottora of walit and reatiajf on foctings.
t^h]ii«A, 72 In niimhi\c, 18 in. ]<ing. 12 in. b> 12 in.« bililt iiito
lauk wall, n^fiinst wbicii th*^ Rhiuniel guides are foni^ned.
i'uddlod wibb Dl^yr mixed with one-third Rnnd, '^ ft, thiok ai
Lcltcim; the aidoH. 3 ft. G in- at base, tapering to I ft* in.
ni top.
Batictn, conct-utod ovur the fuddlo to the dspth of 1€ in.
CcnLri: ):ii!lnr, to auppai't guflboLdor cfovu-
Ikicbf, bcAl bard' burnt stocks.
klortar, bu limo, laiiud with two-tblrds sharp river ■and.
r'i»CQet*r, 102 ft. 5 in. Doptb, 80 ft-
Footing, 1 donblo And 4 ninglo counoe, roapootivdy 0, ^J, &, H,
aad 4 bricks s\ide.
Wfrll. A bricLt widi! for 10 a. hi^h i nv\i 10 ft., ^ Wicks : Mid
renmlnin^ ft. to cc^iEng, 2 bricks.
s'2
I
1H>
tiEWBtGGING'5 HANDBOOK FUR
Coping of stone, 12 in. thick, not lesa iLau i ft, Icog cocii fttonOi
Slrtiiigtheuing ringB, of bridiwork, laid in cement, & —
Ist ring, S fl. (t in. from IwttaiD,? hrick^ d@ep.
2iid <Io. b ,, (} ,, ti ^ «l0'
8i^ do. 14 „ 0„ ,, 6 do.
-Itli (to. Ifr ,. G „ ,, n do.
6th do. ^..0,, „ 4 do.
Pierfi, 32, brau^ht up fi'tTri foundation along wUli and bound into
tlk« vftll, oodi cunppt'U with a etouc 4 ft. in. sqimro. 15 in.
tliiok, with 4 b<jlt-lioleSp
ResL slonea. l^l, 'J7 itu tiiiimre, 12 in, tbiuk. oil fooliu^, imd let
4 in. Into tauk walt-
Pnddlcd ^vith clo.;, mixod vritb one-tliird eaud, 2 ft, ^liok
tJiTOUt'liO^l-
Coutrv [litlar* of biLck. to aupfiort gasholder crown, cen3ent«d
ovor.
BoLtom concreted to the depth of IS in. over IIjo puddlo.
Brick;], Wai bftrd-butnl stocks.
MoFtar, litLii lime, mixed with two-thirds sharp river VAud.
Diameter, I'Jti fi. Depth, 2i R,
Conorete under footings of wall and roat atones, l*i in. tbick tati
ID ft. wtdop
Footings, 8 bricks wlile at base, diminishing b^ 8 offMtA to ibo
hottom of the wall-
Wall, thichnesti at baso to 8 ft. Q in. in height, 4 brioln ; nvsl
7 ft.H 8j biickfl ^ next 4 ft. ii)-, 9 bricks ; and reiuaiujUj; 3 ft,
to coping, ^^ hriolratbJck. Bntter of wbU 1 in IDO.
Ooping of atone, 9 in. ihick. bj' ^4 in, wide, and not leee thnn
8 ft. 4 in, lonf?.
Pififs, 14, eaoit 7 bricks Kcjiiare carried up and built In witli avaII
from foundatTon. ami capped with a Btiine 5 ft- 4 in. square-.
I« in- tht[;k. and witU 4 holding-down bolts to each.
lUot ftortrg, 29. 3 ft, (I in, h^ 2 ft, bj 12 in. thick, bb into wall
4) In,, and rustiug ou fooUngs,
Guide rail titdiiOB fi6 in number, bDilt into tank wall, ^ of
which are 2 ft. by 1 ft, <; in. by 1 ft, in., the i^maiain;- aS
being 2 ft. 6 in. by 1 fl. C in, by 1 ft.
Brick ring or apron viieuding 6 ft. from inside of tank wall at,
Iho bottom to toxta a door, S oouraes of bnoka Uiick laJd
tiftl. '
Centre jjillar of brickwork, 4 fi. diametcr-
Moflur Ponlftnd cement, 1 fflTt; fifliid fi potto.
I
OAS BN0l»BfiE8 AM) UAVAOBEie.
LU
BHokfii pjoked common.
Puddle behind w»U of lank, S4 in. thick at lottom, tapering t
18 iij. uX top. On cone in tnnlt bottotn 18 in. tliitrk.
CoDcnU ovor turfafe of piiddkd coua in bottom, C in. tbi^k.
Top ot tank, 1 fL iibave g/ncind Invol-
Footini^K, ^ douliln ooiLrHeB^regpectiTel^rSft., 4 ft. 8 in., 4ft. 4^ ia,
^<l i ft, wide.
Wall, U» height of 10 fl. »bove footings, a ft, 7 in.» or 4^ brides
Lnhick ; naxt \Q ft., 4 bncks ; ncrxi, 30 ft., 8j bricks; tinxb
16 ft., $ brL<ik«; next 6 ft., 2{ brickn ; romaining 4 ft., ox-
alaALTe of copinjf, S brioka lliick.
Slreiiglboniiiir rint^^, or coursfis, (3 coiine> in ererj 5 ft, of
hai^t; nhta the 3 Jittisliing i^oTirAfiN, Miit the corrtfiiponiliMg
ootirae« in pio». eel in cement, Tito briekworic at no part
oorned higher bbtin 5 coursea of bricba, until the circle up to
that J^vt)! la c^oiiipleldd, fuddled, and backed up.
Cc^ng of Btob^. 12 in, Ibiek, bedded in cumtnt.
V'len, 16. 4 ft. II in. wide, sncb capped witb a ston* 5 ft* equnro.
16 in. thick, fi^r acjppurtiijg oulmniin ; 4 hoU» la «ach for
lioldiftg-dciwii t)olt4; the said boldri^'duwn boltrt, vith CAJit'
iron pucc, bmJt mto *iiic]i ^ier^ 10 fin b<<low l(]Vtil of coping.
0lonuB» 8tj, Ifit 4 J in. into face of wjill, an J ruetinjir oa piers
of brickwuEk fiirEniiii^ piirL uf thi? ijtJicra] roolijinja.
tUoAka of fltou0, m jn. by J2 in, hy V£w., inmtr.i^ in v»11
Oppont« «a«b pi<?r, for ebcunng guides.
Cono in centra of tank, (t ft. hsa in diumcter at ihcr buH' than
iho interior of uiik : \ovtfr part, tci bi^igbt of 20 Si.* iwvvil
witii 4 coiLt-^ofl o/ bnckworb ; upper part, of cUir only.
IJot not lea^ Ihun IS in. in tkicknoa^, and ks^t constantly
VfclJ moialcntKl ; tl:« (<arth hamg finely povtndod m belLind.
Briokit, bwt h&rd-hTirnt nr^ekH.
Mottur, composed of ) pari in^h burnt liu lime, to 3 piirts of
doan, tljnrp rjvor sand ; not more than sufiiciont for one dftj'a
work taadfi ftt 4jui» time.
iftnt, frofib burnt, villi «fjUAl proportion* ofttatd, imxed as it
in boinfi uRixl,
r. or itiuiii pipe well, !5 ft- dinmctor. CO ft, deep, paved with
a oounes of brickwork on ^k^, «et in ciament.
Wuncter. 164 a. Depth, 40 ft, a in.
Founduiion orcoiicTOte 12 in. thick, Id ft. wide under piore, ami
I L ft. widv uudut wftUiu^.
Dry.
4
143
NRWSKlGntO'S KAKIIBOOK FOB
Wall* ataHrbs frcio cQiicrete fmmdEitioa vrilliciut footings, a hnckji
thick for a Loigbi cflti ft. 10 iii. ; iL«xt 4 J briiilu for 6 ft. ^ m.
deep ; n&st 4 brioka tor 6 ft. 5 lu. i iioxtaj bnckaforGB. 5iii..
ana d brivka the remuijiiiig hci»;ht>
Coping of sUiiiv, 12 hi. ij t fu ^ lu.i m Wgth» uul Il^hh Lluui
4 ft. 6 m,
VieTQ, Iti in number. C fl. square froiD bottom to top, capp^ witli
horil ^''oL'ltsliire stones, ft< aqoaro &iid j ft> tliick. v/iih i
IjoU'LoleH ill efkch-
Reat EtoQes, H*2, 4 ft. 10 in. b^t! ft., bj; i ft., built 4} in. in tUilc
wall.
Gnidc i-.ul ^tone^H 144 In niiLuberH 1 12 of vfVich uro 2 fl. bj 1 fl.
!i in, b^' ] ft., nud the rGm&iniiig ^2 beiii^^ -^ ft. by 1 fr U in.
by 1 f(, H in.
Puddled with olay £4 in, tbiok over aiir£bo« of moond in bottom.
and behind tank wilII.
Bri**k npron, 2 ft. Uiiftt and fi ft, wide, roornl bottom oTtonk wnll
iuaiiio, upon wUicti tbo roKt stonea arc sot.
OcntivpiLlar of brick, f! ftn Et)uare at bottom and C ft* 9 in. ^^uait
At top, cnjipnd liy ri Htmiu 1^ iti. tbii^k.
MoTlur. PortliLud, ccmont. 1 purl ; land. 8 putts,
Jlond. EuKltab : ultoruutt: oournca cf UtTudt^ra liud ntrotobon
throucLuaL
Dry fr«lL 10 ft, in JiauibteF, 48 ft. G lit. doep^
Diameter. 1S2 il. Deptb. 40 ft.
Fcotixi^. £1 ft. deep belov tank bottom, In H equal MC-b-off:< : p]
an elm al#(ipBrs, il in, by 4 in.
WalL tbioknesfl at bnsu to 15 ft, in bpigbl, 44 bmlet ; ncil IG fl..
4 bricks; next fi fl.^ U bndiei. and roEUEumn^ 1 ftn, ^| bricki
tUick.
Coping. Bramley Fi^l stone. 12 in. tliJck. and ti4 In. wido.
Pi«Tl,K&. Gft.tlii<ik ^m inside tank lo out«jd« pior, and S ft. 9 in,
wiAt eidc to bidf;. cupjibd ^viib ^ramto blocks, £ It, 9 in.aq^iurc
Aiid 2 ft- tbit'ki witlj 4 balt-boi«0 in eacli.
Real atones. Z8. built in wall 1^ bt.. are each 4 ft> by S ft. A iu.
by IV in. tbiok.
Guide rail nton^n. USA in numb&r. 16 in. by 12 in, by 13 in.
PviiMW with day on cone tn bottom of lank, nndpr rooiin|>s,
and bobJnJ tank watj a uuifom tbicknoaa of £1 in.
Coi^e at bottom covered ovor the eby witb U in. of concrete.
and pavad ivitli a layer of bntks o;i odgo, aot in cement.
CnntTiP pillar ofbri4:knork, 7 ft. t\ in. sqitarQ. mpp^^d ^ith graniln
blook, 3f fl. tbiok,tbo wJioUou a foundation ofaoncrcto.
nift BlTGnf^Kira JtRD VUUOHWI.
in
Brieinv hmit hnrAAmmt utock Irit^kiL
i>^ Mortar, bino linn limo moHor.
, ik ring cr riprcn, 9 ft. thich, oxtunding 6 ft. 6 in. Erom ihhiUo
of liuik wuU bt tljc butlDTn, to ibnn a uoor.
mtinotin-. 200 ft, Prptli, »(i ft.
K90tL»xif< J>u<] 0(1 c-lm bonnlji 1| in. thiuk, plAOcd oa theruddjt.
ara if hrii^ka wiJu at Iftau. ifimiuUliitiiE t>> 1^ in. u£lseU In
bottom of w&ll.
WaD, thickneAB at baae to tU ft, in bei^ht, 5 brL«k« ; mxt \\ ti.,
ii bricba: ROXt£ ft., i hnckv; iwit « ft., 81 bncka ; next Gft.,
brii^kif, Atirl thi> renmtritri^ [lOtlioTu fi^ brickm ; beinif l)ri(»b«il
ivt top, tf> form n coping, witb SlaffordiJiird blnft bn'cka «ot on
odgo in ccinojil.
I'jcro, 3i in nunkbffr, >' ft. (I in. from inaido tank to outmJO tlid
ficr, nniT 7 ft- wiibi froin >iic]i* to Hiili<, mtmiontitoii bjr BrKmley
aL ooIucui «tonM, ft. bjr & ft. 6 in. bj 1 ft. 4 in. tbiok, wUU
1 holcift in iMoii.
?icra« iDtonittJiAt«,42iDDambei. CbncklejiKt1ijiv>liiaro.broDjrbt
up tram bottom, luid cnppod vhh Ntnuc^d, li ft. v[WiTa, Mid
1 n. tl iri. tbidc.
lUtt Eitoncci, iip 4 ft. in. by & ft. by 1 fl. 3 in, tbiok. sot into waU
'1^ ill. arvl btnyL-il on cMiicroio.
fiuiJe riiil «loi]o*, Ji, 2 ft. nquarci by I ft. in.
Tuddltd with ci»y, over ocHD in ctrntro, andandfrfootintpi "ifL, \Sii\.
tliich, IrcbniUtaiik vralltift. tbick at bottom, ta^hu^ to 1 ft. (Jin.
Bl lop-
Coiiordi«»pron,Sft- tbick. oitoiidiogOfl^rroTn tfttik wftlLftJl round*
;Cono. covorctj wil!i *iia. of oonorcto ovt^r tbt oUy pnddla,
^ricka, well bunit OUbui-y brown bncke.
HqtUi', Lilud lijiH hirrt?, 1 ^mrt ; Hhnd, 2^ pftrtti.
Bond, EnglUJi, nJtoniftIo aourHtiti ol boadi^re auil «(roLchera
LbronKikOut.
Hoo|>-irou bi^ijJ. t^vavy Kiilb uuuiHi' In Lmubtt lH»'^y I'lOth m.
ism«4*rLni1 an follnwn:— lo thrtf^ hru'ks i.liiok jiftri, (i mw« urtr liutl
in ttio tliicknoHJi nf Uio ^vnllnt ciaiiIdi«tiutoi>n apnrt; in Uia 4i
ondibricknUiiekpiirt, J i<>wb: yj anJ 3 bricks pjirt^Jirowa; and
2 laWH fur th^ rfmaiEiin^ btti>;ht.
Slmllow *\t\ vsvW. 12 ft- flinmoter. 20 ft. 1^41.
I^iOl-tftr. 2Ja ft. ti in. Deptl:, i^}* fu
Footing, bottom ctiume, 7 bricks wi^fl, i bricks deep, and 4 sinitio
vuuTscH, rtwpiiptivfjlj fi, fl}. fl. tttid 4i brii^ku widt.
i
lil
NEWTUGCCs'G'fi HANDBOOK FOTl
Wall, tliiolweas for a hctglit of SO ft., i hiicka; iieit 9 ft., »)
brichff ; next 6 ft-, 8 briclLs.
Coping r.iDtie, 24 iti, widen 12 in. thick.
StiengtliQiim^ rings of brif^kwork kid in octhctiI, 6, dirided cquaJly
thKnighout ilio depth of tmili vail, 10 bricltB each in dopLli-
Ken. 18h en foiinduUrais b[u%'bb upfromluUomvf t<Lukfi>otiug3
ftlid bound ill witli wnll. eac^h cap|itn1 vtitli n 3tuiK< '( ft. i^ijiLarv.
]U in. thick, 4 holoa for bolia, ihe Intter ivStb plate bnilt i»io
pier. 10 ft. below tliu top of cr>}>iiij;,
It«»l qIojius, 8(Jh 4 TLp. Bijuan?, 12 in^ Lhtck* on footings Woa^bt up
(vntn ho'.T,om rf wall footings?-
Pttd.lloil with clftji mised witli one-third sharp AEnd, and not I««f
thuu 2 ft> tiiicK ui Bny purt.
BoUoni concTeLatl over LLb puddle to ths depLli of 12 in.
Bricks, best hard -burnt tU^cks,
McTtAT, 1 pnit lias Itmo to ;£ parts sli&rp river eard.
Diaiiiot&r. «18 ft. Depth, 14 ft, {\ in.
FouTidalion ofcoiicrGle2ftp. tliirkf Oft. 6 in. wide. including nprvm.
Wall, thkcknftBB nt buse to !^Ofi. in heighi, 5 bricks; next &tt.,
AihncU» ; ncit 5 ft.. 4 bricks; noxt 6 ft.. S} briekit ; ni^xt <S ft..
S bricks, fujd Lhe rtimniiiiii^' ^rtiou 2\ bricks , 7 diculiu^ buidi
of bnokwork, 6 cf^tirses ileep eiieb, mid eiietulitig Lhroiigb ihf
full thiekDCfis of tho v^ilU, are built in cquidistantly ui Uic
Ijoigiit of the wiJI set in Portland cement morlrtr, the inter-
vening portionBof the wall bein^y a«t in lijdmuliu; liuin nioruu
ftll in Enghdb bond.
Coping of YorkaUira atone. S ft. 5 in. b; 6 iiu, in G ft. longtbtf.
pitijecting 1 nch over wbJL
Piers, S4. ouch I't frsm inairlf tank vail to outsidi^ of pit^r, and
G ft. 6 in. wide, aide to flidb, capped with Bramley FtH) stoow.
7 ft. by 5 ft. 6 in, by 2 ft.. Lcvi^g 7 bolt-liolos in OAoh.
Plorn, intermediate, S4. ua.ch ^ ft. 10 in. Aquare, vappei3 with
eunoGB 1 ft. by 4 ft, by (> in.
iloBt blocks of concrete, 4^^, en?h 4 ft. li in. long by !£ ft. ^ido, and
ntonding 6 in. ftbove (he concrolo apron,
Guidu niilbtofies, Si88. vacb ]^ m. by 13 lDh by 12 in., projectmg
1 in- from fnce of tank wall.
Fuddled with clay, not Iops than IB in. ftt any put.
Truncated surface of cone pav«d with «ton«fi.
^fortar. blae lias hydrfinUc- lime. 1 put; «ftnd, H pfixt^.
Comcnt mortar, ortland remtml. 1 part ; aand. 3 parts.
Oonarete> Portland cement. I part ; rivr)r bullaet, 7 pcvio,
8UaIlov dry well, 12 ft. diomctci'. 2G fcot deep.
01$ l£HilI»M&li!l AXU fifAHAOKHtS.
1»
COMPOSITE TAJIE.
Dmmctor, ICfl ft. D«ptL 81 ft.
FootJiLgK, A fl. Oi in. Viii\ti a.i hoiUmi, iucltiiling kprxni, 2 fl. in.
HilU, brick faced, t' in, thick* in Euplinb bond ; bicliiDf; of eou-
creto ; IhickiirJB at ba«c, indiiding Uio backing* to 18 ft. in.
lii^U, B ft. 4) in.; n^sKtH {l,fl in-p H fciut thick; nud tlic» utfxt
8 ft' in.. 2 ft. 6 in.. ir> tb^ und^rsidu of coping.
fptng of etoiic, L ft. 10 iJL. by 12 m., m 8ft. lengths.
}kn, 16, itfL' b ft. from ii^aiclt: tunk wall to out?iJc pjor.&nj 4 ft.
6 in. viile. front fililu to aide, furmttd of 9-iu. bri<;l(work oit tinea
ad^fl, Mid Ml&d in witli coiiorotij* the wbole being OApp^d with
ftBtOQO tjfl. by 4 ft. b^ 1 ft.
UttX stones, $ to i&oU pinr, or a totftl of 82. «iicli 4 ft, bj 1 ft* in.
by fl in,
^ud^ Mil fltcnos. IH, «aoh i£ ft. by l ft- by ti ia.
" witli clftj, 2 ft- ihkk tliroufbont.
Cooo. coriLi^tnl over Ibo day trnddLt- to & doptb of 12 in. aud
ToniUrod.
[.C«ntr4 pillar, eolii briobvcrk, (^ fl. H in. diftmotor at top, the pidoe
bftviigr A batt4'r of 1 iri 40 ; built un a foundatioo of cooeriete
10 ft, »fiuan:i and W fl. ileqi. fttniie op. iJ ft. dinmi-ti^rby
] ft. thick, on vUich is pUcod a do\tbtG layer of 4-in. oak
pkuLkinf;.
Uoop'iron band, tarred and sanded, ]} in. wide. 1-lStti in. thick is
pW«d ovury 4^ ft. in bsight, in U19 proportion of 1 strip to
to ovary 4} in. m thickncR!! of the wall.
Mortar, i'ortlarid ceicient. 1 prul ; annd, 3 parts.
Coucrvtet Partlanil cement, 1 paKt ; eaud, Spitrts ; course screened
aton«iK, 1} in- diaroetor* 4 pnrt«-
Dry wdJ, 13 ft. dijunctor, 10 Ceot deep lo floor.
CONCRETE TANKS.
lJiiiaet«r, 62 ft. Pepih, 2d ft.
Wall. 9 fl. A in. tliioh ni bottom* la|>erirkg on the outaid? to
S fL 4 io. at Ui« top, built entirely of oooorvto, anit roudi^rod
en insido with neat Portlond cciu«l( ) in. thick.
10. each 4 ft, by 8 f[. 8 in. uf <:uij(:rel«.
bloejoi of concrete S| fc. long, 18 m. wide, 6 In. tbiek.
Diddiv ccmpoeed of ntad,
Cmtft. concreted avsrsiirfiu^, ISin. tblek, &Tid render^ with nfttt
ctkfaent \ in. t]iicL\
C<iBtro pilUr, I ft. aquflrff, 8 fi. high,
Goncrctti, Fort!riiL(l cemcafc, 1 port ; sond. gmvcl. old rotort*. ^tid
olinlcurtf, .'5 pnrts.
TMamaer, 1^1 ft. Depth, 47 ft,
Wnll, o fU iluck ut boUoiu, ittp^rmg ou (lie outm^e to 2 fl. 8 in.
Ah t1in tD[i, baiU entirely of ooiiorete* Aiiii rendered on inc^dl»
with ii«nt Portland cement i in. IJucIch
Piorg, 20, &ftoh 8 i«et tbick, of conoreU eniirel;.
IWiit bloohs of concrete, ii iU lL>iig.
Pudillo, nimo,
CJono, coucroted ov^r- surfaoQ, I^ in. tliiok, QJtd rendored nJtli
ucut comoDt j in. thick.
Ctfutro pillur, IioUqw, external diameber 14 ft,, intenml diLto,
10 ft.
Couarot4>, Portland cement, 1 part; gitivel, sand* boUASt, bnnil
oluy, old rotortK, iu>d clinkers, 7 pai t».
Dry wi-ll, ICl rt.dmmeter, fi3 ft, doep, bnilt of concnrle ift. tbici.
uud i'«udurud ouisid« Tritli tic&t cemQUt.
STOKE TANK.
Diameter W ft. D^^tti, 20 n.
FootiTifra, 2 <?ottrse9. First course composed of ati.in#fl nl 1«wt
S a, fl in- ifquai'o nnd {^ in. thick ; st'Cond couru«>, » tU eqnSffw
f> m. tUiclc, brf^akbg joint at Ic^at 1 ft. on thu vertical j(jint,
^V&tl, to luitltknit^iLtheiipingH bnilt of kIoiil-k iiol lea^ tliar) Iti iii.
on tlio iitn^r fooe, dteeiwU to tiie proi^ei- nuluis; no »tone
liuvia^ lo8a tljiuj 10 id. of & sijuure joint, iioi^ Ji«fl than IS iB.
oil tW bed> and ^ in. thick. W&Lliii^ u&rried out In honxontil
r.oiirii4in tliroiifEboiit llio t'lrt^umf^^r^iici) of the t&nk, itnd hnrhcd
up wtUi good strong random. Two througlia to every cupci''
Aoial jArdi Tbicknesa of wall 4Lt base, random inGludcJ.
£ ft. H iu„ ^raduHlly dLUiInisliini^ tu 1 ll. » itf. al lop.
Coping of etonoB, I ft. 11 iti. Wad, >* in. ibick, luid not Im*
Uian H ft. (J ill. long, drcsaad to (hci propi^r rodins, and Uid jn
c<mAnt,
Vinn, &, Wund in and bnilt up idon^ with ihn tniik wall; n-
through of cntiro »iy-e every vertical yftrd, and Flapped witb n
solid cover 3 ft- <t ia. squaro, 15 in. tUick, having 4 boJui
Ebi fooj^dotioj) bolts of uoluiuua.
I
i
I
(tJiS EKOlHBBItS AKJ[» UAXAOER9.
187
Rrfit fiT hftorinp wtnnptiH 1«» tljTOTighp 3 ft. wifle arnl ! ft, llitrk
biiiit in filong vnih wnlL footm^e, ntid projecting 1 ft. 11 iii. into
Moiuii^ ot conn in linttdiEi of Unli. cnvAt^nd vilb piu^dlfl tn th«
dApih of 24 iti.. iiE biui» llfl^oi) with a ooiima of yftrd ftagK
4 in. thick, tho i-nmundar pitetiod witli dry nibblo.
rilUr in ccntK: of tcuilt, c&ppod with anally *tono I ft. nqunre,
in ill, tliickn fiir iHippnrtiMg pmwr of pvilKilditr when down.
Mortar, liiui Umc, ci^o-third ; idmrp cbtui sfttid, twO'thirds.
CAST-IRON TANKS.
Hiamcwr, iI8ft. Pcpth, I5ft,
riatoA, tiot taorc Uiaii 1 ft. in length or width. AD. exoopt tot?
cunrw? ur i'lvx, slnwiyihrniTd with dinjJcitial rilw> XjOWast tier<
j in. tliiok ; top tier, A iti. thick; iiLti-'niK^diftte ftnd botH^Tii
platce, jl in, thick. 8miLllbmcki>ticirifiiiij^. projcutinh' ^i^'* <^^*-^
1) in. below CDiitro of sldo plntci^ tg iupport tlio xtr«iigtheniiig
}|l)DpH.
^Luigotf, 3 in. tddo, with bmckotn bctwc<m tho bolt-holei^
kd^holcd, FK|UAre, i m. and i in,, and € in- opart, ofliitrva.
Ita of bottuuj pUlRA and iva l<miT ticm of eidcui, i iu. ; oil th«
fiVtior*. } ill. ti(|uiirc: uiMor hdul-
iol lUtirroti^'bt ircn, Sin. by gin„ bound TDaLid«ACh tier of
P plates with juwi und icrowa.
ToiiitH. 1 iu, thiuk, uaidlcrd with iron cuniL^ut.
I'iauutcr, lil ft. IJ^ptb, IT ft,
fin kM, bottom, 1 in-thii^k, <iiocptontjtidv row, IJ in- thick. SidM,
Arvlticr, 1^ in, ; nocond, 1 in. ; third, Jin.; and 4lb, ] in. thick.
D(*pth. I ft. ft ill, I width, 4 ft. H \ti. S^y, IUp)at(!B in oaihtitiT.
Snu^. frtijoi^Liriu 4 in., cant on ooch pittto, Z\a. bolow c#ntro,
lo Bupi>orl iLo binding hoopir.
FUoireu. ^ in. vide, ngt Icbs than j in. thick ; hradteta i In, Uiick
Wnrni tliu hult'holri.
lU-boIofl, iquaro, J ai, ; 7 in. apftit, contM to oeotr*-
di«, ] lu., si^iiArc midi^r head.
[iuopHCjf tlut'UDn. 3)ii]. by} in,, with suitabb jhws and tigljtcn-
LiigHoTVi^A bound round ouch tu^r nf Kide [tiatea.
Joittt«, t in. thick, c&vilkud with iron ctrnt^nt.
Hiwortur loi/i, Depth, aa ft §iJi.
^ki9B, boltom. outBido rovtliiu.. &ud romainder I in., caiccpt
i
laa
NEWBlGOIHGtl UAVmiOOK |fO«
gontiL' pkte, 1^ iDi bldee, first and Becroi]<l tinm. Ij in, ; third
tier, IJ- in-: fonrtb and fiftluiors, 1 iu. Uiiok. Width, 4 ft, 'ij in.
{M,jlft plaiesintflchtiurj ; di?ptb, ift. (JJio. licoring bi»ckot,
projeoting 6 in., cost on «ac]i pUtu, 2} in. below conUc. to>
Flai^gi?o. 3J^ iii^ widf . e^iiat to plfttei iii slroUfftb ; brikckoU, | in.,
hctwoon tho bolt-iiolea.
Boli-lioleR, Br^iinic, 1 Ir. ; 7 la-i cotilre to ctsntro.
BoltSt 1 in., gqt^a.re under Wftd-
Hoopft, liat-iron, a in. by Hm.. with jaws aod sctowe, bound
round caob tier of side plfl.tofr.
J{»EitBi i iu. thick, cmilked witb iron c&muul.
WnOUGHTIRON TANK.
Diftm4t«r, At ft, 4 in. Depth, 14 ft.
riatCtf. i in. Ibii'k. liolh niiles and bottom, v>'it1j llto exception of
the out^ row in tba laUor. and tlionu to which the >,-uido mill
arc fixed up the aid^^a, vflmh arc J in, tJiich.
C!lurb)tH uf nii^le-iron, oxLendingruMud iha vnbiru circLimfcrvniH] of
tb« ti'Uk outaide ; top curb, 1 in, b^ J in, by { in, ; two inter*
mediate curbs qt rin^ the aamt^ an^c, iLnd bottom curb -Ij in.
by -ij in. by i in., ttll buU'jomttfd. &itd with kppiiM; |]icM:«:i
noi \m» than 18 in. long, rivt^iud to iho HiiTo pkioH of l\\e lank
^vitb j in. HvoLb 6 LD. apart.
Vertiortl nUya, 12 in number, serving as guHoa for lUtj I:)0|h3«r»
H ru lunj;- ftjrmuj of two 8 iu. by 2j in. by J in. unKlv-irunl.^
tilnco(i thus: JL and riveied to the ^ in. pUjee op the tkl«i
rvforc montLoned with rivUs () in. Fki^art-
Lap of pUtoi, not hss tboi^ 1i in., riveted hoi ivitli i in. nTela*
]^ in, ot^ntreft.
Madonrj atandardfl or iron brachftts to AupporL columns.
ANNULAK OK RING TANKS.
Mftmotcr. 76 ft- Popt^i, W ft.
Pltttofl, bottom or ringplfttoo, 8 ft- 6 in. wide, 1 in, ihit-k. Inner
ciiiili'fl, 1 tiur of [flatus only, 4 ft. deep. I in. thick ; iitrcn£th«ned^
with 2 horizactnl ribs '2 in. lUf^p by jj in. thii^k ciu aide otni.
0^5 nNaiNKBBS AKD bfANAaBHR
ia«
06Dtr» of tftnk> and on obUer aida frith 2 vertioU bcocVotfl,
II in. »t bottutu. ilimiitikljuiK to uutlriu^aL ia\u ] in. Liiit^k,
wiiti fjwt. 9 m> by 6 in. by j in., on bottom ttf eivoh bracket.
Odtor«irclo, i tbr*ii liA* iu. de«p»aud I in., J in*, ] in., and
j in. Hack reeMctiv«Iy. 56 ptAbea iu tlie circumf«TDnoc. Snug,
prnjooiing 4j ur. 2 in, betow centre, lo support blTidiTij^ tii)i}|m.
KUzigoi, ^i lu. wJd«, oqual to pUtM in atrengtb. witk bnokou
b«bwBoa U3« bolt'holcH.
Bolt>bo!t« arfuftv«. { ill.. G in. Oflotro to otntf*.
BolUt { ill- HQiinrp iiiidflr h^tit^.
Ucopc, llat-iroQ, i in. by 1 in., with raitable JB.we nnd flCTOW£,
bound round oacU tirr of outoido pUbDA,
JoinlUk i irii bliii^k. cftiilkod vritli iron comcnt.
t>atsct^^, ]0B ft. Dcptb, 2:i ».
P)4bve. bottom or mm. ft ft. mdc, 1 in. Ihiok. Iimor otrole. 1 Li«T
of plaUM only 4 ft. dn<tp, ] in. tljiok ; Rtrengilicned witlt 2 litirl-
jiontal nbe. i in- deup by { in^ tbt^k oti u'tda next centra of
Luktlindoo cUiCT ajde with *2 vortioal bmckoL^, Din-ntbnUoin,
illmiwfaiWinp to iiL^thin^' At to|\ j in, thi^;k. witlt foot oil WttUIii
otsftoh, fl in- ^y ^» in- by J in. Otiter circle, fi tierR, 4 ft. ^ in.
dtop, ftnd 1} in,, 1 m-t { in., j in., and { in. thick ruRpootivoly.
OCpUtoiin tliociiciinifereiKx:. A anugorbethring briiDk«tcaist
OD <adt of tli« outsida jiktca. 2} In. below oonti^* «nd projevt-
iTig 4 in, for aupporting Ukt Liitding Itoopg.
i^lnnJCMi 3 iu. wiofi. 1 in. thick,\witii braukots botwoan tho bolt'
[.
dt-holM, ] iu- vqnurr, ft in- Hjiarl, ccutrif tu cuntm.
Itt, i m-t »quaru undar biiAj.
tLat'iroru i\ in. by j in. for bottom tier, 4) in. by { in.
fwr tlifl olhont. wilLi j&wa mid tigbt«uin^ aarv^ti.
Johitu, ^ In- tLiuk, cauikod iviUi iron oeiumit.
iJIunmAT. no fb. Dnptb. 24 ft Sin.
PtalcEL. bottom or ring, ft ft. 10 in. vridi.<. J in. thick. IimHroircln
1 tii>r of platuv only. 4 ft. doc^p. J in. tnlch : nlFonglhanod with
i horniontal nba, lj| m. broad by J in. tbiokouuiLiunoKtccEitro
of l«nk. anJ on tliu otlif^r aide with 2 vwrticttl brackL^U, fl in, at
l>ottoni, diitkintilnnL: to notbjiig ut top. { in. tbick. wiLU fouton
bottom of «Ach, 1> Lu. by G in, by j in. Oiit<3r circle, C tLon,
4 ft. 10 11^ diMp. nnd 1^ in., 1 iti., ] ia. it iu,, ixnd i in. Ujiok
FMpaetU'^y, GUplatci^am tLu ctrutiiultiivnctj. A bu^rui^btiicktit
eutonMcbof the ontsidf^ platGs, 'Z\ in, b^low oentre, itiid
projiMting 4 inn, for aopporting tli« binding hoops.
I
I
JW
NK^TBtdGIlfe'S HA^IDfiOOK VOR
Flauges, B in. wide, and BafliiftitottigUi 00 tbo rospoctivc plaue ;
liracUeU between the bdb^loB.
Bclthol^H^. i m. square. 6 En. apart, c^ntreB*
Holt3> I irio aqti&re irndt-r heud.
Uoopa, Jljit-iign, 5 ia» hy J in- for tlie botloai tier, and -1} ui. by
I in. far tlm uLlicrtf. willi Euitabk juwa anj tighUuini; ncttu^
Jaiuti, i in. thick, c&uUfod ^vitli iroa cement.
i
T>mni<fter. 127 ft. Depth, 20 ft. 8 in.
Aiiiiiil^ir tipncc, il ft. ^ in. wide.
Platen, bottom or ring piutes ^ iii<:]] (hick : siilfs fivp raw« (leep :
tiretind fiGCDuJ row of pl&tos from bottom ^ in. thlc^c ; tlurr)
aXid fonrth rows, T-lfitbe in, tkick, and the liilb or top row
^ in- tliiok ; lap of platbti, lU. ; the top of tlm luotir row of
plalnc being 8 in, lower tliitn thp miter row ; itrnfle-Jron cnrht in
bottom, 4 in- by 4 in., by f in. thLclc; the A in. and7-lCth*ip,
plaLca riveted w4tb } in. rivets. 2^ inches apart, and the jj in.
[ilatci by J ill, livutri, dj In. apart.
Curbs, lop outtfr curb of niigb-iion 6 in. by fi in. by ^ inch- ; top
inner curb of unglu iron U in. by 8 in. by ^ in. ] both rivctM
wiUt } in. livutti, in, tipuit*
StJindnrdH. 14. (>oi fomi. 1& in. by f) in., of (|*in, pUtaa on thivo
aiUcEs, 3 ill. by 3 nj. by ^ iu, nugleiron u> seouru the ^aioft to nid^
shcota. and extending round the bottom of the stfuidnrd at ib«
lower 4Jid, tuiil^ in. by fi In. by fi in. ungli-^inin rtmml thntoji lo
form ui base for tLfi cnhimns, all rivotcd nt in. apart ^iih
^-ia. rivotfl. Two of Uio^o etandftrds form tlici jukt and tjntkt
pipe*), for wbicL jvurpows tlity art contiimtd under tlie flnnnUr
HPne^ and up the inside of tlLe inner ring of tide nUt'uUt, iind
rCvotod Willi j'in. riveta aa before, bat only s in. apart.
I
I
GAiiUOLDEBS,
The Iloldur or llonting vubioI 'Fig. 7|j) is the (tornge reservoirs
the Ra«. and it corves the nil important pm'poBS of cqualiisin; tho
Cnhulitinof thega^ under pr^£ sure h and L;uaui'e&^i nnhrnken continuity
of supply. In form it ta invurinbly cylindriod, like an invorUd cup,
and workH frei^ly up and down in tbo lunic.
Tbo iioMcr may be either sititilc [Fig, Tt-d or telescopic (l^g,77)i and
tfii- latltr may Lb in L-iiher two or niurci lifLj*. Two hft« nre g^ieraHj.
GAS BXGIHKUBS AKV UAMAOEBft
m
aJD|iUd ; but wooM at LitG Urgent Hold^ni now coiiiili'iu:U<d nrn iri
Wfcen tbo Holder is modo in the tolotvopio fortn, it* capAcit^ la
nculy dotiblo or Ir^bl^f Ine tltc cft^c may Let uio cajiacitvcf the im^lc'
lilt Holtlur fur ti{uu] climrTimicjiiK cif Uink^ firuund rpiice nuil capitA]
ua Uitu «eouocaiJt«d by tin aJoptioD.
Tijwcopw HoiJcm ruiiiirH gt^ai care In ooaa^uctiou and vrirlring—
rti, 10 cnMart! ttcouriej- in tbe '•cupping" of the vaUT-lute of Btml,
ffMnJ, 10 |itovcrt the wator in tho Lute h^m fr^wiuiff, vbieh
^m tbo octioD of tbc t^Bdel, or canwa distortfon, ft&d lopeiiJB
ting uf t)jvi ilirtlritl.
Uoiden, vliothor xmglo cr telescopic, ard coiintorhalancod or not,
u J3 found d4.nrablu or i]CC<.«eQry. Wlion the dminetor of tliv Holder
a taOTc thati Lwicu Lhit dciptL, cotrntt^rbaliuict wei^bteuire nut rcc]iiir<rd,
I'ipeciftUy vrhuru au vxbaLittlvr on t\it* cue hnn^], and n ^<i\vn\iyr on th«
otiicr, ttt GTapbyc>d, a« is tlio case iit aH but th& BinnlUiMt ^sa worktj.
WJ«^ tbe dtamctcr ami deptli more uoariy opproxiinaltf. it will
f
Oa
IW
VBWfilOQl^fG'S UANDBODK FUB
^iienlly be fooud of ndvuiLiiga to itiduoe the presfiua by counter*
Tbo crown or roof of a Holder mar b« dtlier traaa^ iFig^tl^), or
ULitntb»iid (Fig. 77). In the ktter ctxae the lop curb requiree to bv
mai^e ^MflicieaU/ strong tu rt^Ni.Ht ttit' pretaaure of the gaa Bi^t^il od
iho (indtrraide of the roof fvliioli t«uds to distort the curb. A frfttDt-
work of wood or iron is required t^ bo erected mthm tbi; tai^k lo sup-
port the tintruBfied roof wlien llio Ilotder Ja etnpty of gas, (bud lesliii^
OQ the Inndmg etones,
Tbv usual rtso giveu to the roof or o^o^?u of a Holder la S per O0Dl>
or oitC'twcniieth of the diameter.
I
Mr. O. Lwese^ has added a Uiird lift to a Uoldj^r at Ro&btfu
bithe, without iucrcAaing the l^d^bt of the on^iuAl fi'iLmiug ; the onlj
addition iN:idti beioy the replacing of the chruin^l gHides with H-^*!
to ftirmab pntha for tha cotcbin^d radinl and tangeTitial nailers oa tlM
Rrips of tho middlo and outc^r lifts. This Elolder ia woi'kitig Buooeu-
L\illy, ■
T^e intenijon of NEr. W. Gadd introdncea a new principle of gilM- m
mg; the oleviit«d Iramiiig bein^ cuiirQly dieponsed wilh, and tbo
v«»sc1 g:[iidcd from ibo bottom curb. Tho ctmuriol or iml ir^doi
within ll* ifink, or vrithin the \avei lift of n teleacopiu TlohUir, ar?
placed ai nn angle lihe tho thread of n ^ctvw, instead of in tbd verUovI
piano. The rollers attached to the bottom curb, or to thi^ oup of U>e
Luner lift, are ranged cither radially or tongentinlly with the aid«8 of
the vessel ; and as th&y worli in the cIiuuiihIs or railr^ prnvidod for
them, the lloating ycsscI rifles aud descends in tho t9.nk ^th a boUoal
or ecrow-hko motion.
Th« Holder or Holdara shodd bo of oapncityffufficioDt tocontainat
Itiast the 24 hours' mitxiuium productioiiofgns- An fixcesa in o^a*
city, tliough not ahadutely nei^ea^nry. is found adTauiageoug in point
of ooiivcindncG and eoouomy, whcro tlie rate of eouBompt^on is uablo
ductttatious by the uon-hghting of the puhlio linage dmmje tbn
lurs of mnoiUight ; ^nd wht^re, n^ in mnmifacturiiig lovns and difl*
trict^ tba large mauufaLnories. geiu'rally the heaviast gaa oonsw&an*
being closed on t>aturday nigljta and^undaye, the production fat
Ihese two du.yH (uiiJetaS Biuiday lubour is putially avoided) iB grcAtly
m eici^BE of t]i« eoiisumpli^n-
I
Prffuviionii U ht ob$trvpd in
Telaflcopie Holdera iu winter luv
inbin bo bii thrown out of ord<^
Ok% BKtUXRlCnS KHO UANAOSR9.
lOi
d)o fr««ctD^ of tl)6 water fn tb« cop fa6tT«ert cfic KAb, Wlicn tb^
lower liil la Jonn* lJi« upp«r lift in iU pro^n>se d^ntnwardx roU$
die ic« and «a««r m the Imo into lumps. ofUn, if nob nrmovfiil.
dirowing tlie ve^ oui of (jluttib, &(id orea fncLuriii^ Uir L^nlnmitH.
QtmI owre ilionld th»r9fr>r« be tcib^ti to k««T) ibo mterJutc cIa&t;
iDil wber* sMaih con bo roadil_\- appliod, it i« of th« ntmottl a^rrior; in
itpgBflpllphJffg tbia object in Uioq of frMt. Maaani. S. OuCler ftnJ Sonx
bikTeoeiWK) ad apparatLifi for iirf^voiHinff freoAin^ of the water in Om-
hMat eupfi by Admitting ftcam or hot wat<ir a.t mcori'als round tbc
dmH]af«r«il?4) of tlii^ vf*M«l. T^m Arran^mont lk nolf-ncliri^f, oompaot,
Uid trufilwoTthy.
Pio»73
^HaftuMj^ lii9oriuii pMMkUtion is to k«ep the lop ur cnivrn of il)<i
iHtter is drifting, jColhin;* idll lOOddT br^^Hk down a Uoldvr Mid llv
pide fntoiug lli&n ftlloving ft mflSd oftnow to ooUecl und lie 01: oaio
rj'je of Ui« root
Tim oaciltfttion of a teleHmpi^ f[i)MerdariDj; «troni^ vind^ lagreAtor
Than uncttppad tbiLn vhtiii tli^ lifu are jom«d. lu bftbilit^ to damage
from wind u aJbo ^T«atcr whou Tinouppodi ovon aUIjouxU Ukb Htirfooc
iapreaenled to Uio wiitd^i notion.
Ur- G. Ijii-itqpyi: h/dmiilic i»utl fFtf^. 7H|, for A^tacliir^ to t]i«
nodffSide of ttie ror>fofA GnvhoMdr ov^r tbv inlt^t nud omkt pip<ia,
i
IH
9f£WBJ,(^IK0 ft tUJ^DBOCK FOft
lo Aisduug^ th« gas oontBiJie<:] iri tlie orown.
Tho slicioltng of a HoKUr. betn^: tliin und the porlion moet li&ble lo
woar out bjr o^idnlloji, «]ioLtM ^ voak^l outfliilo aL lea&l citc« a jretr
witb gGO(] axiA^ of iron 01' other nuitablti pB,iTtt or tnr. Al] mftt inboulil
I'oraov&d before laying 011 tbo point, and for Uiis purpose (b« eh««tB
>iUd be flcrubbed witb n bntsb tnaiiG of short steel wires* For re-
iioving tor a steel Hciaper luuj be eiiiploye<l. ■
It liappene vict tinrmquently that Hie roof of a GiiAholder bMoraoAl
pitted Willi BjaM piLi-liolefl from whJoU there ^3 a oonsiderabb &tid
c^ouatftnt escape of gas, Tliie may arifte from the inferiority of tijc
htm in Oifi iirat itiainnffe; or from albuing the slie(^ls to become
oxidized bt^for^ tixhig : or it tdrj hu drte to nej^l^Dt to puirit the veuel
wlit^ii in use. In diatrjota wli^re tUerenrc jjumtrous clii^micaJ worka, M
i\i^ imp^mii^ in tbe atmosphere (ifTeot the tbiu shef^ta ia Uiie ]uAiiU4?r. |
The l«fthA i^my bE- stepped by coating tlie roof wit)i wnTin tar. &nd
riddling *\vy aand cr cement over it througb Q si^ve, at th« fiajiae time
nibbing tbc mi\ture well in with a stid* brush.
Anotrtt for coiktin^ u Ganhold^r :—
1 ffAUon af tnr.
^ lb, of ilakod Itino.
Jib, of pitch,
J lb. of IhlTo^w
J pint i>f loul nuphthft.
Dissolve tli« pitch and mix the limo in iho tar by bentin^ Ibem ut
V boitur. beiiiK CHrefiU not to boil tbem ; lodlp out tb« hot liquid iato
H hn^.k^t, And tbpn ndd tbr titllmv ami th&i nnpbtlin. Stir tho mixinnt
occnmcnally, nnd with ft bnvb pnint it on tliA Holder before it ^o^it
cold.
^^■^^
^H
■
1
■
■
^^^^^H
^^^^K
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^^H
^^^^^^1
tHS.
■
GAS KSOintEUS AND UAVAttl
m ^^B
■
TABLS ^^
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^^L idCn YYvif.
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^^^V TABLE OF THK VVEIGHTB OF GASUOLDKBB
^^^B in fHMVtt* /or tffii/ OtU'T^lh <ifatt Inch MnjrimUfn Pmwnr, and ff«m
■
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at Gtfi- Clnf-lPiiLh
'^T llU' Onf-tofich
□niea. OnviHili
^^^^^^M iivliti En
of AH lD«h
bolder Jn Cf an Tficli
Ii-hMff 1^ ' df 4(1 lnoli
hijMfrla ' at vt tvb
^^^H fHl.
I'muoffr
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1
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PTMIBIII,
V-O-L IfHWin.
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104
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319 ! 07n
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6i 11911 , ^ WII7
140
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ion
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cat U2t
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473
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Til J*vi'f>yrp* f/jf llVjV/iil (y'rf tiiixfi^hUr h/ tlir "Ar.iv T'lUr, thf
}U*imoi'-t' ^%9ui ^t-t4-tinutri t'lyMtur/ hfin^ f-fU'tt-n.
Kt'i.F. — i^fulii|)!j tLe uutubLT of Ihti. NiAniliiig oppoRitc to th« din-
moter L^ tlic i^reaaiire in tciktlj^ of an liieb-
^^^^ Exjji[»]^Et — Wlmt is tlie weight of » GftAhoMar 1% fiD>«t in diftmotdv
^^^B ^ivins a maximum prcssuro of 6li£/10iljfl?
^^H 24Hft X £2 = IW.U^ Ibi., woifcht of Uiuholdsr.
OAS ESOINHKR.'l AND UAXAQBRft
m
ytiv, (A*' Diamftcr o;tJ Wfi'jht btmtf kwmu.
Itcrut< — DiTid« tbo weight in Iba^ of the Gasholdor by the weight
iriTVQ opposite to Vbe diftuiotcr,
BiL&ui-Lv. — U'Imt priwstire will a OaaLoMer ^>e whose weiglil is
M3«0T5 lb«., aii4] diam^t^r 5U fe«t }"
8^.07^ -^ 1:^^H = li'^/lUtlia^ nuiximum proMuro of <i&Hhold£r.
Ili« ligiir«3 given in tlte forc-^oijig tiiblo arc laecd cii tlie ireight of
Arabic fo*Jt of wnter — viz., fl'2-5 llis, ; h fHjIrjmn rf water 1/lOth nf
&□ tiirli iiigb. with an ftrea of 1 e^juore foot, beimf ' 5208d lbit.» or tho
120U) p<i^t.
TUiUt if tlin lU'ui nf Uie liolilor in feet ^obtiiiiicd by ncjLtitring \i\x'^
iliamctor and multEjilyiiig l>y 'T><(54) b(^ miittipliud by n2'5, Lbi.*
weight of tL ouLjQ foot of wiitor iii Iba., &ud diviiM by It^O. tbu imuihur
iif LOiliH of iiti inch in Q foot, tlio piuduot will be ibc wt^i^ht of tin.'
Holder ill lbs. fur euob l/10(h of ^n int^h iQAMmuEn prt^HHurt.
Or tbu4 : Tb^ area of a *i\r<At is to tbo square t>f il« dianietOT 3>i
-7051 U to I ; bonoo the woj^bt of a Uaeboldcj- in Jbs>, to ^ivo 1/^*^^^
uf ftB inch prc90uro» is to the ^qLtoro of ita diameter in feet us
fiSOHD X '78A4 iv lu unity ; iir, wbioli ih tbt' tuiuiv tliingp ad '4091
i> to unily. So to aacorliim Lho weight of a HoldvTi «ay. 100 fool
dttUMiori p^iiu; a iiiaxiuium pirwiiro of 8£/10lhs^
]DO*x a£ X -i061 = U8.1S51b«<. wisi^htofOubolder.
DIMENSIONS OF TUl^ PRINCIPAL MATEKULS IN
OABUULDERb IN ACTLAL WOHKING-
Sir^lf Oimhuitirt-.
bivnator. 30 ft. Depth. U fC.
Roof «)i«el«. No. 17 B. wli'e gatige.
Sidi> ehoetfl, No, lu h, vm giiiigo-
lolel ^d ouilob pipusi CI iu> diiiui.
Singli 0*»»hit\4tf,
Ifiauukr. 8£ R. Depth, 1^ ft,
Koof ah««te, No. 15 B, wir« gftUffOp
Sidi» vJii»«tB. t^u. lu B. ^im jfitige.
Crowu plate, 3 ft. a In. diaic., % tbttth.
m
NBWBlitOlNG'S HANDBOOK FOB
4 auin Utl 4 MttOU^ary bftrs, or 3 in, T>ii-oa,
Top unci bottwn ctnbe, of S in. onglciron.
4 columns. 1ft fL, C lu- long : ^iam- ^t bftse. G in. ; at top. ^4 in.
4 IwMmg-down IxjTlb to sacb cohinut, 4 ft. luiLg, 1 in. niuncl
iron.
DuLtacict, S6 H, Di^ptli, IS ft.
Boo/ fltieets. No, 17 B. wire i^u^e.
8i<le shtiels. No, IB D. wire ti'diU^e.
ffi»(/l£ fJ Huff it tip r.
DiftiD«ter, 40 ft. Dcpbh, U fl.
Crown plate, 11 fi. H tn. diam., | in. thick.
Side sUeetfi, tup anJ bottom tiera. No. 14 1). wire guiiK« ; &U tba
ro9t, No, l£ B, vivc jfauKC
Hiveis for $)ic<;tii< i in. dinin,, 1 in. npftrt, ccntie t<t coutre.
RivtLs fur Ui\i curh. i in. dium.. 1 ) in. apjirTr, ueittre to c^nlre.
RivcU for bottom curb, i in. tUunu, <t iti^ upnrl, centra to oonm.
Centre-pipe of caatiaron* U ft. lui^FTt ^ lil» dimn.
TruBE i:ap, cu^itiron, ^ fi. G iu. dicim.
12 nmiii barn. T-irun. ii^ x *Z^ x '1^ x f in,
i vertical stojH, T iron, B x ij x | in-
Top curb, juife*1o-irca, li x B >c S In,
Uotlcitii curb. itii|'lt)-iron. » x S x j| iu.
4 ooliimii^. 17 ft, loag ; diam. u h^i«, ^ in, : di&na. &t bop, 7 in.
8 lioldjujt down bolts to oocb cobimn, 7 ft, long oncb, l}^ in- dimn.
Otrdera of T-itou< li x 4 x ^ iu., trtiM«d.
I3alance> weights, 40 cwi. ; ) m. obaias.
riftmotur, 44 ft. iii. Dc^ptb, 20 ft.
BiHif of crown, 1 ft. in.
Crovn pUte, 3 ft. In. diAm., | in. tliiok.
Boof &hevt«, iiniov and out«r oiroleB» No. Ifl B. win) ^u^ ; all
tit rcBt, No. 14.
Side Oii'i't^, top and bottorr lier?, No. It B. wire gnugo: the
rest. NOh 17.
QAS a^aINHKKfi and UjLSJjLGU&S.
tw
Sit^tM Sot Noa. 1^ and 11 ahoaU. 6-ititLt in diAm, ; fdr No. 10
sheetft, } in. diora.
A iQihiti nnd £ fccondbry bearing bftn , of T-irmi, ^ x 9 x | in.
a (^ulnmiLK. 22 ft, laiif^, 7 in. dUm. tit Imim, fi) Iit^ i^iiun. al lu|i ;
mutnl ll-ieUaM thick.
4 hoLdicK-ilowi^ bolttf, 16 fl, totig. li in. a^tutre-iron
fter» 60 fl. DuptU, 20 ft.
rn. 12 iu.
I, Ho- M R. vir« giiug«.
ffida flbeoU, No. 15 H- wiro ^ngo<
Rivmi 1 in. frpibTt, cutitres.
Top ftud boUom curb^, ^ In. tiit£!lD-jn>L).
5 nrticA) bftn.
9 coluiiuii, 2C ft. loiLj^, i^AAi ill tWQ kugtbAUFLcIi; 12 (II, diftm.ftt
ba«o, iu. diam. at lop,
Inlftt-pipo, in- iltani-
Outloi-pipflj lU ill. d'xitYti.
l^Am«1«t, 60 ft. D«pt!i, IK ft.
Rise of crawu, 2 ft. Jii.
Crown p(ftT*. H fr.. dlATti,, J fn, tliick,
fioof 8lief ta, iT)ii«r And out«r oiraJ«er ^O' ^^ B. wir» gftug^ ; all
the otltrra, }io. H.
Sid^ Eli«^ts, top &ii<1 tiottoiD tiers, No, 14 B- wirn linage ; thp
others, Ko. Hi.
EivGts, J in. dtfim., 1 i^i. uppirt, ct^ritrcn.
l&ivots for pining nLopt^ to ni^i^h-iron, 3 in- dmm., I j in. ikpari,
cm trim .
ltd for bf>itoin enrb, 1 in. diDin., D in. aporL, euntrtiM.
IC rnain and 10 itDOondiuj rnftorji, of T-iron. S X 8 X | in.
Top carb, cf AUgk'ij'on, H x ft X { in.
Bolloni cutb. two lirigK af iiri^lv-imn. 8 x ^ x H iu., 1} En.
apart, with Hut bar of iron, G ic, wido u:)d J iUn Uiick, botifecii
thom<
Centre ntrat, caal-iran pipe. 9 ft, htig. in. external d]ani>.{ia.
thick ; b^ftriiLg fluigoa. tS in. diam.. 1} m. thick ; oiit«r rim
cf «i:p etrongtlK'ited by a ring of h flud ore V'n iron, 2 X liiiit
abru;^ on bo I.
iaa
KKWBlGGXNCr'S HAIf»BOUK FOK
10 verLicnl riba.ToTon^ft X
ourbe and to aide ^oct£.
B columua, 18 ft. long ; dJam. at base, 7 in.
laeLHJ. fill. Ibick.
Suspension ohaiiiH, ^ in. sLott link, tested to 5 toiu-
ft X ) in.. Beunrwl to top nnd boltom
dtiua.at Utp, 6 in.;
Diftin«ter. am ft. Depth. 1^ ft.
Boof abeetj. No, 14 B. wire geuge.
Bide shceUn No, 15 h, ^viie gmigi^'
Inl«t eud outlet pipei. 9 In. dkm,
I>ijimol«r, BO ft. Depth, 17 fl.
Rise ol" orown. fl ft.
Crowii plELti-\ 4 ri. diam,, 4 in. Ihi^rk.
Boot »L«tite, iimer and outvr circles. No. IS B. wire g&u^e ; tbo
reat, Ko» 14 <
B!d« *lj*?ete, top and boiioiu liora. No. 14 B, wir« g*^* 1 "^ r«t*
No. 15.
Top curb, 4 K 4 X 7-lfltUft in- ^LiaglL-irOi:.
Boitoiik CLii'b> two bur^ uf R x .'t x ^ fii. uit^lii-irori, p]fto«d bu^k
to bacl^ and bu of £at<irou livoted to tbo bottom witli j m.
to vertical bnra. 2i x S| x £ in. T-iron, nrete^ to top uul
bottcnr curbs and to std^ nhBptii.
H columns, \Hti. lou^; diatn. at baeo, GJ in* ; kt top, &( in.;
metol^ it in. thick.
Diaru^tui". 60 f\. Dc-ptb. IS ft.
Roof ah^otf, inner and outer circles, Ko. 18 B. wlr@ gauge:
othi^rs, No, 14.
Bide Hbec-td* top :ii;(l bottom im-^. No. U B. iviro f!au^« ; tii«
oLbert. Nu. in.
Top c«rb, 4x4x4 *'*■ aigl^'n'on.
Bottom curb, formocf of two bar« of an^Jo-iion, 4x4x4 ^i>>)
nveted back to back wi'tji J jr. rivets 1^ in. apart, cODlrcs.
14 vertical bais, 4 x 11 x j in^ T-iron.
T oolnmne, Itf ft. U in. long each.
QA» KBCOISBEHB AXD UA?fAOBBft,
tOi
61 ft. B in. Depth, SO ft. in.
BiMofoiDwti, Jjft.
CrQvn plfttc, 4 ft. diaiu,* ) in. Uiiuk.
Roof idiC4fU» iimor niiJ outvr iirtil^^v. Na 10 ; nil Ihe rant. Nu-
ll JJ. wiiv gniigo,
Sido olicftE, top and bottom ti«rtiNo. H ; all the reatj No> 16 S.
HiveU, } Lii. diam.. L in. ^parc, v«iiU-ca.
19 mam ra&«». $ k S x J in. T iron.
tSMCOtidu^ nriora. 4 x jin. S^t irou. pl^odcn cd^«.
Ceittrv sli'Ul. c&»L'iroii pip. R, 1i»ig. T in. external diaiiiK, 1 in-
tbick ; tIangM, IS in. aiaTn.« 1^ in, Ihiok; oup sCreDftilieuedby
a lioop ^ X I in. S C ircii, sJirimk ou hotn
Tension tods, Ioiim: Qu^um bolta, tJicrt Queen boltii, bnc iur-
Mnd«rii. lilmrt ntii^^i^nilfirE. 1ft in number ea.e.}i. nf I J \n.,^ ^Ui.,
1^ in., 1 in,, und J; in. lound-iroii reapoctival^.
Top curb, of aiij;:U-ii-otT. 4 ^ 4 x J iu>
Boltiom ciirU of uMgle-jLCiL. 4 x 4 x | ui-, wJtli bftr of fiat-iroD,
a X i m^ between, and ricet*d with i iiu nv«tt, i"J in. apart.
U vertical bare, 1 x tl X i iti- T iron.
»ism(iter, 87 ft, Depth. ^0 ft.
ftiae of urown, 4 ft-
2 ci'own plat^?, 4 fi. diam., ^ in. thick.
Hoof *h(^etji, iiiner jind outsr olrcks, No. 12; the rcat. No. H B>
vire i^iige. tfi^cepl tt ahnRts iiitoti which ihir sliding uarrifLfjM
are fixed. No. 7 H. wiro K»i>ff"-
Sida ilittctn. lop and boiiimj tioiv, Xo. 12 ; all tho romaindor, No>
II D, i*tre gnugo.
Bivati. fi-l4lUin \t\. diam., 1 in. upart, tjuutma.
CouirL*^pi|W of wrought ircJi] » VI fl. lou«. Ithi. dittitt,
Trudtt isDp, wt-unght iron, U ft^ diatn.* } m. thieic.
IB rnaui luj'D. T-iron, 4 x !} x } iu.
l4 tibcoikildr)' biii^H T-lroik, 3 x 3 y ^ in.
ricgA or puiLuH oi Uuokct ban;, lijo iujddld jiuiJin of anc[b-imn
dt X Hi X j jii-^ tho ifimaindcr of il at iron 'J x i in-, secured
lo Uiikin uud hvcniidmy hm-ft wiLh ;t iu. holts*
Ih prmoijial tfiiisiuu rodrc. 1^ in. diuai.
Sti diagonal lenttioii i-od^i 1 m. diam, «
I
::
aoa
^E£WiJlaol^(rtt iJAifi>D0OK roit
W UuAe bava \ IH of 1} iu, diaw., IS of 1} in, ilidm.
Top curb, t lui^fl uf luii^lt^'irmi, :i^ x S} x j iu,
BaUom ciirli, 'i rin^a of ftvigle-iroM. S} x S^ X |jii*
18 vertical triies bars, T ii'on, HJ >; 3^ y ^ m.
9 GoKiniiis, 2^ n. loiii- oocli, l-l in. cljam. at buse, 11 iii* &t top.
4 Loldiiig'dowD boHa, U ti. luujf, ]^ in. di&in.
Sin^U ffathoiiUr.
Di«wneter, 100 ft. DupLli, SO ft.
Riae of trrown, S ft.
2 crown pUtea, 5 ft. ditttn,, J in. tlucU.
Koof Hhc'uU, mnov and outer cii^loa, No. 10 ; tlie reinainder» No,
12 B> niro gauge, except c)trrmj^« Nlteets. J iu. thick.
Side iiln>elfl, lop iiiiri botLom Uerfi, No- S^ ; the remainder, No, 12
B. wire gmgo.
Rivt^ta^ 5-lOtlis hx. diarn., 1 in. ap^H, ceitti-es.
CeuLr»-pipe of wrought- iron, 1i ft. long, 24 in. dinm-, 5-lOlbi uu
tliick.
m main and 18 Hu^ondur^^ bar^.
Top cuib, 2 rb^Ei of nngk^ron, 4 x 4 x ?-l5blifi in-
DolloiH curb, 2 riiifj!* cjf luiglo-iron, 4 x 4 x 7-lflLh*i iu., wida
flat bar of wrooghliron, G x | in.
18 voptioal burs, Tiron, 4 x 4 x | in.
d cokmnti. 24 ft. long, 24 in. dinni. ut lit»c, IS :n. diuu. &t top,
1} to } Iti- mt^tivlei.
4 boldjng down bolte, H feat lorfl, 1 j in. djam,
SiwjU (i/uhohlfi:
DiunMer, 110 ft. Dcptli, 23 ft.
Bifleoforovn,C fl.ritr-
Orown pUteft, 4 ft. diam. ; | im lUick.
ncoralieoUH row n^xt cenUe and ou(«t row i]«3Llcarb,}ii]- tluek
sc*conil rDw from d-ntif . } in. tliivk ; and ssuoiid row imxX CiilbtJ
H-1(JUj8 In. lliicle : tli*- reinnindDr, No. l^ R. wirg gfiuge.
5id& al494>tB, top and bottom rowt, | m- tlnok ; iteit row to MClli
G-lCtl]fi ill. Uiich i tb*^ i^iuAiiider, No. li B, wire gau^*
Rivetf4. f Id. and :4-lfUbM iv. jdnti^H, jtii- rivet^n 2 in. centres; tli«
} in. and No. 12 D. wire ga"^d «1ieeu iJIGtliit in. riv«tt> l|in.
coniro? ; J in. plutes und uiirb ^ in. rivot^i !£ ill. cootrft*.
Top curb of J ttiigit* ii-oue S x 4 x ^ in.
RotUun riirb of^ angle-irons 4 x4 x Jin.
0\f\ KXllINKKHS AND MAl^AUKRfl.
£03
Vortical sUyB. 14, of 2 an^lf-irms ft x B X i m<> atid a pioco of
timlMr 12 in, x 4 in. hnlt«d htflwoAn.
CetTtio pip« of 1 in. pkti>, 3 ft, diun,
^^&iii raftor*. ^b, of T iron ^ x 8 x H>>-
PDrliiu. trf T-iran H x 4 X i ui.. ftiid reinftiiidflr of ftugle-irou
a X « X I in,
StrnU, tl, on muni rnrtcr* Ij ttiid ]} in, diaiu.
Tie _n>d, prijicipal 19 in, dium.. aocoilU 1^ in» diam>, and lliixd
1 in, lUtLui^
Colmnntf. H, of cAJit-iroD 1 ft. U ia. En diara. atboitom, ] ft 2 in.
at top; uiblAt i in* ^t bollom. iliEuimabuig lo | id. thkh ftt
lop.
i3dding-3own bolU, 4, 1^ In. illnn^,, :20 ft. Imig.
LAiiio« girilera, 14, 1 fl. 6 iif» deep, of two frftniM of ftr([]«'iron,
H X H X I ill., M\<1 brftco0 ii$ X 1 inoh rivot«d b«twMn, toj>
&nd bottom of ginler covered viUi & plate lU in. wide bj j id.
iliiok.
^iimelifr. l(fi ft. Depth, 5fl ft.
Roof. vfitlTOiit truaHiTij^ or fL-uiiiewo:k,
Roof abeeu, llr«t, or ouuido GJrol», s ft. longa f IHi IhEck : rivel«
j| m. dijuu., ^ iUh apart, ocotri». Suooud drole, U fl, loug.
^iik. tLbk: rivets. IJ'lOlhif in. i]ia[ii..2iiii.iipBrt»ceiitfv«: cttitrt
ii1i4i0ta, foruiiiw a ciirlc, 3ii ft. dinra., J iiioh tlnVk, hiuted uTid
tivdtod to eaori other by Upping pieces, ^{ tn. wide ; rivotSi
O'lGth* In. dinm.; roi»<iinaor of roof ftJteots, fi ft. Jon|;>
8-IGtbft iz). tNo- 7 H. wJtc SAitgc^r thick; rivals, i in* diom..
1| m. apart, cftiIt&b.
Sjid« nlicetfl* tcp juid bottom tiers, j in. thick ; rivetB, ^ in. diant.,
1^ in. jLpart. ctnitvea. Interveiiinf? aide sheetn. No- 10 D- vire
^nii^i> ; rivittfl, j] iu- dinin.* 1} in. npnrt, t^tMiLifBi.
TopcurK n oiwtulw cbnmbor or girdor, in Beetion noarly rcctflJ^-
^iliLT^ciutDrdopUi, IBin. ; inner dopbh, lf^}in. ; width, 2ft., IJ in.;
conKlnivtcd of 1 > -i >: ^ in. nrglc'iron,
UotUim nirl^ forniml nf twn drcliM of {^ in, hnilnr'pUtrrM. IS in.
mda. tftch nvutoil to cirok' of jLn^Hc iron. -1 x -1 X J in.
^ii vertical t^inytt. three eidcti of a rcctanf^nJcir lijfUTU» 12 in. wide,
10 in. ilfTop ; fcirm<?d of & oii^Jo-itoua 8 x 8 x 1 iti. uid ^ in.
btiili^rplritp.
16 cclumnH, iliiim. at htae, S fl. ; At top> ^ ft. 8 in. ; in«talf { in,
to ) jn> tbick
4 hcldiog-clciwn holtit, 10 ft- lou|;, 2J in. rouuil-iron.
«
•04
KKWBtaOIKGa fijUCDBOO^ V»
TiffoMft TelMCoiiie <ra*hatMr,
tiiunotorof OdtorUft, Hh ft. Deptb. IG ft.
DiA&otccofiimcr lift, 43 ft. Dv^pili. 1<; a,
Hiao of crown. 1 ft, G in.
Crown pUbu, 1} ft. G iu. diAiu,. ^ lit- tliiolc.
lUiofstieeU* ini[«r Aiirl out^i' circles. No. 12; all tiie reet, Ko. II
B. wirt gauge-
Icicle eh«ot€ in both lifts, top and bottom Uors. No< 12; all tUif
rest, No, ]ll B. wire gftuge.
Rivets for Nqs. V2 ami 14 sheets. iS'lQtha iii, Uuim. ; fur No. M
ttbeete, } in. diatn.
CJup, inner iift> formed by 2 tinga of 2) X 3} X G-lGtha in. aiigJo-
iron. ooDiiBCteil togelber witli No. 8 plutfiB. wUli fticle of No- 19
plnie, und a riu^ 1) x A^ iiu haJf-rauiid iron, riveted rauud.
Dip, outer lift, tho eounurparl of Iho cup invortod.
Mftiiiben-rnig bars, T-iron, 3 )c 8 x i iu.
SetiimUrj bearing biu-s. T'iroii, a x tt > Ji^i.
S vortical bars, inner lift, T-iron, SJ x 24 X J ui-
i.1 vorticul barsH outer lift, T-iroD, ^^ x 1} X j in*
Bottom curb. auglLi-iran. doullu, ^ x 5 x J iu.
Oeolumn*. ISifudiani. lit bujiu. ID in»at top; in«ta1,l iu. tof tti,
thlok.
BUmotor. outer lift. H7 ft- Pi^ptb, iO ft.
PUmecijr, imior lift, Hr> ft. D&^ih. tJOJ ft.
Ki&eof rrown. 4 ft-
2 crowu iilotoB, 4 ft. diam., J in. Unok.
Roof Hb«jts. inner and ooier Qiti^lea, No. 12; tljc rest, No. IJ U.
vnxti go-u^'e, Qxt^ept \f cJjvots upon wljioh tbe oarhogoe are fixed,
NOp 7 B, wiregftnge.
3ide tdit?E<Ui. Lop itml liottom tiera, both lifts, No. IS ; all tbPTeSl.
No. 1-1 h, wire giLU^^i'.
Hivcta, C lOtbo ill. dium-, 1 in. updJ"!, oontres^
Hydraulic cup and dip, 7 in. vride. Itl m< deep.
Centre- ^li pi' of wrouyl it-iron. VI ft, long. 12 in, diotn.
Ttiij^s ctip, wrouglil'irou. ^ It. dinu).. j iu, tluok.
IH mnin oars, T-ii'oiu 4 x £ X i iu>
ldsi>coiidiu> Uif«, T-itun, ^ x ^ >c J in.
OAS H7((;iHUH»5 A^D M4»Aai:llS.
ai-fi
Orin^or ptLrlioAof brftokob b^rs* the middU purlin of Angle-iron.
3} X B4 ^ i iii'.tlit^ rvmumclcjr (if Aiit'ircJii. 2 /C i Sn,, sfiOTired lo
raftln fttid Bvoond&ry b&rtt with i in. baltN.
1^ pniieipal toa«LOii rods. Ij- in. diam.
3)fl dift^oiiftl kn^iuu ruib, { in. diaia*
9U tTDBBbarc i Iff of 14 Iti. ilJAiii.. IS of 1| iti, dtjun.
Bottom curb, 'i ringv of nngleoroi), 3 } x 9} X g itt.
ttt visrlicnl trui»i bnrf, Tiron, tt} x 3} >^ 4 ^-
i) co]ainLs.4L ft* loai£. ildiiiH di^m^AtbaHe, :£OmpBtuip, 1i to] in.
TRRUll, CJLSl lit 4 IfrifrTpllA.
i boldmg-donn bolta. ^ ft. long, 1( in, (Lam,
tiifcmtWr. ouwr lift, 100 ft. Doptb, ^2 ft.
I>iuc«ter. iuner lift, l^H fl. Depth, 22 ft.
Tliicf sh™tH, N*J. 11 II. wirr gHiJgB,
Sid« ah(uit>, top lior. No. IX : all tho others, No. IS D. win
Kivm. f inn diiun.. 1 in. aprttt. ccnirrta.
HjuJmuho joiiil, Hin. wide, Ifi in. deep, Nn, 10 B- wiro gangfo;
top 4^ge of cup luid bottom 4mcli of dip bouad by Iiolf-round
iroii 2 X I id. thick*
BoLUuui^Lirb. mi^lt'-jrou. 4 x liii. fttthcsroot, andnui^df bttr-iron
4 X 1 En.
lU colciinrui, !£1 in. diAm^ at base. 1 ^ iti. at top ; motal \\ to ] in.
lhk-h.
4 holdiM^-dowTi boltB, 10 ft. long, 2 ut. fltiuara'ii'oii.
Tiffii-Ufl 7>UMritjtif {i'tiik'iUUr^
iViamotAr, ouior lift, 102 ft. Doptb» 22 ft,
imet«T, muer lift, 100 ft, Dvtplh, 22} ft.
Rtae of crowu. 4 ft.
CrowQ plate. 5 ft. clium,, i itt. thick.
Hoof sbeet*. Iksl rijiR nei-i centre, No, 9 ; neitt and enter rinpa,
No. 11 ; all tlio a'St, No^ 12 M. wire gAUge.
Bjd« ahvvtb, outer lifY. lup luid bottom lioffl. No. II; all the
re^t. Nok 1J^ II. wii'e g&ng?^ Liner lift, tup and bottom tiers.
Ho. 13 ; all th« rest, No. 17 B, wire gauge.
Oupaud dip. S iu. wjJb. 16 in. dee^j. of angle-iron x 3 x (in-;
p1at4?» No^ 7 B. wire gAvi^a : e^ge>9 siiflT^inerl witi: 1 J x j uii
lift tf round -tron ; { m, rivcia, G in. apart.
lOcoluuiua, 18 ill, diam, at base. H in. &t top; inetDJ, Ij-Ukf iik.
tbiuU. C&bl iu 4 Iviii^tliu.
1 holding-down bolle, 8 ft, long, 3 in. ^qnara wroiifflit-iron.
TSro-fift T'-ffSfHjifr O'nthM^r.
DlAm«ter, outer lift,. Iflft ft. Heptrh, ftfij ft.
Piametcr, mnci- lift, 101 ft. Depth, SI ft,
2 crown plaloa. 4 ft. di&iu., i in. ihiclt.
Boof sheelf. inner tiad outer rin^^s, ( Iu. tUick ; M lilt re«t>
1-lOtli in. l\uak.
Bide sheets, to[> and bottom tiers, } in. thioh: the r«m&ind«r.
1-lOth in. tliidc.
i-lifi TrlfM-ffric Git^J'i'f'irt.
in. t
ftnd tho'i
Titv
DuuD^kr, outer lift, 11I2 ft. Depth, SC ft.
Diameter, inner lift, 1 {«) ft. Ili^ptli. -20 ft.
Riio of crown, ii fl-
Roof. tniB»«i.
Itoof siieots, MDtrQ plMo J m. tbiak, »<TKt row {
<1-lfitht( in. ; oiit'rr row, f in.; next. iMGtba in, ;
teniJHliulF 7 mw*. ^ iii.*thiok.
Side shoots. 31 (tthfl ill, tliiek tcip ttniA bottom rov^t; romaindei'.
No, V2 B^ wire ^nvij^^ ; iho oup> 8 im x 18 in,, is formed *>(
2nuff3ofdx Bx S in, nngle-irou.llie bottom a^iil Midofl Iwiru
of i ill plate, liftving ^ x 1 iti, liAlNrotiTid houd ut odg^ of
pUt».
Top curb, of two rings of luigb-iron € x ft) x ) in.
Bottom uni'b, of 2 rln^^ of Au^lv-Jror; ^ > S x ^ iih pinai-d S in,
npnn, bi!tw?&n which ihe hcttom rollEir ffarriagefl (irEs soonr^d.
V«rtiOD.I Pta>e, inn^ hft, S8, 14 of which &re of U Miglotronff
fix 8 X i in. riveted on each aide to a web pUtc fiin. wide
juid i lin thick ; the rtinnimug 14 being of T-lrori ff y 3 J tn^
iruKApd with tbren stnns nnd a tio rod. Outer lift htts 2>i
varUnni ataye of £ in. puard iron fl in- wide. ftgairiBt which tii*
ffnido pieces on the cup fdide.
I
tiAVi EMCllNKlitEH AND yANAOElCM,
W7
C&uira column. 17 ft, iJ in. long &iid 'i ft, diact^. of wrought'iron
plfttM 3 in. tiiiakr J in. rivots, 3j[ in.fiUti; tbis le aeuurvd to
(be under crovn pluW. wbicli ts 4 n- In ^iftm.. bj » riu^ of
angle-iron 5x4x1 ^'^- ^'^^ 1 ^'>' rjv«l8 : at the lower eml
of the colxiuw are 2 ririg« of augle^ivon, 5x4x1 ^'' plaoed
dt in. apart to fonn a jnir to rocoivc onU? of tctieion rods.
Main raftoni, 14, of T-uron. 4 x 6 x i in.. Intssed wilL six
wrciighuiroTi lalriiU 1), 1^. nnd 1{ in. tlUm., and n 1| in.
diain.t«ti(donrod. Foui^toon main tiorodeof If in.ronn^-iroQt
«it«ndinff frcni oiirb tobattoniof c^^iitrocokmn.nnd fliispanded
in Lwc pluct'ji &T>rii thn tiinin rnftni!! witli J iu. joiind md* ;
tho main tie rodu and lliu tomtiou rods Imvi' (sich a wrnuglil-
irc*ii couplinf^ boi wjUl li^iit and l<iR hand tbrcada.
Bccordarr raftcrn. H. Tiron, a x fi X ^in-. tntwiod aa above
VTLtfi four fttnit^ I{ and 1^ in. dUm^. teritiir]ri nui If in iVmia.,
^ttlt coupling bo^ ; tli^^eo nft^rs extend trom curb to u-ithin
&1 (t. of Llii> aiMitro of bolder, tbc inner ends bdnj; dueiirud to a
DiaiD brucir but or j^itrljii.
PtiTlmn, T fovi betwo^ii Me and ctintr^- Tlii? Tnnin piivlln n^fvi-
tionod aboT« is 'IJ x 1^ x IM5th8 \n.; thuf or^f> i^ext curb,
4 X B X tin-, ati3 tha reioainder. B x ^ x ^tn.. aU oTT-iron,
OolumnSi 14. of caal-imiL. 2 ft- il m- diaiiieT«r at tmiiom, S ft. at
top, and AA ft- s in, bipli. niirinoni^t«id nitli a Ur^^ hati ftO in,
diarn., ^UiiT|}ikod tirial,
Qirdcm. ^ rown. each 2 ft- deep, and 10 in wide, of I angk hcin^
5 X S X 4 in-> witli p!at«i It) x {) m.. top and hiiuiim dTngnnal
bracoaS x | m., at tlto mtoiioclion of which ik n ca«t iron
spiked ball in two balTCF<. 17 iu- diaiu- aerosd i^pihM.
HoMhit'-^ii^^L lK>lt^. i. ^ ill- iliam*. 11 ft- in. Imig.
DiamatA-, out«r lift, 120 a, D^ptL. '24 ft.
Diikm«t<Tr, innut ha> 118 tl, Uvptb, '21 ft.
ifjttoof crown, (I ft.
Boot. uiitru»»«d. reatintr wliun down on limber fhuuing in tank.
Boof .nh^elH, flrut or o^ittiide row, j in. thick : seoond row, i In. ;
third row, aJiSthfl in.; fourth row, No. 8h, vir« gaiig«:
crown platofl, } in, thii^lc and ft* in diam. ; inaido row, next
Dtonn piatr. S'lGthsin. ; ue^U Ko. f^U. vixe sauflo; and iht
r^mahiing 10 rowa nf intPiiTtpdiaiHR ahfltttH, No. 11 R. wira
ite
3!KWB]0Ui:^0*5 H,UnJBOOK FOB
1
I
i ill. thick ; a«(joii(t course at top. d-lGlbs lu. ; oiid iLe rtt> j
mainder, Nn, 12 H, wire gniigt?. ■
Side flbeete, outer lilt. 1*2 coarsofi high ; top and bottom ooitrvo.
i in. tlnck ; uccond ooaraEi at bottam. s^-KStiig in. ; and lL« iv-
muiiidEr. No. 12 it- wire gauge, Tlio tbicker FiL««t£ iij both
imter imd oiiu^i' tift. Hv^UhI tog^tli^ij' with j in. n^'^u, I| In.
apart. ccntrt^H, lUid Uio otbers with 5-lOthe m. rivdtA, 1£ in.
apart centre a.
T(»p iiurb. of 2 ttut'lt'iioits- one at junulion of ruof ttith aidi*
sbeete. 1% y. tt > ^ in . 7>iid ilie cttlier &i lUu iuner^dge of outor
VGV! of Qlicota. I >^ 1 X 4 ''^' > ^^'^ ^^^ Btiffancd by guao6l-
piecea epriij^riiiic from (be Tertlcal atays.
Bottuiii curb, fif (wo R K ■] X i Ml. jiM^le-iroriB, riveted to thr
outside ot llie losv«r row of tbeefR, with f[ lii. tivotB. 6 in.
apjLtti liotwQon tJic^otvoctirbEL, wbiclj arc pl&ood 3 in. apart,
BTe ^Tted tlie '^H guide oiLrmg«a arjd rolJerA.
Cl)|>8. foriDed of TotladcIiJimiel-iioD 8 x ti| X tin..rir«i^ lotb»
eid9 gheeta »uil neing plubes, witb J in. rjvots 1 in, apart. A
Lairrou\id bead 2 x i^ in. being riveted to «dj^ of rinnj^
pUiuD, yfthich iLiH i in- tbiek and 18 m. il«tp.
Vertical sUys, !^, formed of two 4 x 4 x ■) iD. aDgleiroiif and
a web-jlat^ betveeii, t in. tbicb and {) in. wide, 6(iciir«d vritli
i in- nvetfl. f> in, apart ; nt the upper end of tb«ae ia aitocliHl
agUBset'pkte with ojigle-iiion adgnA i\ x >\ x Si iri,. ^Kl^ridinj-
lO the inner angle-itxm curb of roof, to wbicb imd ttie outer
ourb it ia livctcd.
Sbaudaxila 14h in the form of the letter T. 4 ft. 2 in. X 8 fl- a4
bnttom, tjtperin^ to I fl- it in^ eiu^li wilv at the lop; each
atantbird d1 it. lufjh. B«lwB(.ni the migie-iron ^lUiiowork of
the aiandaria le cast-tron trclba work- 1 in. thinkj on one of its
sidea, ATid wiunghi-iron latt^cv work on tlie utber \ the stamlai^e
an^ aRcm'fdtociiGl'iron holhw bhHi- p]M.k't4 fJin. dee|> ; 4 holding'
do^vn boita to each aiandard, 11 fl. t\ in. Idn^n ^j in. diam,
Laltict pirdcrs, 'i rowa in the height ; firat or lower row, 27 in-
tltvp : lup mw. 30 iu. dtpp ; foruit^il uf 4 an^lu-ironw, 8 x A X
^ in. wrouffhMron lenuion bsra, » x i in., atid oust iron iitnits.
I'tro-lift Ttlf^cfppif Gtftftoldfr,
DiunoUr. outer lifb> U\ iu 6 in. Depth, 40 ft.
DiMncUa\ inner lift, 1 H> ft. Oopth, 10 ft. h in.
Crown triisB^, nse ^ ft.
Itccf felie«ld.oui«r ro<iv, -VllUhfl in- ; noxt row.Q-lOtlinin. ; andlbe
*
0A9 BKaiNBOES AHIy UASAdSBS,
Efo. to B. wiro gtog*, two ooDtro pl&toe { to. Uriok
SJdft alwoU. top KtiA bottom row« tn bolL linn } in. Uiioli* iha
renHunrkr No. H B, wtrs i^Tign, J in. rivnis. 1 in. eoiitro;<up
ABd gripIO in. wtdo wd 2Q in. dMOpPiffRofa form ; phtcft | ia.
thick, stTGiigdton«d nt^f?* ivith D««d-ircn.
^orp anri), of 2 ringA of Angk-imi] 5x5x4 i^^-- plft^^i^ otia
abora tli« oUior : tliu lourc^r niio in dACurtid to a UHt bar 10 in.
wido Kod t ;n^ ttuck. vhii>h iit ai^ftm oonnootod by abraps 4 in*
irido ani) ^ LO. tlnck to tbc bc>p rov of ihoM«.
BoLUiru curb, a( 3 riii^i of miglisirfin x 4 x 4 in. rivet^l to
Iho outaido of tU« bottom of row of ihMla with i in. rivelB*
BAtvtvii tliMo two riugn ora fixod the botlotn f:iiid« ruller
VenfdU AlttyA, ^2 in top hft of H.inui 12 in. dr^up, and 92 in
bottom lift, of 4>lia[mol-iroii 8 x '-fj x 4 iiiH.uttaoh&d to fJi^M,
DQpj, and cnthb with £ iu. bolts iii apper lift, and i in. i>OT«wad
pinn in lower lifL
CoitCro'^olninn. sft.dltt, AJam^.^^ft. long, of plalof T-lOtbsin.
thick.
Boof framing. 24 maiu radial T-irou boni ^ X 4 x ^ in. curv«i3
to roof, each inxh a main teiisbn rod S in. in dinniAler atcuibr
and rodooeti to t j in, at the foot ofceTiEre column, and havtna
a cotipliu^ hot with ri^^ht and left h&ail thruud, i dtrnti and
4 iflunitjn Eintlf lorm tlie biaciiiK Lo eiu:h muLn bar. Lhu fumji^r of
-BTOta-ifoti I X 4) X 1 3ti pUc^ei) vpnically, and tbi> lactir of
1. Ill 1ft andl{in.roiind'iron placed diagonally, ibo ittrougout
BMAlon iMSUii: ntraMflt the contra colnmn ; in eccondjLry r&dial
bars ol 4 X f in. Elnl-iron. that im. 2 Hijuidistaikt; buLwvHi clie
mtin iftdial bAr«, and «xC«r]dinf{ from top carb lownrds ccntTv
adifltanoeof t^ft., and Uioit for a fnrtJiDr distance of 16 II,,
la direciioi of iho centre, aiiothrr bur of tho same dimt-naiotjs
in A\i^. 17 rinipi or rowH of pnrlini. diviflrvl oqiiallj ttcm
curb to ccntro. art flud hotvA^n main and no^oniary bar?;
tti« first row from ootilno boing of 6 x ) in. flat-iron ; n«x(
4 Tovn of anftln-iron, 1} x 1^ X i iu. ; nctt row of antrle-
iron 4 X 3 X i i"- : noit row of Torcm rt y ft x i in. ; n^xi
8 70WH, which urc nnbtUvidod in lofigth by tbo «ooondn.ry rvdia}
bars abovomDiitioiLfd, lire of anf^h-iron 1} x 1^ x } in.; no%t
rov extrniliiif; frGEu nmin bjir to inuiii bar is of I*in>n 8x0
X J in. ; noxt two rowu are divided in 3 lengtliB betwovii main
bar* by tho two locamlory bari, and aro of l( x 1^ x { in.
anglo-ircm ; next row cxtcndiii^ from luuin to main U of Taron
4 X 1^ X i ju. ^ ntixt mw divid^l in H If^ngtlm ajt ht^f^nt i^f
1
fi:o
KEWBlaGlXrs^fi EATn>BO0K FOB
1^ X 1^ X f in. oDgl^'iron, and the renuLming 2 rowe di
iti S OS beToi-c of 2 x !^ x { in, iLngJe-tron; 2 bixm of Hat-ixon
2} X ^ in. croEH diagonally in ta<:h Ut; fonncd by the Lwo
nijun bkre.
Coliunni* 16, df catt irou. 88 ft. high. 8 ft In diun. st bft««, &&<
2 ft, B ic. at top, mctoJ 1 in. thick ; oofltirun i^Jummrl Rtiide iip
ihr oolunuu fi x 3 hi. m»jiile meaeure, vrci^^hiitt' ^1! Ihit' pflT
foot.
Gbders, 16. at top i ft. deep. 7 in. wtd@. of 4 &n^l« iront 0x8
X S ui. ftrid a top liud botLom ]>bklG 7 iu. wtdr- by j iHh tbick ;
diu^utittl brtkuti bars \ x 'iin- , 10 intermedjutr ^iidttrtt 9ft.fl in.
de^p, f^ In. wide, of 4 aikf^le-irons ^ x ^ X j in->andtop
boLtcm pLatee b lu. vevh h^f i in. thiols diaj^on&l brace but
8 X ^ in. ; at the Inlei'sociiciu of tbc bv&ce bus a uLat'irou stikr
12 in. ill diani- a m«te^-
HoMing'dovn boUs, 4, 'I in. aqnar« and 14 ft. long.
Capooity, 1,400,000 ^[ibio feet.
1
Tini-lifi TfJiMfifiL- tiimtuititrr.
Diameter, oator ii5. 197 ft. C in. Depth, M ft.
Diameter, inner lift, I9C ft. D^pth, »6 n.
Ctowj], udtruuBPd. riin 10 ft.
Hoof vhcota. centre pints I in. thtoh, U ft. diamc^tor; row ntxi
centre cpf Kc. 7 D. wii« gttiif^o : row next curb, f i^i* thick ;
nnxt raw. 5-1l(tlH in. Uiii^k ; Uiinl row, No. 7 R. wira gao^.
anl tbo renmining raws of No. 11 B^ wiro qnuga.
Bid« sheets, of inner lift in IH rowd : lop row, ) in.; bottom
nrw fcimiing cup, g hi.; aocoitd row frcnn top nnd botloiii,
) ku. : third row fTom ti^p ant^ bnttoru of Nfi, 7 B. wire gtnge ;
And the IS mtcniiodial© rows of sboete of No. 11 B. win;
f[ftage in thichneBu. Those of outer lift in IS rown; top
row lb^Ulill^^ uup* i in- ; bottom tow, aiOtbs io. ; MMmnd
fi-om top. No. n Ji. wire gan^ : second from bottom. 3-10tli«
in.; thiM from bottom, No, \f B. wire t'^ugu, and tbc IS
iuterinediatt iqvh of No. 11 D. wire ^nut^e iu lhickii«4».
Cu^. 10 ii]. wide, ]H iir. di<Ei[i. of ohftrnel-iron, 10 x &} X J in.,
nsing sido plat^^, |in, thick, vith <£| x }in.bead hwtcd tO'
«dgos.
Top curb, of 2 angle-iron ling?, outer 0111^ <t \ i\ x jiti.; hmar
ono, B X fi X t in., botb double riveted to top And
slL«et>, with { in. ri^-ets* 2 in. Apart centre to c«Dtr«.
I
ClAft BSOINBBft^ AM> UANA6ERS,
111
BeitKim curb, or t Anftl^iToTi nii^s, fs x G x ) in., riveted lo
V«vtio«l>tajv,44,iiitipp«rhftofH'iEO]i.8 x Sx 5x l-XQthain,
Bboorod to top and boUom row^ cf «heeU mid tlio oiil«r ojjgle*
iron curb, bat not to tlic int«nne^i(tte fibeeta. ei«epl juat
at tbo oenlTiGt wboro thara a.i^ two cUp^, & m. wi{!« x S-li^ths
in. tliicb, lo wbioh lb<i sheet i> riveted. Gun^et pieces, 44. of
Sftiiffle-iron fniiniiH. 2^ X ^i X i in., riveted to a 7 I'iilis iu.
wob-plftt« nUcfti) bctwoco tb(im untT rii.'yted togelhc-r, fltid to
the Torticol atuyn, ontor raw of top iiijE>t)tE]. and iimvt an^'le-iron
eoib with t in, tivutM. 4 in, pitolin Vcrliaftl ttXtiyti hi lowor
ciroaLur lift, 44, mF tliautiol inmp A >: 2^ x } in,, nvj^u^l tu
bottom curb, and to tt* flb«cUi liaH i^iiv up. wilb four J in,
riTots. oountcrsunk b«ii.<bi in the oh^nuU and boll«d to tbo
ob&unct'iron cif f^rip witt tvru } iti. boUei-
Goid* wW'lit, 2-1. nt top lirt uf lEUilItfablii i^ost.frori. &4 in.
diwnoU^r. vrilh Btoel aiks or pins, mounted on wrou^bt itcn
carnation, 44 £ittd under cup of uppui- lift, 22 on f^Ip, und 44
iMi Uittam curb of uuttr lift. nU of inulleublti cAKt-Iroii, bitving
ttool pbw ftud urougbt-iron carriA^a.
Columns, *^'l. of cA^t-iroii, b ft, diamvt<jr at bottom, mni 2 ft, 6 in,
at top, mounUii] oii oiuamCitd btwe 4 ft. sqii^rti lui J ft. !7 in.
IiikIi. tu'o fiitabiHinreH ftiid miinrnfrilal cap: 4 lioMiu^-^down
bcuu to eaob oolnmn* ;fi| in. dLam«n?r-
Girdera, upper tiflr, 3 ft. 6 in. Jee^i ; lower tier, 8 ft, deep, of tiro
Cr&mce of ftuuie-ironp -I x 4 x 7-UIUjh tii.. v/hh kttice birn,
4 X t ^n, riveted belnW^en th&m • the tnp, boUom. ami an(\» of
^rdotv covonjd vntli ft I in.place t> m- wide ; metH.jin.,4 in,
apart centres ; at tbe inteveectloEi of the diagoniil brnccH witL
MKtb otUi^t ftro tinei] pLato^, 12 in. iliamebt^r und 4 iit. tliirk.
Quftlityof iron, plftte,6n(ile, nnrl T-ironof bcstSfiutb KtriffuHahirn
bnuidp. ibo chikDn^l and H iron of ihtr bo«t Belgian : the shoots
of tb« \CQ beat ^utL StalTordBbiro, equal to T). B. IJ, bc9t.
tUvdU. all HJY.i^H, of tbe Uet »oA diarc.nul-irnn. Tlm^e for tbt;
No. 11 B. wirogangeelieuU.of No. 3 B, wiru gauge in Jbm@ier
and 1 in, pitob ; and tliouo for ^o. T B. wire gauge alicote,
■ith I in. riretp If in. ap&rt oetitrfrrt.
C^ftCiL/. 2 million cubits fuut.
I
% outer lift. 200 h. DeptJu 25 a, a in,
iamcter. inner lift, \m ft. Ucptb. 25 ft, 5 m.
Rool mitruMPcV and Ha.t-
?fl
m
KffVBjaanio s njun>E0OK Fon
lUiof slicfTiB, centre plate J in., row next contra plate ) in. ;
mw i in. ; mitur row imxi oxrh \ in. : iwiiaud mw I m. ; ajid
ibo wboltf of tilt remiiumg voms ^ in. tMck.
Sido ihcote. outor lift, bottom row j m. : next » IGtJiB in- ; top
row 8-16ths in- ; intcrmediaie rcv^fl &U ± iu< ttiicit : mner lift.
b^jLUiui Hill] t()i:i rowp !l-16tb» in, lltidt ; it^rctairiiler ^ lir Uiiuk.
Top ourb IS a boi girder S Jt. y S ft. of j in. pUles and
11 X U ^ ) j»* auglo irone in tbe inaidi] oorot^rs, rlv«ticd
togotbor.
Bottom curb, cf S jujffli^ irons, 4j x 4^ X } in. riv*>l*d to a
i m, plate 8 in- wide; tb@ \rbola rivotcd to tba lower ab
of bolder.
Cop formal cf cbanrel-irfjn H x 8 x B x 1 1^- tbicJt ; riflin
EUt« jE in, tbick unr] Ifi in, deap; a IJin, bcilf-roiind iroii
cad ifl rivot«d to odgo of rising plate.
Columns, S^. >^0 ft. lon^, 8 ft. diameter at bottom, ancl 9 n,
dEfim(it«r at top ; tuetel IJ in. thick at bottom and 1 in.a
Cfl-pucity, 1^ miUion cubic fi^et.
Uitrc.iift TAaeapit GniihoUif.
Diometor, ouur lift. 2Hlt. Depth, 6» ft.
Dopt^, C& fL 8 in.
Depth, 6S ft. 6 in.
Piamotor, niddlo hft, fill ft.
PiuDOlor, inn«r lift, 208 ft-
Ki£j) of crowFii 11 ft.
Roof uiuruflfctfd-
Qour vhtxivt. uuter rpw romung p»rt of cnrb, f in- thick, of sl««1
plates i\ ft, nidp ; neit row No. 7 B- wire gunge ; then ancither
row of No, t* If. wir« fraugo ; tbo remainder being all of No, 10 JS.
wire gauiro ; those latter riveted with ^-IStha in, livet^ I in.
pitch; tlio No. 7 1). Hire gauges ^lioetE riveLi?d to iJje i £■>
Hiflfll curb plate by J in. rivets- 2^ in. pitoh.
Sido sheets of No. 11 B, wire gango, scourc'd to cooli other vrttb
ff-lOthe in. nveU, 1 in. pitch, Up of sheets 1} in. ; tho boiloin
and top rows of sbeeU In outer lift are \ and S'tfjtliH in,
thick reapectively; in the middle lift 340ths in., and in Ut«
top lift li'lGths und \ in. i^eaiwotivoly, being riveted to t]»
other ^hectini^ with I ui. rivets* 1| in- pitpob- If \w. Up-
Piggot's 4?i]p and dip, tlie former of 7-lRtlis in, plitu, nnd tlie
latter of \ in. pUie, eeoured to udjoiuing eb^i't^ ^viUl J m,
rivets, 1) m. pitch, d in. lap; cup oud tbp IS \xx. vide ruid
SI ill- deep; ftl^e of cup and dip MtiflWned bj & 2) x | io.
tlat'iron.
OA^ SNOirrsBKrt atid m&naobrs,
flia
^)p oarb, formed bjr two ) ia. steel piaUth. one forming Ibe outer
row cd Elie«t^ on the crown hewing ^ii in. wide, the other
foraaog lop row of eh^^tJi on tli^ eide IS in. wida ; lh«d kr
joined together at tht angle with n J5 x G X ] in. Bnj|]a-it««l
curb, uid fiirttior atifTennd nt iJjn iniinr ii<lgi> of tlit crown
plaUi VpHtb n II y ?t X J in^ Knglt^HLucil, til riveted to|^thur
with { in. And 1 ID. sXeti nv«ld> 1 in. pitch-
Bottom ourb, formed b>- a plat« j in- thick, and 15 in* wid«,
tiHourwl »b righi- mi^'3<'j' to th« 1uw«r riiM'H «f niiuirttJ ici u (1x8
X } in> anglciroQ nitb { in. rivets, 5jj in. piv^b ; naoUiL^t-fttiglt-'
iron of tlio Aiitao ilitiionitioiiti boirii^ pluticitl 1 R. 6 id. higher,
forming & trpacc in wbicli arc tixvd th« bottom rolUr
MrrlaffM.
Vertioft] its}^, 49. on lowcrr and mid'lle bfu are Diftde of No. 10
y. wlro gauji^e shc*oti) bent in tho form tbije.n_8 x 1} in.*
riv«t«d to tlia uutaidt vjf lh« «b«cta, uul ou LL« iDaide opi>ositc
thpw ar* H X J^ X i in, channfl- irons, pljiriid beliFflftTi two 4
X 9 X 1 io, uigl«-iroiM, vbich are nretod through tho abeetn
to the outside sU^e. Tbe top or uuier lift is PtiSeaed by No.
^ D. wire f^u^e aheaLH uf theBzuuufanu lui ubuve, but ftro tSx
9 in,, plaood &ddo only.
StnndftniG. 2ttzi tho form of the bttor H. ^^xlBin. and 168 ft.
in. hiKh above oopii^K^'' tank, of wrouKMiron foTToed of four
H X 8 x i in* aru^e-irons ) m. weh plate* srM f in. in.Hiile and
otrtaid^ pIfttM, naTlD^ G liors of Gimia from attuidard u>
atuidnsrd, uid 10 fioM cf dick^nd braces. Two channel ironn
8 X a X i iri. riveted to eru;b other bjick to hiick and to the
■tandnrdK. form the jjiiides Tipon whiwh lIii* mdi^il mid tangiio»
tial rolkrir wnrlc ; tho bottoms of $lnndardj are £aitcnt?d to Ifl'
ungalar »haprd ca^t-iror; bo^-platoe, cacb eoourtMl to tite tank
wttli thn^u 2} in. \io\ie.
Cafaeity, A^ million cubit; feet.
w
KEWBIOOING fl HAy!>00OK FO»
THE STATION QOVKKNOR.
and A«n-ico-pip«s
An uniio<^os&nrily High prt^nnuw of ga« in tlit m&tDB
\a ByiioujmouR vith a heavy loftka^ aaooaut.
Ordm&ry thIyc* arc pijwcrlean to*ffoci tlie tlcair**! prceHure rcgaU-
lioQ. Ijowever v/t-W iXit^y may bi? nliLetiiltil to. No giui-wurliB. blibri^fore,
wU&L^^ver its £i/u. ulionld bo witlioni a Station Governor to ooclrol th«
initial i^rDfenroH
^Vlieii propei'ly couatrucWd it accouiplialjea llixa imporlAttt object
perTuutky, huwuror mucli tlie roiLuiinkptloii on tW oik« sidv and IIm
(ienaity of tho gas ou thi> other may varV'
The coQ»Lructlon of tlio Govomot in of the luoet nmple cbaraciter,
ooufilsLiiLt- {}( & aiiUiU ciiai-irou wati:iL--taDk. tlirovigh the bottom jf wLicL
tb^ gaa ^om the regular liclder enters, htlc] ruitkes it!i e\H hy means of
Li stitnd-pLpe risinj^ ntkovo tliD wntor lovoh Tliid pipe mny be «ilJ)Cr
iuiiiuIm or reclftiignlar iii form* In the former iMse iho gas caters
by Why of tlie cfruLiPLl npeiuug, a]i(3 inrtkos Itw exit by llie aiiTiL^Uii
jpace. In tlia kltei-tUTaiigemeiit the pipt ii dirided in two by a raid'
IcjitJiflr, 0D£ diviaioii bcin^ tlie inJet aticl Uic oUilt iUq outlet for the
gas ; the inlet division of tlie pipe occapjiiis thecentrnlpofiition in the
IiO-nk. Within the tniiJi is n flojtCiiiif^ hilt or ipi!i}LoM';r miwie of tinnpd
ebi^et<iron« from tijti crowi: of wliioli a eoui«a1 or ptii-abolio iliaiMid
v;ilve ia suspended by on eye-bolt- It is the vaimn^ and lowering of
tliia vnlve uitMn the inlet i^x^ ^[Kirtiire, by riinaori til the goi cKeniJifj
a prossiiro of groater or lesa farae, ittccordijig us tJi^ confiumption
vari«fl). on the inner curfece of the floating boil, that aceompljdi««
the oecessarv le^'iiiaUon,
The hoM*r niny hu bhlniiri^rl nr liinycd up eitlier by niaans of
an air chamber nithin itself, placed round it8 bverourb (£^. 80),and
ooneuqnontly itniucraod m il^n watur of the tunic, or by a chain
secured lo iti! crown mit -Ith- Fig, 73), paH»h%' ovorone or two pallryji
nnd tsrm mating in !i rm] iMiijliig (Jjv require} balanoe vreightG, tho
needed pre^Burr bt'in.; <^li(.iiiiMi| by plucking eiiut iron or loacl veighU
on tht orown of tho juI'Il r . or it maybe v,'c:ghtcd with wftlei ftllovod
to fluw from a f^L'd pijiu njtu jL tuiib furiimd bv (lonLiimin^ iho ludirM
of tbe holdtT a fow iiii'hflH nbove the orown. The molliod of weighting
by water tv profcrriblo to t1i« otlior, up Lho proe»arti can ho appUod cr
removed in a cioru graduul manner, tJtu opening iij th« nuppty and
diaeharge UipA l^^irj^' reL^ulatel as rleriir^ed.
Tho oonica! valve for incr^Aniug or'limiDiehing tie area of the gw
aperture haa geniTLilJy jjivon pl[u^o to that in tho form of a parabola ;
the ktttfr rwiuiruJft: a ahorter raute to produce Uie noccHaary cITiEct,
and lining mor* dellcai-^i^fidrerrjiinin k^flciinn, Tlie t}arabolB tUould
bo oaade twice iis diameter in len^li, and of weight dolsaicnt to rcjnjrt.
GAS BKGIKKKUS ^D UASAOBRS.
flIS
OKUhUon CI blinking, vhatev<T -prt^mm ma; W exerted
itl^ Uui iiiflowiiig gttd, Will Uie Itkii nliject It WQJi frrrmpHy
to tatbo tho fioattttg boU vittt uti ar<« 20 tlmw grMtur tliftii
tbc iiMA of tbo buio of tlic valv« ; tjub witli (bo improvontonti fiffM(ocl
m Oovcriioni tliia ih uok luiw iviiuir«d, uid muob loai spooo i> now
S«riottc uc]ji<inu bftvo arisen (torn tbo ewtpoolgftibj the tilting of
ibtdoatiuK tdl ^ ftfLcl, toobvi&toUiiadflaafertU^irovcmoDtdbBnlwcii
iiitmilucf'tt ill tlji- <H;ritiltuulioii of Ooveinors,
Tbv tioverrmjr of Mf^strs, J- und J, Rrii(Uocli I Fig. 70 in section twill
aJiow ivbat b&sb«eii<1on4 in tkfl dirdction. Tlio ffu enters from ftbovo
Ihfl talrt obomber. Over iho vnLvc. and of th« Mme area aa lU
bu»r i« a oompeniwtiiiR cliFLMibor wttbiii tbn boll> wbicb jh tiiinilieil
viUi gas Lhroi;i^k a tnimW pi)v- micIokIh^ tho valvp rod, so plnf^Enic
UrO bell Mi'l vnlvD in oqiniilirium. TUn b^rll in notoatod 07 tha
outlet pr«s«ar«, througb jl nrntUl ^upu ^itUcbcd Iq tL« oaUat briuiah.
it will tbo* l>r niH'iL tliftt if hj !ic:c ijWil tlw Ml wi'n' tilunl ur runi,
th« ^ueaut]^ of svi cH4'd[>iii^ would bv liniEled to ibn; vhieli wouJd ba
duchereed tliro^if^i ttto two dfrmll |>i|>cb raferrt^ to.
Vw.
. F. W. Hartley introduced a natety And reffuUcin^ plnte 0T«r
»« W effect Uio «ame obj*'cl, and obtwncd compensation
ttof A nniill tAEik amt Ijold^r iiUccid nlcr^j^nitlti tbc Govoruur,
bolder being unnpond^d from th& cbain cnrrytng tha cotint^rpoisa
Ir. 13» IJnicc rc4ibl4^,-* erapIoyBth© preMnirrof the inlet gia. supplied
UifOiigb 'I Kiiiall pijM! having a ilry legHkior iHwl iiptitJ it. to load iLe
b»ll of clie Govuriim% wbicb \a enoloaed in a gisliglil ca!^e ; and Ibfl
only u(ji>^'ii'<^t required is by m&Jine of smtiU wcigbta to the
1
flift
VE^'BIGOUIQ'd HAfa>aOO£ ¥QB.
Mr. W. Cowan hw istecdiiced varioas improvemmits tr Governors,
Ij Afliirh titp ifljaBM piwwure jh triaintainrirl tiadar nil VAriJitiDU*
of <Ixixught *^r changes it Ihc iiilet. i See Fig, 80.) Uu hua uIbo in-
Tcnlcd \i.n " Aiitoramic Prosanro Glimiger/' n most ingetiiDue itiBlra-
tatni for niisiiig anil i-cdiicing tUa prcx^uiv automrttioati; &t any given
tiiiii!. dmh iLiBLpeming with lite atttaitdiLut, exuopL oti cxlraordlmrf
;>?^
Pill. ¥>.
Mr, C- UuclI La« adapted tb« ordinpj)' tlirotil'j-vELlvc^totlid
of a Governor. Bj LIlu [iIhei a. hvldtit M:ur<^tly lor^r ul
limn tijn mnin only is required. Withiti Eliesupply-mftinleiwling from
tli« ^orks to tlio fllTcct. tbo ditto or UirotUo lh uouuratelj balaiia«d od
Iwo sroall st«el cbiitros; iLe l«Yer or railius ami l^ nliidi it i«
actuated, btiiuj^ hIho Inside liie ruiln. is attach&d to tLvi centre of bho
iliiiC- A hhiilU vertical pipe, comEnuniGating the bold^rvitb tbi»iMini
fifirv«s to fincloeo iha coDDoolixii^'PLp« attacL«d to Uit> radina am and
to tljo crown of tLe bolder* and albo cou^tijH tlie gas u^to the latttri
GAB BNOINlSKEb AM) lUJUOBBfi.
ur
By mevis of thii armngom«nir » holder on]; IS^ iocb«i indluoecaTi
mil ftcjtutkto an b-inoJ] t»Iv« ; and oii« only 17 iiicliod dioiOGteri an
lu wiultir llfui! Uic WEitcr in u (invkiniar Luik ui Unlit? Lu fre&ee.
partKrQl&rlf if ttic bouM contAining it i« m mi oxpo^od Kituaiion- A
T«rj cifioiCTit vid Huuplc remedy for thU it provided hy th*i 9l«4aQ
«(Ove. This in luarolj a oimL-iion cj'liiidor or ^ipc iu tlL« form of &
Clesia]* 2tl. ^ ID, to 3 Q. in biught. and 10 or 12 iii. iu di&meter,
visf ftbftao, flndanomixmoQlal top oroovcriug brightened bybtting
IcronDd ood poluhod* Tlic otcvc in plii^c<\ on end on tli« fiixir of iho
Oo?t<inor roain. in juj^ cimvriii<-4iL p'U'L, luid a hUmui inirti dbuut ) La.
Fit di^m^ter. nitli ^Lop-oook. iii inaorud vhrongLlbe bouoni. in whieli
Maaoiboc Blop-oo«^ for Icitiu^ cff lliv ^tvaU'r of condoiieatij^n. In
tinuof frostt by ineaiib of iLui bIovc. tbv utinoapL«ie of tL« room
can bo mainlaJned at ilzi ^quuLilu U'luperHtare. nt a Miiniinum eipoUHi*
A piaM of o^^narj «aat-iron pipv oaii bL- ad^tpted to ih» porpoee ; on
tbo other band tb« ebor* 10 aaaovpiible 01 Any amount of oma
maxilation.
DISTRICT Uit DIFFERENTIAL UUVEBS'ORS,
OaA protuum \^Tioo according to the olevalion* marciuinf; and
docr«ftiiTi£ lit tho rate of aloat ouetonth of an incb for oaxih 10 feet
ol riw> and fjhll re)i|>Pi^tivi»lj\ Ii isf ttiii« obrfoiu that if the prcMur^
ia Ibc lower mainj ia anft^ciein, that in tbo higher m^iuv (uuiuiDhi^
thorn to bo cu^micctod tbroiigl^oQti mngt bo in oaoooo.
For the eupply of M to yw^ii^lcvela,
ihoTefbre.eEparAlc Ivftdin^ uioinBt viU a 6ba-
lirai (lovamur Pipuii eaob. ure lilfllklj advan-
tiLKt^oue. tLnd aliould be employed vhcirevor
pmoticabltfu
DisiniGt or IhffGi^nlial Govftmora, for the
jmluroAbic regulation ofibepresGure in the
iLibJiiB ut \d^h altiiiideaccnaideT&bly removed
frripi tlie flaf4-workR. ttnt tAwy of the uinoeL
utility. Tb«ei? aiv produced bgtb in Ibe wet
jtnd dry form by moat inAkurs of ^aff appa-
raUs, P^K- M PibdWH Lhn r^irttnct Governor
made by MsBSrfi^ 0- BriH'4> IVbles and Co.
By doubling tho amount of nr^^Bure, thij
uoEiAUUii/liou of g[i9 JB inotc^jiiscil ty about ono-
half, LeakagL- from a pip** is, of c^o«rM^, ini-reasud in Llit Name rritio—
f.«.,io tbo pro [portion of tijo Hquar^ root of the pressure,
Fti> il.
1
fl
£18
XBWBtOODdO'S HAJfDDOOK FOA
MALN PIPKS-
Thd l^ftkn^e which arfsf^s in ihe i^UtHhniion of gnu ie targply
due to d«footivo anJ bcully joirted Main pipos.
Uf^ncc il is of tho first importjLQco to oi^aiire tliat ^ho pipo3 omploycd
for thftt purpose are zi) Jul e of s good i|iiti]il^ of nitilal. clonic lu texinrv,
frc'fl from def^u cf every Idud, aiiit as equal &? passible in Uic^ir
ceetiona! tUiolcneBa-
To secitre tliese lilireri latter oon<1itioiiSt all c&at-iron pipea 5 moiMM
internitl (ImmeLer iiml HpffiLr<!a shoiiltl bccust vertii^allj hi dry Wind
moulds, 8maU«r shus are usimllj cast in gxeeti tiHiid und in iitdiutxt
moTildn-
T))E> piptd nliould bcto3te<l by hydi-oi^tatic preaAurc cqu&l to Bl lout
TG Ibii. mi th<- ni^nar*^ irtfli (1^0 i&et bend of water). iMllitfr at Lliif place
of maiiufu(<turu cr uu tlio gat works : and wliiEat tuid^r pn!S8tir& thi>y
sbotild be Bmtj^rtt)' rappi?d witJi a H lb. InLmmiir Iram cud to tud, Thtd
ivill ofL«:i rvvcui faultii, sticL as sLUidy> porous, anil Mowa places, iiot
otberwisG diacerriible.
Rapping tbc' pipL'ti v-lidet on tlio groimd will alec indicnt« th^ir
character. If tbo eound emitted it clcai and beU'lU(«. tlit pipe may
be consiJetuHl fnm fnmi tli-fui-is. On tbci uthtsr bmidj J didl ihmX
Ivad^n* it ie oraoki^d or otlmrwiiio imp4jtt'0LU>
AU pipofl tliai do not utiuid tUo tvKtn nbould bo rejected.
Tbe meUl of pipra, vr'bitnt compact and close. tJiouM uoi b« eioes-
Kvely brittlfr and aphutery, but mich &m rnay be readily cbipp«d ftnd
drillod.
Caat-iron pipes belovr ^ in. dlfijineter are 6 ft. lon^i; l }4 in. tc
11 iitn diruEieler. U ft. lung ; wben 12 in. diameter and itpvard^ Uwj
may b^ nillier tl ft, or 12 ft^ lon^- The aook&i is not iiudaded in
UioBe kn^lL«.
It is iianal to pay for any oTerweiglit in the pipes beyond Hk
weight 3|tfcdlied, not eKceediiij^ 4 per cent-
Tonnula for calculating tJi^ woight of OMt^iron pipea;-'
Where D = oiuaidf dianiei^r cf pipp in inohfia.
H = insido dJameUr of pipe in in^hea.
W w wd^ht of a IvneaJ foot of pipe »^ Jba*
i
QAB fiNGINBBBS AND lUKAGBfiS.
tu
TABLE,
Cut-Ibon Ga8 Fjfeb, wtth Open JoiNra-
TA« irdfrAt 0/ ths mckett ami bead on spvjoU t> eqwd to 9-10tA« of a
Ufuat/oot 0/ the pipe, and this U inelude/i in the ireittht^ ftiven.
laumti
TMohp— of
Lfraihor
SocVet,
r^flDfthof npa
W«lEhlpU Ftp*
TMunotar of
KabdinBodjqf
not iDolndlDfl
ftp..
HjM,
Inside mBMDTfr
BoDkal.
SookAl uid BMd,
iDDllH.
iBChH.
looh*!.
FHt.
CirH, qn. Ibt.
1
B-16Gbi
^
G
1 a
u
6-iath«
2t
a
1 10
3
6-16th0
8
A
1 Ift
34
S-Sthi
8
6
3 17
S
S-Sthi
a
Q
1 11
i
B-athg
4
9
1 t 19
s
7-]Sth0
A
9
3 7
fl
7.16t]u
4
9
3 1 31
7
fi.lOtbi
i
9
3 37
a
SlOUu
4
»
a a le
9
5-10(lis
41
9
4 n
10
e-iathi
4i
9
G 16
11
B-iatfat
41
9
fi a 14
ifi
5-8thB
41
la
8 8 16
13
6-8tbi
4i
la
a 13
U
5-Stbfl
4t
ta
10 1 B
n
S-Sttu
4t
12
11 4
16
ll-lfltha
41
la
13 8 fl4
17
ll-iatha
44
ia
IB 3 34
IB
ii'iethfl
41
la
14 3
10
a-4tb«
44
la
16 3 34
90
«'4tb<
4|
13
17 a a
fll
a-4tfa<
G
13
18 1 »
tt
la-iethi
G
13
90 S 30
as
la-iathB
G
13
31 8 e
u
7-StJu
G
13
34 3 8
90
I
G
13
Sfi
»
lith
a
la
47 16
4ft
iA*i»
fi
IB
G7 8 16
tt
iitfa
6
la
60 a
For the amoJler sizes of pipes up to 8 in. diameter, the open
jomting space is fin,, Emd for larger diameters }in. wide all round.
The fdlowing are the usaal depths of the socket, inside meaBure, for
the variona sizes of open-jointed gas-pipes, plugged vith yam and
lead:—
DtomBlVT. Dmtb ot Boekat,
Up to 3 loobM '3 LDohefl.
4 to 8 4 .,
9to20 4) „
aitoSO fi
di „ and upwardp , ..,-..... 6 „
ttO
KBWBIGGING'S HANDBOOK FOB
TABLE.
■Oabt-Ibon Gib Piraa, with TdI£N£d Ain> Bobed Joints, HAVUfo a
Rbcess in Fkoht roB Lead.
Tha weiffht of the tocket and thickened spigot i» equal to 1^ Uneal/oot of
ihe pipe, and this U include in the *ceighta given.
iDtonu]
ThLokdBiB of
LflflAhof
Boakal,
[<«ii^ of P1p«>
Walght p«T PiM,
IMUUlUDf
MAUt lA Bod J of
Dot LDOlo^UUf
He*-
Pit*.
fnildfl mabBurfl.
Boakal.
utd thlakenatl Spffok
luahas.
InohsL
iDoliei.
F»L
GiH>nn.llH.
1
G'lethii
24
a
1 1
14
5-ieihe
n
6
I 12
a
5-l6thB
3
6
1 94
S4
fr^thfl
6
a 2 ]«
S
a-atha
8i
9
1 14
4
S^tlift
4
9
1 1 as
G
7-16tbs
4
9
2 IS
5
T-16thi
44
B
2 1 sr
7
6-lOihi
44
9
BIS
B
G-lDthi
44
9
8 8
9
6-lOthi
4i
9
4 2S
10
O-lfitha
44
a
b I
11
9-lfithi
44
ft
A 8 1
Ifi
5-8tfai
44
19
9 4
IS
6-BthB
44
12
9 8
14
fi-etbtt
O
12
10 1 24
lA
G^thft
5
12
11 24
U
ii-ietbs
5
12
18 la
IT
ii-iochs
61
12
18 a 90
IS
ii-iethB
01
la
14 2 24
19
S^tbs
5i
IS
10 8 24
U
S^thi
Gl
la
17 a IS
Bl
B4tba
&i
13
IS 2 24
sa
18-l«thm
H
12
21 1
at
13-lGthg
Gi
12
22 20
A4
7-Bthi
5i
12
24 8 ft4
io
1
Gl
12
S6 2 4
B6
nth
6
n
47 a IS
4>
ir
6
12
5S a 4
48
12
TO 2 S
WLen the tunied and bored joint, on being tested, is found gas-
tiglit, it b not necessary to fill tlie recess with lead- The usual
filling material adopted nnder such ciicumstances is Portland or
Roman cement- These cements, if kncodHl with warm water, set
quickly ; with cold wator not so soon.
0A8 ENGINEERS AKD MAVAGBBB.
ill
TABLE.
TADLE.
DimenxioTU of t/v MS'trkftti tif Tv\'tifd
Dititensiojie of tttf Socketn of Ticnutt
and Bor^d t'ffst'Iron Got Piffj*,
tftifi iSvred Citnt-Iroti Gat
Pip**.
uith
a Rmbm in Front (Fig. 830
loitfiouta Hfi^3i
inFnmt.{FigSS.\
olPipa.
A
»
c
•0 ' E
DUnt
A
a
C
D
bwhpi-
Inohcfl.
In
In
In. lb.
luchei.
Igchfii,
iDdbH.
InohflL
iBObH.
a
ri-i€tbB
41
4
a 1 1
2
JilBChi
1
a
a)
S-&\ha
I
A
B} 1 1}
94
a-Schi
\i
01
»
a-8tbi
H
V
33 ' i
^
^-ethi
I
B|
Bk
3-»lhs
1
ft
31 : i
at
d«Uu
11
ai
4
Q-Slhfl
h\
4il
* 1*
4
a^bt
1*
£
6
7-ietha
n
II
1..V
&
7-lflbha
i(
4
fi
7-10tb<
ii
f
a
T'lfibtiB
H
7
fi-lOtha
■A
f
*4 1
7
fi-lOtlu
lA
44
a
frlOtba
Ii
tl
44 l,>n
H
a-lOthB
U
'4
g
fi-lOthi
II
1
44 lA
»
fi-10bh«
M4
44
10
O-lfltha
V
t
44 lA
10
046thi
11
4i
11
B-]etb«
li
H
44 U
II
9-l&thH
11
4i
IS
6-&thB
U l«
44 U
le
fi^BthB
41
la
S^tbfl
Jf^ll I*
44 H
iS
S-Sthi
u
41
M
5-6tbH
i^B i«
44 U
14
a-auu
11
4i
]fi
5-8tbq
li .1
C lA
IS
G-atbi
3;
5
IS
11-lflthi
IH 1
A lA
10
ILfBthi
2
fi
17
Jl-ltSLllB
11 1,',
M 1|
17
11-iatiu
Bh
lA
64
IB
U-lfltha
i|! iiV
£4 In
IS
IMQtba
Bi
H
X)
Jl-nbi
1H,U
C* 1.'.
30
S-Jthft
^
11
Bt
-r
; L .^.
FiQ. S3.
b SZWBIfiaSC3 HA3mOOC FOE
TABLE.
1
H
S
ft
«
3
a
u
II
IS
H
>G
10
1?
tg
»
fit
fl»
M
BO
W
4fi
4b
ll-LCtbi
IMOthM
lliflihi
Mtha
H-4th«
T-OOh
1
IncbcL
4
?i
m
i«
35
37
ES
Ml
ao
SI
m
ai
67
.'4
3 ;
/p
*
*
, 1*
1 S;
1
1
I
\
1
I
1
«
1*
a
M
<
I
«
1
s
lA
a
lA
B
U
10
It
10
u
10
u
10
Ift
10
u
10
»A
ifl
U
11
U
IS
[|
ao
M
3i
n
H
H
%
7
.?
U
ISft
SI
n
as
841
094
A
1
iV
4
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
»
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
ft
ft
6
n
%
%
B
»
»
u
11
IB
19
la
la
19
12
la
18
ia
n
IB
IB
IB
IB
Cwth
1
1
e
3
B
4
5
3
ID
11
19
IS
14
IS
17
la
Bl
fl2
B«
Dfi
17
Ba
70
1
LD
92
£ BO
fi IB
S U
fi B4
Cftit-lron in ooolmg &om the molten condition sliriDke one-eighUi of
an inch per foot*
OaS EN'OITCEKRS AT^D ItfAXAOEHS.
A host of jomtd for Muin pifv^j liavd b«cii invonte^j from time to
limo. wbii^l). though bhcoreticuUy good. Imvc not ilII prove<1 i«rj aiiLiH>
Tho duuicti of joliit gc^uortiUy in w^v art iki* lumod and borocli ctad
tbc open joint. TLiv biUiuiil aochi?t joiDi \& cmplo/oQ luiiicr excep-
Eootial circuEiLfltoxioMt ft4 when the Mftia liit^ to Ui litia in th^ bed of a
rinr tvc hiirUiui, or acroes & narrow firm ttf ilie iti-iL,
A diflcivEjcii of opinion q%Uu ioaong ciDginoum jlh to wlucU form
of jot&t is btiaK-tlie turned aurl liorctl. or tlio open joint filloii with
Uawl. riicit (wmcuti or otliuf suWtruic^, inelAllic ok uiharmsw
We, who liav^ bifcd laT^^e experience in Imtli, an-i Jinilor inoit cii"'
Ciuiu1anc«», nrafor the tiimoil iincl bor«(i> both for qosq in i^udttRcnt.
foonomr. and ollcioncj.
Li iliatricU w}ierc llie ground is e\tnnHiMi]y (inil«rminei1 and lltLbio
to SLtbdddnoe, th(i vulcanueti india-rabbcr Joint jwl^oia is virtunUy
an op<in joint) ia tbo nu^t suitable.
Specii^ pipch. Hiich as bendfi. teeei, and junolions u^, for convenienoo
A&bep mnrlf' with n|vn juintH.
TJk» tumod and bored joint it ^liown in Fig. 84.
ilD H.
ThoTO ii no diflienlty in nwingiug round ordinary curves villi a Una
of MMnajoinccfl in thli maimer; lut when bho rumiii of Iho curve iii
okort, mn Ex-L-asional >am uzid U^ii joiuL U Tequitet].
[a HpeciiyitiS for pipo^ Willi tlic-M.' Jolntit, oavo abonld liP tAk«n ifaac
tbo bored und lurm^d Qurliitk.<B uvl- not madv with too mucli tJip«r;
LDdcvd. Iheneiu^rtbe eutfucL-s approiiob h> parEmd hnea, biiv bettor
tJiM y/'i}\ fit.
Wht^D Laving' tbe plpoR, tbe spigot and socket nndu. «fti^r b«]nK
tlttc^d witfi <roHi>[i wadt«p aro coated with tbbk famt oompoaod of
ont? pjLrl tdcL vlitLe and red \ea;(\ miTEed with boiied linked oil ; the
<u]d ia biiL4M :n^F]'ttil and ilrivfii lionjeAviUi a mallet, or, should the pipi^
be itkr^e, with a svriui; blook.
In driTTD^ tbb pipi^ri tliey will i^omctimoe be Goand to spring hnok at
evttrjr nlrokcT. Ttiiu iLmy be due either to Uie surfaces bein^ n^n-le too
tOK FOtf
caniecJn in wUicli case il it difficult to enaiire a t'ood joint; or
there h ti sligLt rid-,-* or iou^'hnoas_ on Xha tDdcr edge of tko bored
fiut of the socket. Clip tliia cff witii a aLarp cLUel.
Reil lead sets j«Diivr HJid liavJer tlmu white ; and iJie rullowiDg nuutCNi
it ij-ivtoi foi-preftmng tbe while to Ihi^ red for jduu : — Wli^ «u tv
piutfljoii iir <^oI>traotioI] tal^&B nlac^ Ln tho pi|H>8» tha rvd koJ ta liable
tc» artick. and 00 causQ % leaW^; wbGr«Afl Uie ivliite Leful is luDit:
trn(^b1«, a.tid better iwUpt^ it^'lf to tlie var^in^ cli'ciini stances. An
U4JU&1 mi^liiiX' of th0 two U pr9fevnbk.
Tbe socket nmj cither be l>oecd flush up to the fflwie, ah in R;:. Sfl.
dT it may liavc a. recent in fmitt. n» in Fi^^. hi2 Aitil Hi. TLu Uttn' is
10 be pr^frri'pd. HP it; v.\\.n In* mpplftrnttilpd witJi lead oir oiJiei' flUfjig
fihoiilo tbo turned joiiil pi'ox'O di^foctlvii.
Tvk'O ^xomplt'i '>f tbe oprn joint arc ^ven in Fi^s. 85 uid €G.
tw- ta.
Kiu.fiO.
In placing tbe pimi iwinod gaaket 1h eaulkcvl in &11 round aci ae to
ml neiivlv half tbe loiiffth of the open epac«. A roll of io^v^h plcutM
riny i?i tlien passed round anJ pruflOa il^-&luh1 tbu McVvi fuue* and
tUrf}i]gU a lip <a\ t))c npp«r Ma.- luolk^n leud U poitrud till the r<>maiD-
inff jipiLct! idHllcd. On tb^* lead boing act up with u. blunt oauUdn;;
t(»ol wi'l Lummtr the joint U ucimplet«,
Tbu bflle tfbcinld contafn aufnL'il'nt molten lead Ut nil tlic joint hi
one pouringp o:berwl3« tb« ftdhesJOQ of tbe metal tbrou^ljout vvill not
lie pc^rirul.
Mult^ii li^ad. when boated to r^-daewt will fly wbtiii poured uponi n
««! or damp surface-
aA3 ENOTNBE&e AND MAXAQBBS.
am
TABLE
OiHng the W^ht of Lead in Pounds r^uired far Joiniinff Catt-lriia
Mairu.
UfeBwCHOf DrntbofLwd
Wel|hli>f£fUd
' Dluneterof
Depth or LAd
W»tBbto(IiMd
PlpaifllnatacL
Id Incite*.
Id Pouidi.
u 1 a
n
IJ
31
161
9 1 U
11
13
2a
181
4 1 11
n
Id
21
3)
1 i|
ai
14
21
m
4 1 11
4
IG
21
2B
A 1)
64
16
94
28*
e a
7
17
2«
ai
7 3
8i
LB
31
a 21
8
9t
m
10
31
m
9
3.
lai
30
31
85*
10
21
m
24
a
46 ■
For pip«s 1 j to 8 inches in diameter the lead is aasumed to be abont
g-inch tluck ; and in pipes 9 inches in diameter and upwards, J-inoh
(hick.
In place of lead, ruet cement and a miiture of beeswax and tallow
are used for jointing mains. " Spence's metal " also is an efficient
anbetitate. and ita cost is considerably leas.
Iron or Runt (.'ements for Flatyje 'tiut Open Socket Joints.
(1) 1 lb. of clean iron borings, pounded fine m a mortar.
2 oz. sal ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) in powder.
1 oz flowers of sulphur.
Hii the whole together by pounding and keep dry. For use. mix
one part with twenty of iron borings pounded, adding water to the
consiBtency of mortar.
(2) 98 parts fine iron borings.
1 part flowers of sulphur.
1 part sal ammoniac.
Mil, and when required for use, dissolve in boiling water. This
<ement sets quickly.
If required to set slowly, which makes the better joint —
(S| 197 parts iron borings,
1 part Howera of sulphur.
2 parts sal ammoniac.
When required for use, mix with boiling water.
SSWBE<K}IHaa aAM>]iOOK Fon
THo iron borinj^a used for tiaaki»g jomls »houId bo perfectly ixee
fnilD greuae and oil.
The oijbioa] conu^nt of ihe joitil Jn inches, ilivitlEd bj 5, gtvea the
voight in poundB of iron ocuioDt roqmi«<J.
Tbe initia-Tutiber joint (ViR- UTt is ron&ed by pa^smg n tulconizod
rin^ of lliftt iiiafenfti f<>uinl tlit apljftol fiinl <jf iJ^e pipe, wbiob iv
uncciai]!; cnnt with ft groove s&d Iwah 10 Riut this de5cri|Tiion of jaint.
n Lcn the pipo end ie |>uj{]ied forward inU> cli« socket, tb£ ring it
CO
Tm. S7,
(funiprufl&i'd or tlAtt^no^, imd butts a^'iunel ihc raiatid bc«d. Nc other
ptLcluu^ Is DiioefietLTT, bo tb&t it ia an e^p^ditiouf' method of jodiiung*
Mliilat the ^ukautttd iinliu-rublitr. luiailtiicsi by bbt? jinuH^ncw of ga»
01' Tuoiatiiro, i» jirafiit^nlly indeMlruL'tiblo. ^
T]ii> oUiL-^ odvftQta^B of tliia mint am n-fcrrcid to above.
The biill and suclift jolut la atoiv u in Fi^'- SS. T\m ptuiJcuUr^
is L1r< irtb'enLlon of Mr^ J. ^. Kb^. anil LitM bvfii siKicMnKHfutlj emi
for Main pipes ci-o!iBing tiircugb rivers and harbotur? whoro 'tho'
Fio, 6&L
Kfo. «.
ordinary rieid joiub la Jn^pP^^^^l^l^- '^^^ ^^^^ J" i^r^l rim in and
caiilked ; and tli« connecicd ptppH, being like a cfinli^, oan U< paiA out
of a lighter, or otli«T vegecil, wbon iWy irill lind ;be]r ovu led in liie
H^er bottom.
The ^i^pannioQ jaiut {Fig> Hf)^ ta iiBi^ful tn all ca«es wbere a linn
Main is cipoBod to va-ymg iijmp&j'iLturoE^ \is in pipet plnci>d cu^net A
wall or nltiiiguidc a bridge, or in an optn treiiclL or ohiumeL
i}19 HKU^DUUBS AtfU UaSA^JUHS
naj
Milt board or «nf^ii«-boiLrrl conccid with nd or whiU loAdi makea
a ^w>d cuid dumbic joint fc^r Him^'cn.
A ccoabiCDlion of ubc^to* and in^iArubb«r wov^n shedting. toAkea
AHUporioT (iju\gp jctinb. onpudjilEy Tor st^jtm [nirxwAtN. na theee siib-
flwiOM lodft the nutLOQ o/ boll £«at ajid maiituro. To provont ocUie-
lildoii to tijc iron (id ttiv ct^do of bluiib flarur*-' '"^'^ maoliolc joirtta tliat
rnrjuirv to be [xciiucntiv broki-u). Lhu iWgu nliQuId bu rul^bed over
iiitEi [>owd(*riHl bltiok leuJ b(iri>rH pluciiif^ the ccivirr.
Uctoliid tinge iirc oocamonJy ufi«d Cor tl&ag^ jomtA. Thoeo arc best
[■auJe witli i'inch or J-iDoU l««d p^pOi with tUc etula soldunjd c^oiily
kMvtJi<?r : lLf< riug is i1l«d covered wltJi llax, uulI wuU Qmoured vritli
red l**d or pamL Tbc jiipn must nol he htvitfln flat, hut left round.
00 th&t RhdU Uio joint i« «orawod up ii mny hoi into any trroffoiorltiefl
lli6 0UTfiKM> ThoTomumiigsp«iO«butwooD tliotUaiO^aiamlodrntb
or olJiOT comeab.
Fluwo pipoii ciw bo Joiiited without th» intarpoHltlonof Lin\ pftcking
mfttorul, by having the djingoi fixc<od in a luthrr. lb nuch ciuic the
iariiM«i BTR tEicroly coatctl with vrhitc lead punt. &nd Iho joint
^fvhwi'^ tip,
Bolt£ usLd for jomtiugflitngdB.fto.. should hjivo a f^nuoct of fit?: or
tQvr, noidtrod wiUi red ur white lead, plocod round thotr ncok to boti
under tliv head whtui ocrewirU ifp.
^ EM and vhito luul ahodd blu-Av^ he [iiliad wiili buikd liiiKevd oil.
'PthM oiil oan ba made lo anawi-, but uol uourly ko w«)h
|Pr'jrj;/Af"/»V)* Mam Pfpr».
OfntfMit year* a cor(sidpri*hl& trade h^s sprung up io the Ttmnufiic-
tnro of wroii^ht-Lton ftodftoel Main pipoa of Ur|>o duimolvr for fortii^
sunlriea. AltUou^:^ the firat cost of thoae ie much KirvAtvr iimit tlita
[flf ihfi MiD« aife8 ill c&»t-iron, yet mAin^' tu llierr l)eii)j< It^hUT Am) leas
hblO to frnctui^, the reduced expense cf frt^ght Aiid haulage lo their
E'dMinokUoii roiUlAfl thoir altimato cnai, C^ngtli for hiiiglbr UiUlcnally
Th(* vrronglit-irtm pi|ieH a,vv la.p'Welded. tuid those of the RlPel are
nvattd in th« conni- TUi?y aru gi^tmmlly in 15-feet li^n^thg. The
firft mhlc on p. 'i^H giv^s th<j luuol thickness Atid ncight oif wrouj^hi-
iron pipiTt.
«)S
I
J
fllB
KEWBlOGmO'S HANDBOOK FOB
TABLE.
Thickttftji ami WfifffU of Wroui/ht-iron Main Pipex.
Divntlei lulda.
ThtokiMiL
Wtltrbb per Foot.
Inolwi.
InofaeL
PoddAl
8
fi'92 foil.
6
04
fi^32Fil]l.
7
4
3-16
9
A
A-IO
101
a
9-16
18
T
1-4 bve.
IB
d
1-4 biK.
90
a
1-4 ban.
241
g
1-4
08
1-4
38
u
5-16
41i
u
G-lfi
5b
The smaller sizes, 8 in., Si In., and 4 in. diaoneier have screwed
«nda and sockets. The larger diameters ma; be either sorewed or
Km. 00.
plain. In the latter case the " Eimberley " Collar (Fig. 90) is employed
for connecting them ; this is fttso made of wrought- iron.
TABLE.
Wtiijhi of Lemt mjuiredj'm- Jointing Wiwtifht-iron Main Pipet tcith
ihe "■ Kimhcrley'' Cottar,
Invraftl
of Pip*,
lacbea.
I>eptb of Leftd
oD BKb kdile
Weight InMruJ DtptfaotLud
of 1 I>lB4a«eT on «uli side
Lud. DfPlpB. DfCoUu.
PoandL Jnobn. lachu.
£.«d.
PoddAi.
5
6
7
B
9
a* 10 , IJ
10 11 ' 14
111 . la 1 11
1A| 1 14 1 d
15 Ifl 3
161
10
flO
eo
(IAS BNOlNlfUrU AND MANAQaBA
m
Thf Iji^huj t)/ Vain Pip/Jt,
BpMiftl ouv if n««dccl in th« bjing of Motn pipciv, Aa & ^ficral
ruW Ui« covBridg at toil ovirr tliuin hIiuuW Iht »t leMt 21 iiioIh^ ilt'C|i,
to pn>l«ct Uiem trotxx th« inducnaos of boavy traCQo and low ai:d varying
MmDenlurea-
^e «xcavfttion to reoeiTeUiepipfiv JiUDiil()notb« uimec«aaftnly vid«.
u (be leaa Ailing up tliat la rerjuirtiil Uiu bL-LUrr, not ta m&ntion Ih^
nrin^ in ^st.
Tbo bottom of the (reooli on wkicL the pip«A r««l eLonld be erdn
Kod fifDH, aud if not so, tbuu Lljorauglilj cuu^iulidttle^ by punnintf.
Thn tciil «}i<)Ti]d ht* ^oooped out at the virions pointn if^ thfi tr^n'^h
bottom, whoro th<> soekEts come, ho ihnx tlio body of tlio pir>c may !i«
tob'd tbrtniifhoiit tIa Irn^h. In cns&e wherf} llttd cannot wolL b« 4ono
rvflnrt ntiiy Iht hwl IpI [iTider^itmii^r,
Eiu^h pipit uliniiM hn \a.\d with the proper Inclinflition orr fitti, an!
isoaroly jomtoil : all p'luis b^ing provod cither with gaa or air undr^r
hicili prtsaurc ^hiln the trtTnch if* open-
in ri'fillirif; the trtnch, Uir 'mW 'ihniiH 1m* fllnvHIiid in in loyera, and
rvomcd firmly aod ecjually nil round ftnd ahovA ilia pinofi-
Gtut pipci^ ^iduld he hcc from <ixoT«ficcQOofi, and moa^rivt^ly smooth
on Uunr jiulcx surface.
Tbuy are bt-tlCT- not ooittrd intomally with nny hind of aiilifltiLnw
•otublc in implitlu or other hydrocarbon Itqnid, Snob ooatiu^ is aoon
dievolvcd by tbc ^aa, and dmins partially nwiiy into the drip wells ;
Ibe reaiduH tollutiting into viwcid ma*iti^ ni (iiftenyni points, princi'
pally near lo iho joiirtv^ Th« coDnti^ig oan onlv he iutonded to redaoe
niotion by r«ndt>nnf; tho tinrfiuo emooth for the i^Bdo^ of tiie ga«,
beoaoN as a pr<^»(i native to the iron, intenmlly, tt is not required, Ite
affect ii to impede tlieflaw. Tlic siighi d^po?i it, which tukufi place frrnii
tlie ga0alCTi«itoofigiv«e Hit mvtul n smooUi ooiiunj;. Theac objection a
do not, of oonrao. (^Pply ^^ tljc icitorncLl coating' of water- pi pea >
It ie only for appt^ratitit? saka, om q, ruh\ that a covering of this
dnncHpiirin cnn h» rf^omrt\&nAf.v.\ for ihL* ouUiile of e&ffl-iron pipes. It
cA«n Mri't't only to hjde <lufcota in Lhu cojitmb''
The ri'diiflh brown Oi,idt covering which ciwt-iron pipes acqaire in
a sbott imi*f, nhvti tuid inuidiitaiy Huil» ia one of the bext preservatives
of the inotal. This covflrin^ is impen'io^a tc motstnrejts efTej^tbeina
lo arrect fnnlier corroeivo aotioii.
Tlicrc ai'e, howovor, ciroum^tancea whei'c A is ieaircble and nocea-
aary lo coat pipe* flit^imally, as, for example, wbi^n they are of
wroogbt-iron. and when, though ol CARt-iron, thay ar« to be laid in
Joibi iotormixcd witli ontrine oBlioet fiirnooo dlac;. vitrified oinderH,
[dinkcr, drosi. occrijr, or chemical tofiise of any kind.
4
^EWBlGaiHa'9 BAlfPnOOK FOB
iu ^'ood comfaoEL »^oll ubtuiDed fur iIiaIi jiurpOTce. or pLildlsd n>ina4 Wltb
cln.y'^^ei^pecially prot^t^tinj^ the iippsi' 4l<te wHli n thick oovering.
It IE V!one tboD Liai3Eti0d to pLaoc^cl^v ""'•/ \t7i<i-'ritr/itJi the pip«- Whou
&0 place^r it Acrvce to r«ccivt! aiid reUio Iho W!vt*r, which, pnreolatmg
lhTt:»i]gh tho Tjmtcirial ri^riniiitj the gnjom], Ih c^hari^i^rl vrith ftoid bUnl-
phides and other d«!«totio;iB com[>ouiidfl. The tnnuil af ihr pipv thut
lying, 03 itvit^to, in & Ijatii of nciduloiis hquid, ia dcutroj'vd Mooit^r thou
it vould be if no cUy were prnaoMt. The protection ikiTordcii by Ui«
day Bihauld bhentfore Ut aoispEiite. oil I'Gund U^e pipc.tttid pOJrticuJarly
43ab pipcis laid tkrout^li ombla Ibtid do it no bum, but Ttith«r ^o4,
iiuumaab aa thoy help to drnirr bUo Innd. Tbt jointe cdiould be perfect*
Lowexer, hb llit <^[;n,|H^ 4if f/u:^ h fubul l{i vt'^etitble lift*.
MiLins tu level ^roiiu'l should bo luitl witlj u eli^lil indiuntion, ttv
1 foot m 100 yiifds, tmd ut eneh lowoat point b eypboD or drip-wsil
(FlK' ^1 N of (^aat'iron, »h(julJ hi? pkood uuduniedtb, and counseled by
a tnlte to the pip& to r^oeiv^s the Iii|i]k1 urUiri:^ fram condenantjoiiu
Another form of syphon, with Avctci^tf^ to ruooivo the Moil) |iip^. i«
ftlidwn m Kip. ya, III nil caec* where > Maiu dipfl, n syphon ifl Po<iaifod
At the plitcti vrhhri! the dip ih ri'Viirxinl,
Fm, ai.
Mil. 'J'i
Tbi 1i<iuor fr<Mu those Tocuptaclei ie pumpod out perioilirftlly into A
eir cii wbooJ;^, und dopott^tc^i m the tar-woll on ih© km ^FOrl«,
In laying down Muind in liva of others of a am&ller m»o. (be dif-
to oapital acj^ount.
Lhu Ivio ^hfa of pifvs ciily should bocb&Tf[«J
b heiticAiiig t^ lay 4n exUoeive length of Maiu pipou, oonaidcmbb
<lday. ui4 consequent bas, is ofi«n eip«iicricod At nreU owing to m
<>&S BKOINSSnS AND M&NACIBB5>
til
vtatX of fbranobt in providim;^ boforckaud ttjo tioocnmry men, toold,
ind other applEanc^a r^quivcil* The follnwiu^' in an onumriAtion of
»liat in n»inn!*™r/ to bi; iirnviJuil, varying aJitufdiri^ Ut iha podulinri-
b«« of tli« (liictricc [iiid iLl- fKtL'Ot of 1130 work lo bo dono :—
One or tva jikiiiod muiD Uyora.
A numbtrr t>t Ubciurera uc<:<?rdiiig to lli« Citout of Llie work.
A p&viour unJ hi» ]&l>uiiit-r. A iiij^Lit wutuhmtui-
A piiilL and mftdo (uid ft tool, if day) for each liibouicr»
A dtipply of piokfl, pick Imudi«a, and vod«i»s alioiUd bo kept in
■look iu ri^«ca brokon ouaa.
A KToon fbr MpAntlng 9ton«in ftnA aoH.
t>bti(kr logo or iHpoiJ ^ or. wbat ie botter, if Ui« Majiuf ilto of Lar^
davnacr, a moYf^bie pipa-lD><r, oapportv<I on wbovld, runuuigon
raili* kid ftloii^widi? of tlje tr«ii^tj-
Blookf, t«ckl«, xnt\ rop^^s orchiiiiu
A obvn or clip to ^ncircki tlie pjpo«'
Eigbl haiir^-spiki>» of wood, for mo\iiiK the pjpoi ftboiiL
TiWi fdeo*»i:rf "2 or H-iiL<ih wnjiij^ht-iiwj tube Uc^^cling tO the «i?«
of main), on which bo roU tb« pipo |jroviouB lo loworm^ iC to il« piMW
ia tbe lrODoh>
Twu ur fuur loit}: Iroa Lia:b, uod two sliorl uuoii.
Two ptaiike for lorg Anil »itrong leveraffe.
Rod and nbiloload. aixod witii boilt'doiJ.lf tumod^nrl borod joints.
8oai« ootton irMto and old c^rdi Ic cltiikti t,he joiiitn, if luiuud aod
boTttd- A supply of Eipun yofii and lead, kf ojxrii jointH,
A WDodon iium«t for drying amall bored and tiirTt«d pipofl.
!r«oor four oak bluckB, strcQgttioned willi bolu or hoops, to lay
a^^utst ttjc pipe- sockets wlien drivings
A 8 or 4'ini^li rnflt'ircu pipi\ tu sniug with a mptt or chnin Prom
oeatr» of tflioar-lego wban iirlvin>(, or a woodeii ewinK btncb if
prdorrod.
Wood plngi for bli4 V&rioiis nr.os of pipes nnd brandiop^-
India^mbbflT idoih W^'h fur phi^^ikg the mninE, (Hes Tig. 28.)
A i«ad pot and two lodlon.
CUij«le ftnd cAiilkiiig tool^,
TiuthI ropi' ffir trying the joints and pipiw-
A ooku dro'fjfrfltc^ for ntettiiig tho lend and for
odu by Ibc iii^ht vrntchman.
Thn-r KC'ttrt. with hn rMllon^ for cuttitag any
pipt'H rucjviirnd.
Two Jftr^G hianmorn, 7 Ibi, wuigtit* and wvera)
Bjonlicr OEien, 1 ^. S, and 9 Jba. eacHn
dcrewiti^ l4itkl«.
Souo l^no fiax for indilTiirL'iJt jotntai.
I
Fi*. aa.
NEWBIOOINU'^ UAimBOOK FOR
A fev casbB of ouceut.
A liu^^ or lnuid-dnig, und iv/o or ibri^v k^ud^barro^vs.
Porlttblu boiich, vilb vitro attuubod.
Covt^rud Lajid'Cart, miUtir lock and key,
A sapply of ^od Boil fur bi-dduj^ iLe pipes, &i|il to jir^Teui tLr con-
tact of a«lj««, if sor-li should be prtgcrit in th^ cuitiiig.
A efJht-bv&l and a BtraigliL-«dso 10 or 1'2 feot long.
A etLpplj of pUnJung lo ooi«r ap anj part of tbc irendi tnuisoranly.
A box ror' the night wAleliutAUH
Two r«id signAl lamps to vam pasueugerE of tb« open trenob during
tbo dorh bo»r@.
Two st«tnd<pipoii for the signal ligbta,
Appar&tiia for proving tbe Mains for leuknge iK^foi-e filling »|i Lb«
tranch.
Look up beforoba:Ld vrbat bends, tees, thimblec, fian^esp drip-w«JU.
and oLLdr special c^sli^^B will be riiitu)itcl bi the couisc of dio
work, und bave tbcra in renditiGSB when □et'ded.
In eolnre^ing ur r«i>liuiing pipes, nmny services roqcJr^ to b« coupled
•ap and relieved, and ui that ciue service •U>r:is and tools abould bo got
Ejrpl/<ininu in Mam I'ijtet.
\xi Uie lnyuig of large Main pip«8, duB car^ aikd dlligeDDe fdiould bo
eteraified by the ekilled *rid rcsponsiblo officials in charpt of !*U(?U
work, CaUmitotid expIoaioiLs have oocurvod owing to ntjglect ui
tUoau partioulars-
fiunbun uipJiiHion took plnce in Loodoi^ in 18l&2.iuif] npLin m 18B0;
and one i\\ Miiiiclitater, in 1K73, when a krg« ca«t-iron «ypboii^W«U
was boiDg uttuohtd to a Mnin,
Coal gad wben unmixed ivith air or oi^ygeii, aa is well known. \A
perfetitly irte\|itoKiv(?, and \ii even incombustible. U iK onSy wb^Ji Uie
gAH GOm»« in contact with tlio oxygen of tbe air, ati at the btimor for
oxatnplo, tbat ttoanbeif^tei): oombustion bein^ in fan^L the union
in the preeeiicv of beat ^ thu hydrogen] and cttrbou of tb« gaa witU
atmo^hme oxygon.
Explosions of tho kind rofcrrod to ar» produced by a miKt^ri^ of gftf
and oirin certain proportionfl. Tb« ti\plo(»iTC force ofn compoandof
tlilf cbafat'ter \a ^vva^Ksi wliuji gas 1:^ tuLxi^d with eight timee itn bulk
of alr-
Undor ordinary oii^cumatancoB it \a uiapoe^lble for air (o bocora^
niix«d with tli« gaa Jn thti tftr^ct Mains, Thia lau only occur vbtoi ft
Main Is in coune of b^of^ laid, or wbt^ii a frf^lt jiLnrition t8 beingmidfl
with an AxiKting Main.
In tho caec of tbe Londoti exf^lodloua rdfurrod tOi a haw Mais Mia
I
GAS KN(HNKR!I« J^XU U ^NAi:mU.<
EU
bdnfflftid. Inonlor to ^lovr of tbU trcjng demo, tho fps wm oiUi«r
irhoOjorpftrtiftUjnhiitoffat tho junoCioEimth tbolivcMmn. Drolmlilj
tbr glut wBa imlj purtinll/ i^xclutlnl ; itiii! ihi? limiUiit rjuunlity eiitf^riiit^
Voalil. hy tbo operation of tLu luw of Ujo difftuiuri of ^aso^, gra<1fiAl1y
CBti with tbozuri>uiiti]U!m ilic new leufflki of Main, tiU it beoftoi^
oL&ttctd tbnmgUoui itn vountc with a dftn^oronaly eip]oai>« compound.
OiiiJIio applioalioii of a li^hi,«ibb«it ftOoidenLftlly or frvui iiitenlJon, tL#
tnuturevru igi^itol, iviih dJMtttovloonsei^iunaeB to Lifo <uid pr o p er ty .
It ia cot D(>c«s8at7 iha,i tli«r« abould b« tho preaano of at^U^l flame
to Oftoae i^uibiuiii Di- IVauhluuil luiit oUiar &utborttvu9 lifkvc dt^mon-
.SEntHfl ih^ ttLct. well knnwn Uy nio^l |^k eiitfinMrs, thut pxjiliiiiivi?
[^Ttiir«d of coftt jLpb4 iLod Air rnAy Iki iiiflainod rty a aparlt struck (i-om
■tooo «r m»tftl : thiit iRiiiti<>n may hecAuj>cd bjn ffpfiA i>ro.luccci from
'ttiP bftinm^r aitd cliUrl of a wi:u'ki)iLLi). or rvon froiiL the Lmrup uf a
liorM upon thn pavuntiiiLt.
Tboro U no aLjiolittJ> nna!Amty thut tho ^^ Hhculd bo oxcludcd fi'oni
auch m extent of Main pip<;!< in cournr of being Iftid da to incur tb«
n*k u( jicoidtia -. WntMw l\iv yiiuu For it Khurt *|miie from Uiif poiiiL
vbore th« Junction ii boing mjkd« cati roudily be oLoiit^d bv liiuonbc^r^
lEuUfr-rubbor vaJvon. Whon tbo Main b of lucli Liu-gQ dictmctct as to
predudo t)ie povitibitity of a. valve of this Itind bdng unod. th«
ClinoBt pnicftLitio]! in riEi?u^an,]'y to t-nsnre Ihe c^pDlsinn of tho air
ifcftfEMNa a light ifl appliud tu ttst tha soandiios^ of the joinU-
Ubd^ auj ciroLuntftancti tt^e application of d li^ht ia objoctionAblo
■Icd uimoo«aHftij, oa tJjt joints uui be piovcd when Llie Main
nncler presfiore by btudiiug tli^sm owr wltJi a solution of wnp m
[mt«r.
JAr Ti^tinf! fJ/ Gai'Maint in flu iir/mnrf.
The rodactiun of thn loss of gne by IcitkA^o during rooorit 3rAU>i Ia
[itmarkablo. It in uafo to eatimat^ that twenty to tvenly-fivayoaw
rSgO, Iho anacoouritod'foi" ^iia aTtri«,'ed sixtofin par cent, of tiie l;^a pro-
l&Gftd. AL the prrfftnt liiuo tb« avtm^^c h only orip-Lulf that fi^-ure.
el^lper cent, Thia ivdurtloii Sv Urgoly di:o totht I'lo^crattentioii
^ l8|;iv«Ji to llio pruAKuniy by day and m&fbt ; to the usu of t'^^^i'i'^''"
tttMt liicfatia^ ; and to tlit* hotter a tipen'iBion tbabiecxeroJAed in the
olMaiaB&iiil bri^ icf'pipc^p
Ittnay hi slAtod a^ h dnlviUir^ nile* that th& uiaiJTaiJiLi initial pi-Aa-
^Bnrs in a district diirm>: th^^ hour^of tho hi^avieet oonavimption, should
not exceed 20-tontb9, When thore le fotind tu bv & u»(;t«a»il> for moro*
iho Uunk Maii^i^. or 80inv of tli8 mont contrautud Ntftins hi'&nclnng
|tlwr»^m, RbooJd bo replaced by Urgor oa^a.
CoQttdorablc cxponn? must bo LDourrod in aDy ffyitemntio attompt
rtducc Icakof^ ; bot vhherev«r \n ^ lUstikt Llie imocooUDlod-for ^^
4
9U
HBWSIGOOtO'a HANDBOOK FOJI
exn^ds 10 per urnt. tir UimiuU'. Ujc- i;iireu<Jit<iire id nut qpIj jnitifiiMi
cm i&niUtry lUifi odier gruundM, but its <^V4?ntuiillj found tO M ft£
Vnrious appUouctfl havt bsec dcviaad for Ualhii? ^48 Mama io Uie
l^und- HruLhcra' a]>p)Lra.luH {^uiitdMtri biuiEjIj uf iwi> 30-li^-Ll umUrrs.
caac of whicb ra^ateiB iLi? ]?aa&tagt< of ^a in ihc U4iinl wa^ ; anil Um
other ifl tdacIl* to uut as hd L^^liriuater, citLcr by oootiDiiiii^ the ai>jikdJ«
uf t]i« druQi Lliroui^h the o&siu^' aud nlbikoliiiii^ & h&udJ^ (O lU or by
ineanH of a nnrnW wlieel ^'tt]kr<«'l into n W^i^r ont< od tbe |>eriphffr^ of
tbe drvim— C]i« former boLni; ncctjnted by sl hAnilUh from ihe OGUldtt*
The Main having Wn sDV£tro<l, ADfl llic two ^mls cArcJulIy p1u£jced^
ibe edittuslvr idet ia coiinecied to the live Maltih rmd ll]« meCvr outlet
ro the dejul Hf^amii of Main ; the e?ibnii^1«r K•M*^ in^ter aIso hning
jcuned- On the ^xUauElfcr bsm^ gentlv tunxcd.^AS i^ drawn &om Uia
live Main, rtnd Fofceil through the mct^r into tlLv kngth of Main aaddC
lost, DJid ibi:^ tilt juuoimt c^f loss iii a cert&in thiw and u^idcr s givfu
Tbc ^ciLi coct is in i^titting Uio pipes » rfjinBtatui;,' tLeni. luti ficdin^
the frxuct locality of Uie t?M!ftpe. To oliiatt the ueceasily of aevedjif
the pipes, a suk^Ii'kL^"! »t«^^ niwle aL Uie mi'^Liiij^ of the MHticliii^iIi^r
l>i*tript Institution of Gai En^'iiiL^ra ia November 19T1I. Ihit wntor-
vnlvos or tmpHwhiub would nJ^io answer the purport* of dripwHlla.mijrht
be pLnaonently placed at iuturvaU ux tho line of Mdiaa- These trapv.
biLvinff B, ilinp}[nLgiii iritundiiif; to witbin a. roi^tiluted iliKlAiKW of Ihn
boUoin, on humv chargijd with weltr, would form A
Lvilraulio T^lve, tthull:n« off the g;h3 from any B^ciion of
Mniiibti duHLttfil. ajid t?EiHblIu;^ a, teat to lie luade witWob
dirtienlly ftfid Bl r*>iliiced expfliifte.
Acting ou this suggostioiir Mr^ J- H- L^on h%s intro-
duced on improred ayphDQ boxorhjdnalicT»iTo. for at-
laobing to Mains* anil hy in9ftTm of n InnkAt^e iitJioabor
nflbtod to (Ttnnd pipi>« on AAoh qidn of thi> hoi or \idv^,
the qimrtity of gnfi vecnping in readily occorlained,
(9fe Pic. fl4-l
&wt^ACE or aoAo
I
QAS BHGINBBBS AND MANAOBBB.
5.3(3 io
-fill
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KBWBIGGIK&'S HANPUOOK VOR
^
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4« td OS 4 -Via
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d a a a a a a
OAB BHOIKBSBS AKD MAyAOBBfl.
m
TABLE
ICrw^At and Co*t p*r Yard <ij Oiit-Irtm Main Gtt» P£pe*^ % fl.
Ptiai*»lalMbt*.
>.
t.
4
OUH 01 JainL
Dpein Tr a Q
Opcb
T»AB
nacv
O^ru.
r.AB
riBf^
W4Jib> pM j'uii in iriL
U
w
41
«l
41
ai
H
M
K^d.
«.d.
>.<L
■ d.
n. d.
i. d.
H, ■!,
*, d.
*-^
n
M
11
1 e
1 a
I
I U
1 11
I u
4 a t .,
u
11
n
1 «
1 7
1 e
1 1] a
a Q
« B Cf
]]
1
n
1 7
1 ?
I 7
a
a 1
a 1
* T C
1
I
1
1 7
1 a
1 7
a 1
a 1
a 1
4 10 ,.
1
1 I
1
1 h
1 I
1 #
1 a
a a
a 9
4 IH fl
1
1 1
1
1 B
1 a
I n
a a
a 3
a 8
< la
1 1
I I
1 1
I S
1 a
1
fl s
9 a
a 8
4 17 e „
1 1
1 fl
1 1
1 V
] 10
1 'i
a 4
d 4
a 4
A
] I
1 a
1 1
1 10
1 11
i to
a 4
a 3
a
« B e .,
1 fl
1 a
I a
I U
J 11
1 11
a d
a 4
a
« S „
1 It
1 9
1 u
1 11
a
1 11
i
9 3
a
A 7 fi
1 ft
I 3
E a
a a
a
a
a 7
a 7
a r
« 10 V ,.
1 u
I a
1 u
a
a 1
a
a 7
a B
a
6 19 ,,
1 a
1 4
1 11
d J
a 1
-2 1
a e
y a
a
A Ifi C
1 s
1 i
1 a
a 1
e a
a 1
a fi
a a
a >
« 17 fl „
1 4
1 t
1 4
a a
a a
a u
i V
a 10
9 10
too ,.
J 4
I &
1 4
a
'J s
U 4
i 10
a 11
a 11
« & c
1 -1
1 a
i 4
a n
a 4
a 3
a 11
a iL
a 11
AGO „
1 6
1 fi
1 fi
a s
9 i
a 3
2 n
a
u d
6 7 6
1 e
1 ti
1 a
a 4
Q ft
a 4
n
a 1
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GAB BNGIKBSB5 AND UAKAOBBS. 047
TABLES
OJ xKa Di9ch9rff0 of Oa*r "> Cubic FfiH /wr How, through Pipes of
variotiM DiameUra and Letu/tht, at different Pretaures.
By Thomas G. Bablow. Extended by Ieohas NAWBioaiva.
{The tpeci^ gravity of the go* u taken at 0'4, air bting t^)
The tables are calcolftted according lo tLe formula given hy Professor
Pd« in his valoAble article'^ "On the Motion of Flnids in Pipes,"
vii. : —
Q = qnan&ity of gaa in cubic feet per hour.
I = length of pipe in yards.
d = diajneter of pipe in inches.
h = pressure in inches of water.
t = specific gravity of gas, air being 1.
Q = 1850 d-V -^
— ue,, moltiply the preasiire in inches of water by the diameter of the
pipe, also in inches. Divide the ptoduct by the specific gravity of the
gas multiplied by the length of the pipe in yards. Eitract the aquare
root of the quotient, which root, mmtiplied by the constant quantity
18&0, and the square of the diameter of the pipe in inches, gives the
number of cubic feet discharged in one hour.
Example. ^It is required to find the number of cubic feet of gas of
the specific gravity of -400, which will be discharged in one hour &om
a pipe 6 inches in diameter, and 1250 yards in length, under a pressure
of 15-lOths, or IJ inches head of water.
Thus— {A ^) = 8x1-5 = 12,
( V — >— .. lafif) ) ~ *^^*' ^* square root being = -1549,
( 1860 tP\ '' '') = 1850 X 64 X 1549 = 18,888 cubic feet = Q,
• B*e *■ King'* TrenUw,'" Vol. II.. p- 874, tt trq.
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41.^00
37,200
34.000
OJ.400 1 2»,3^0
O'fl
^4,995 itl,iVJQ
411,500
40h700
^7.200
01.450 32.260
oo
74,1 IS 00,7 JKJ
52.000
47h00O
4fl,B0O
J^^.300 37;aOQ
1-0
B3,923 07,7^1^
M,0£1
fiZ,U0O
4^.100
44.400
4U»D
12 H
yl,12fi 74.11.^
Gi:mt
57Hioe
fia,/;4ft
4S.*i00
iS.S'^'.i
1"6
101,756 ^'y^
7I,\^H
fri,au5
!id.70O
S4,aoo ' M,aoo
I'O
111,476 I'l.iari
78,314
70,470
(>J,3^5
Gfl.5a6 1 G5,5Kt
ao
117,661 '."".,1«5
89.;t^
74,115
ti?,73(j
02 iW) 1 0»,70[>
a'6
131,533 ]07.«£l
va,9J7
92^)23
70,M7
70,iC0
Oo.OiO
^^^^^^^^^^^H
tH NEWBIQCiDfOa HANDBOOK FOR ^^%
/It^JTn***^ o/ f^t;w, 16 fnfhft^
«tt.
Lflnglli Jn TUdf.
MM,
^BOl < lOOD,
IISO. iWk
IfH.
Dl/UO
an^KO 111^400
iir.*fiO
n.8a
UfSfiO
u.«co
U1I
43.7U)
d,'>JO0 1 ILXOO
OT.VOO
QMDO
2^400
91,tU
frS
&3.IKI0
«,7r)0 1 :i«,iCO
UIhDOO
ei.000
28,700
W,80D
»4
tnt.nno
Wl^iiW
W,7l1U
^IW.IOO
WpTOO
ity.ioo
!!LljOaD
M ;;
m.i^
0^,000
WJJW
dd.TOO
iw.ooo
tf7au
M-MO
7{.jm
[ia,000
&u^:ot>
I7.W0
4B,7D0
36,100
40,700
OB
«7^1OT
7] j'M OTjno
6\«I0
«0,KC
4«.M10
4a.TC0
10
y7,44^^
7M^«l pyuao
IJ3J30O
mjxx)
AL400
49^000
L-a
lff?^J6
^.4oa 7&,aaa
OT.TOfl
AIJLU
OT,Da4
ta^
1-5
M'i.irr
^>7.4/'it» Mjtm
?S.«I»
vn^ifiu
n,no
VMflO
i? ::
IJ0;]&3 ICtT^l* MM
69^4
7»j»e
moer
«.«$
l^w;^ Ua,«>lV 97^460
«7,M0
T9,4»
T4,M0
«fl.tlO
^
iHiai UA^Mi iL»;JD9
V?,4W
ao.iM
Ma^fiw
i7,on
' Diameter <f/ Pit^, 18 /»(W. 1
liCDfih lu f irOL
«0h ! TUt
low.
LMUh
luxr.
wo.
MM.
1
1
41, 403 ' mwa
20,400
23,000
20,700
ia,«»
l&flOO
o-a
f(«,wa 47M10
11,400
lt'Sf90^
W,1[M)
3a,soo
»,000
o«
7J,fD> ai,HriO
MkA»
41,41X1
.II^.IIDI)
n^.ico
u».4m
a4
tt,BOO o;hOco
Majo
tTjna
41.400
»>eoo
aajuo
»A
W,(V»' 7',.7Mi ftfinflOO
E^^ZOO
4ajiuo
41,400
97,6^
(HI
I0l,*7ii M'srf TEJCO
&4«QII
fi(»;aoo
4ft.4QO
41,400
oa ,.
llT.'Jil L'.-,;nin qi^,(AO
or.«o
Aa,0oo
ttjaoo
4TJB0O
» ..
L31jQ!20,lOI>«7a6 n.79S
75,TO
aa,6Qo
ttJMO
«Moa
"il
LiLv-m? ii7.u» 101,4m
na.tiiW
71. 7n
«JIM
6B,eii
n
]oi,«oo 'iai.sfiotn3tA»
flr£,T^ «),«»
Ti,eno
«.ooo
I7G,H|I 149,487
laijafl]
10l,lTd' 97.ei?
TS,7^
vi.ria
a a*
ite,4AJ ; ti^i.HjL)
laijfsa
IOr(,7!lA 119,741
»j«o
75.?oa
^K
flCr7,tt27l 100,273
m<G30
119,410 |ioa,«a
tiK,7ai&
MA»
^^^ JPioM^lff- ^ iY^tf, 20 fsrAM.
^B tivor^b ID T«riJt.
w.
no. E lODft.
IMt, 1 «M.
1000.
«0^
^1 rjuBUtJlT dvt^irvrpd
Gijoiyy
JJ.<0>. 9^^&0 31.300 S7,000
H;90O
QSlCno
■
Ttian
M;2,«A MiXil 41,000 mMiO
9U0O
SI.SOO
■ 09 ^
93,000
70iKW (H.100 M,(«0 «.»O0
41J90O
saaso
■ <N .1
IfW^W*
8^(0) 7i;,^i(X| «3,4oo , Aum
««)b
Htooo
■ 0« M
laaM)
mna H\sat nuna
nUQQ
MJDOO
4MJ0
■ CM ..
iai,Teo
ll».GCU U3;>X» 7U,fiQJ
(%100
»aao
OAjCUO
■ 0« 1.
U3.«aa
121,90] l(K,CiOO 6u,U»
TttATin
«,400
«L«00
■
iTOjHO
lA^-fW IBJ,4'iD 9H,a»
ffixia
TSSOO
OMO'i
■
lad^o
jo^jao i»].?mi im,<Oi
03.4ftl
«,9ie
V0.140
■ 1-ft
9WJ«9
l?O^I> tlT,4^ UCi,t9:>
101,800
9a,B0O
aMoo
■ lil
a^tjMo
iAa,Hf}i in3.ijcri mt 'iivi
1 14,4m
ioii,n«o
W.4«0
■ n «
»ti.-no
U7»10a , JTOnfVJD i;t.),:t-iL>
t£0,-iao
109,000
«aN»
w
s:oAX)
930^01 1 lujoao . i^um
m^QOO
UDitiO
U0Lfl;o_
1^
QAS BNOIKEBBS AKD MANAQEXtS.
fU
Diameter of Pipf, 22 Incken.
Lnftb In TUds.
EOO. ' 7U.
1000.
ifioa
aca>.
apoQi
8000.
with 0*1 ui, prBHQT*.
1
68,600 1 GOiOOO
48,400 i »9,l)00 ! 3^,300
80JOO
98,000
OH
96,000 79,300
68,600
Gti/YlO
48.000
43,400
39,500
0-8
IIS.SOO 95300
84,000
6b ,600
69,400
63,300
48,400
0-4
13T,aOO 112,000
96,800
79,300
68,hOO
61,400
66,000
O-A „
163,500 123,600
108,200
83,600
75,800
58,400
61.200
0^ „
ied^77 137,900
118,800
9H,B00
84,000
75,000
€6,600
0-8
193.406 168,132
137,200
112,000
95,800
36,600
79.200
I'O „
aie,376 176,413
169,396
I22/i00
106,200
96^00
88,600
I'A
*^,1%A 193,40U
lfiaH677
ISSHftGO
II8,2^>^
105JH50
06,TaJ
Ifi
065,1280 ' 216,276
187,626
153.895
132,000
118,800
108,200
I'B
290,097 a!7,lft1
203,^60 ' 1f^.&77
H,'j,a>»
130,026
118J356
a^
303,444 '. !W9,59fi
216576 17M18
irj2.8^4,S
1*7,200
122,600
a-fi
3J2,!Jttl 279/.S5
242,280
]97,32JJ
171,190
162,896
140,000
i)i<nitetrr of Pipe, 24 /nrA^Ji.
Lvni^li lb ^kidft.
OOCK
7tO.
VM.
l&OO, ajfio.
asw.
BNO,
QyiiBlilj deli yt red
witUU'l in. preii»Lire.
B4,D0O
ffl^iflO
.'ilfiOO
4)4,600 4^000
37,500
34.300
0-2 .,
119.000
WJXW
e4fl00
5rt,t)00 69r»0
63,400
46,600
o^s
(45,r.oo
119X00
ICO.iXX)
SI 000 7-3,700
l^%<200
6tk^1
0-4
168,000
IJ7.2O0
niijMo ; !t7.ooo ft^.ooo
76,000
6H,6nj
D-6
197,600
ir*.'F,000
135,(W0 ' 10«.'M)0 9^,r).W
84,000
77,6ri0
fr*
2GH,^)6
[f?4/XK)
llo.OOO ! I[9,1K(0 laH.QDO
'12,1100
84,00lI
ffS
2*L>,900
lflil,«VV.
ILWJJOO 1 1^7,300 1 119.000
IO6.0O0
97,0011
]-0 H
Uffi^Ql^}
2195+!
1H9,7J4 . iV'ffM li5,BO0
119,000
108,i;0u
i-a
%H,ll<i a4D,900
SOH.H'M . 170,2I>4 116,;liiU
Id] ,4 14
130.460
J-6
:(2J,702 !a»W+,04fl
2:W,a80 ' 189,734 . HW,i>W 14J'>,:iO0
156,000
l-B .1
:ftiO,t4lF> -2^4710
^''i^^^i^ ; 20H,4i>ii ' \m,ii).i 1 i5i,riHfi
146.906
ro
»8Q,94ii Ml 1,040
2Ji^J,04D ; 219JW:| 1*9 ,734 153,000
16A.000
«■*
436,a47 ; 847^7
80D,0J) 246,72} ' 212,334 m9,7«4
172,000
Difimeter of Piff, 26 Inches.
Lancth Jn Jtjrdi,
7aX lOUX lEOD.
90D5,
SfiOO,
aooo.
4O0O.
Qokntitj dflliTvnd
■
vi(b O-l ID. pnubrs.
85,000
73^50 , 60,000
62.000
4G,G00
42,600
36,750
0-2 „
120,000
104 /XIO
85.000
73,500
<;5,H00
50,000
62,000
^ OH
147,000
127,000
104,000
90,000
H0,600
73,600
63,500
0-4
170,000
147,000
129,000
104.000
U3,000
85,000
73,500
0-6
189,000
166,000
134,000 116,000
104,000
94,600
82.500
0-6
208,000
180,000
147,000 ; 127,000
114,000
104,000
90,000
0-8
240,013
308,000
170,0001 147,000
132.000
120,000
104.000
TO
ai8,304
282,621
189,000
166.000
147,000
134,000
116,000
TS t.
2!(;i,867
2(14,616
206,072
179,782
1^^,617
146,928
126,851
T*
528,536
284,731
332,631
201,000
180,000
165,000
142.000
l'&
3*i0,385
512,109
264,616
220,666
197,121
179,782
155,054
2-0
a7J,541 ' 33«.656 , 2fi8,3(M 232.tJ2l
208,000
189,000
166,000
26
421,569 1 367,777 | 300,246 \ 260/)91
0)2,621
213,000
184,000
ao
466,,334
402.456
3a«,6-'Wi
2HI,731
2S4,616
232,621
20J.000
m
KBWBiatiII>ie'S HAVDSOOK POU
Viametrr ^f I^pf, ^ii Inc^tn.
Lbii|Uj Lfi r^rdflH
1 1000.
WO.
woo.
MO)^
SfXHK
um^
aoo*-
QukhtlLy delivifrvd
witb 05 ia
lifHcnrh
1D8,000
leijoco
HOpOOO
l£MOO
IIJ.&OO
iRUra
6ej6O0
ri'fl
ain.»A
nn.7r»3
JL^H^.UI£J
in(lft:w
1U4.HV>1
I07.ll«i
VM14
OS
ain,Te2
904.3? t
i7^7flia
Kj7,*01
Ha^fl^a
iM»a}ii
lll;ttT«
I'D
i>n0.000
asiu.ooo
IVtl.OW
J77.000
ic].oon
1«»OCO
:4&jon
ru
»CHS.7a4
1U£r.7H*2
Ql^H^ttLII
lfla,CB7
i7e.7M
l«a-'H^
lAfi,fi«3
\&
H43,M1
3fc0.00D
^LOC«
am.ooo
IP^OCO
i;ijxc
i^iOjCiOO
I a
1 H7&,«^
30»;,:"2i
ilii.i.bJ^fl
^7.(i>^\
aia^sr^H
if-'j^j'.
1A7;»7
«-o
»ori,Mi
y^J^HI-J
aw.ox"
■A:r(i,»iu
lUu.mjj
iwyjoo
i77jn0
A'A
4«l.4]|
»1n1l1-J
sUh(W«
a^oooD
sro.ooo
SSfl^OOO
l««jOOO
tit
11
1HJ4T
3(i6»Ml
849,^01
SOV.TtH
VW},OCJO
lUljOOO
OJfijMO
THnamUr afPljie, flO hwlwn.
Lonfib Ii^ ThfJ*,
looa
Quality df>]iVDrcd
witb 0'5 iQ. pruflurv
111
14
II
IB
til
£&(,Oor.
ft76,910
oooo.
SOOD.
uta
tiua.
SfiOO,
iiiaooo
fll0.lQ6
a:i4jOU)
3A7.a«0
887,000
Il7i,7ft0
IHA.OHl
i4&aiio
IV'AIICll^
1^4,000
a::o,ooo
soa,7M
[17,000
B(W,OOCi
aM,ouo
9fk9,000
lOC.OOO
ElA.ltiS
isa.ooc
fBI >■!
iT2jOOO
a 10,000
)M<l,000
T4,M0
tO&jlMO
140,940
t4ftjaco
I«4jII0O
SlOjOOO
DiAPiftfr 'ij Piii*f flfi InriifM.
Lanpli la j*tdL
IDOa I MO.
QoAuUlt d«llf »rvd
wltb O'fi in. prHmn,
0(i
Ott
1-0
i-a
i-fl
!5
4-0
. 4mj3»a^ »oo,^4
GT9,B6B 400.907
' U^lOTk 4AA,000
! VC8,049k49.10S
ua,4«i
«H,446
271.01a
808^
979.000
^05,W7
4^000
<7T»04€
&a4,fiS0
600>H1
I
fiH44«
U£pCOO
aes.ooo
il&l«MU
410.000
t£ft.sai
IS1.7IB
fi08.M9
oai^oco
S£7,0lfl
386^000
»H.vae
973.000
*t"7,0(0
loa.H'a
i4A,AeB
i7i«aM
3M.M30
WTJVIO
300.000
3»3JD00
3M.O0O
IITJB
lrt«^00
101.000
Tlie fbreRoin^ tables are oUouUtail upoii Uic batjs ot' the «poot6c
gnvttj of tije gn-i luing -iOO, TItt qutLnUbyuf ^-jwi uf &ay otltor Kp^citlo
ffrtx'ily digcljur^ojl lUEiy ^h< HBct-iiiLiiieil bjr niulliplyLng the fitiHntitv
indiottted in tlie tullti by ' SSSifi t tiio aquaro root of ■ 400», iknd dividing
bf iW square root of ibo apeci£i^ ^ruvity uf tbe othor ga^H
GAS ENQDfBEBS AND MANAGBBS.
167
EuMFiiB. — If A 12- inch pipe, 1000 y&rde long, dischargos 28,800 cubic
feet of gaa per hoor.Bpeeifio gravity '400 at '5 in, preaBore, bowmuoh
gu will the same pipe discbarge, at the same preBsoret when the
specific gravity is '560?
28,800 X -6825
7188
= 20,116 cubic feet, — Angver,
The quantity of gas diaoharged at any other pressure may be ascer-
tained by moltipljiQg the quantity indicated in the table bytheaquare
root of the new pressure, and dividing by the square root of the
original pressure.
BiAMPLE. — If a quantity of gas equal to 28.855 cubic feet is dis-
charged in one hour at a pressure of 1-2 inchtts, what quantity will be
discharged through the same pipe at 2-2 inches pressure ?
28.856 X 1-4882 ^ 3^ ^^^ ^^^.^ teet.-J™»,r.
1'09C4
To facilitate these calculations, tables are annexed of the square
roots of specific gravities from -850 to '700, rising -006 at a time ; and
of the square roots of pressures from 1-lOth of an inch to i inches,
rising 1-lOth at a time.
TABLE.
Sqmre Boot of tA* Si'ecijic Ortmt^ of QoAfrom -860 to '100,
1
SpecUc
Sqiurfl S
wclBc Sqiure ' Spcwlfla
Bgaus S
1
pecifla 1 Sqnvfl | H
pecLBd
Bqaufl
OriTiij,
i
Root, a
iLVllr-
Root. 1 QnTltf.
Bool o
rftv^ty, 1
Root. O
mvlty.
Boob.
-S50
'fl91B
425
G&l^
49,'>
-7036
566 '
7617
636
-7969
SBft
'AOW
430
66G7
fiOll
'7071
570
7549
640
-8000
S60
-6000
435
6G»6
r4>5
'7106
576
75Ba
645
-8031
RAA
-0041
440
6633
610
-7141
660
7616
660
-80S9
BTO
-0063
446
6671
&ie
-7176
666
7648
665
8093
87B
-ei«4
460
6706
620
-7aia
690
7681
660
'31fl4
m)
-6lfl4
466
6746
h\U>
7245
6U6
7713 i
065
'8165
Rflft
6206
460
6782
530
-7280
eoo
7746
670
-aiBft
800
■6^45
46ft
6H19
fiHfi
-7614
805
7776
676
-Bfiie
396
-6065
470
ASM
fl*J
-7ft48
610
7610
680
-8946
400
-ASaG
476
6B«a
ran
'73S3
616
7643
686
-8^6
40ft
-6804
430
6926
fifiO
'7416
620
7874 '
fi90
8306
410
-640a
48C
6964
656
-7449 .
6S6
7906
696
-8537
41K
■644ft
490
7000
560
-746S J
630
70a7
700
■6367
4'JU
'64S1
i
1
to
KVPTBtOOCffG-S HAKDBOOS FOB
J —
TABLE,
S^wirt tUttt ^ PittfUra, rUitig &y Tmih* r^j att Inch, from Ono'T^tth to
Fnohv hod f
T*nUt«.
nook
Inntmuirl
Am.
•SST
MOlh.
m&a
1 -ajothf .
J-?W1
^'«-LOtfaa.
; (>7?ui
a^icuu.
4IT2
I'O .,
1 ^Ift
'20 „
1 Toaa
8 „
filTT
I "7 „
]-SOS«
» iaahot.
* M
B^IU
1 in „
I'Mlti
^'l-IOUt,
t'TAOa
fi ..
TCffI
1 19 .,
I'STM
a S-LOibi.
I :ijfce
H
77«
SinabBi.
l-«]4a
sa .,
1 S]€5
V »
B36e
1 a- MOlh,
IMJl
3 4 ..
I'Mffi
e „
eM4
$<3'l»h«>
i-Moa
3ft ..
1-0KB
X Ineli. 1
OiBT
9-9 „
I'BlfiA
SB ..
imm
0000
A-4 ..
lAWl
ai >.
t-M»
M'lUb. 1
0186
9G M
I'OSll
as „
1-M9B
L'^lCKht, 1
oun4
a-fl „
l-ftlSV
1 BDb«<'
l-07«
1-3 M I
1401
. s-T .,
t-04tll
eoooo
11., 1
iJ4»e
1
Bboold it bo required lo land Ibc prassure in incLcs of w^ier to
diacbir^p fi rtrfrJiiji (Hjaiiiifny of giva of RJ^'fO speciflc gmvity in wt
hour, tbroogl] & pip« the dimeiieioaa ol vhicU ar^ Imown, tb« fonsulft
la—
Q-a/
A=.^
(1350)' rf'
t~.0„ multiply the sqitTire of the nimiber of cnfaio foot Of gttf IG >> tt^
charged in one hour by the npocifio j^rity of the gMi tlld lyfi^
l^iiuflli of tJio i»ip«j in y^^dJ^ ; dividtj ttie [^kaIucI by Lb« iiqu&re of the
ron8tAtit ni]iali<.T 1,S50, TUTiItiplied by tlie r1kriiet«r is lDcli«a r«iR«il to
the fifth poirt^r. imd the quotient ib th« prc'i^^ixre.
ExAUPLK-— h ii required to find the pre*sjiru iu JncboA of Witor lo
iliwlmq^ ill [Ui lour 13.000 <:ubii: fi^t fif ^')i>, specific mtitiy *tt,
chttiii^h & pipe ^ inp1ii?s iu diiLmet«r and lilO(J ynrdt Inng- Thon—
i f X » X I lUfiOOWO X 5 X 1900 iaG,WQ 0,OOQ.OO0_ i S'fl iim.
IBaO* X 1^ 1.^2:2,500 X ai.768 ^ ~5S^n,m}.Wii' \ neariy.
If ihe dinmeter of u pipt ie required which inll disoharge % giveii
^U4Qtit> of go* under i^ ^vcn prc&aun^* tm; bovc tbo Ebrmol^
..^
GAS BSGINBBBS AJXD HAFAG3HB.
This oftn eaailj be oaloulated bj a table of logarithtna — thus
log, rf = H2 log, Q. + log. ». + log. i, - 2 log. 1850 + log.ft.)
EuiDPU. — It ifl required to 13nd the diameter of a pipe 1240 yftrda
long, to diach^ge 48,000 cubic feet of gaa, of the specific gravity '4, in
one hoDTi with & pressure of 2 inchea. Then —
2 log. Q = 21og. 48,000 . . . = 9-8624824
log.* = log. -4 ^ 1-6020600
log. i. = log. 1240 . . . . = 80984217
12-0679641
2 log. ISEO = 6-2606676 1 _ ft.RfliftaTfl
log, A = log. 2 = 0-3010800 ) - - » 5616976
5 U- 4962665
log. d = 1 0992638
Therefore' rj = 18 mcheB, nearly.
The following auoms are worth remembering : —
1. The discharge of gas will be doubled when the length of the
pipe is only one-fonrth of any of the lengths given in the tables.
2. The discharge of gas will be only one-half when the length of
the pipe is four times greater than the lengths given in the tables.
8, The discharge of gas will be doubled by the application of four
times the pressure.
Handy RvXe for finding {approximaUly) t}u Cdnt^nC oj a Pipe in
Gallonn and CxiUc FeH>
HuLB- — Multiply the square of the diameter of the pipe in inches
by the length in yards, and divide by 10 for gallons, and by 60 for
cubic feet.
EXAHP1.B. — A pipe is 6 in. diameter and 400 yards long, what is the
content? then —
^ ^ *""-{- 60= 240 cubic feet.
B 2
9«0
latWBiaOlKli'S BJUIDfiOOK POU
SEKVICE WPEb ANIJ HTT1KG8.
Id Ihff iena Bi^rvict-pipea &n< iat^luJed ul] mt>i<K brnnchio^ oiit of the
EDuAB to tho confliimer>^' met^rft. and Tor ui« auppiv of public &Drj
private Umpsi to.
Leakftgo or unaocouQtod-for qm ia due more to ^cFtcta in Srtrvic^-
pip«ri than to all tbp otiier caii^ug comtilned. The U-nlcN iLrn chiefly
oftuaed m the pip? by carrosbn, cr sit it» junctioti with Uk icais.
&urh beiDi; tbe cn^c. it ia oloiu- that th^ utmost cart: atoald be dC'
^vted Co tl)« liabihtation tmd tnointtmoDCC of thia porLicic of ^o din-
iiibutory plant.
SGirviee-pipes ftre of coat-boa. wroagbt4ran, tmA l«A4r Tb^ tiM of
coal'iron pipen for thin purporio xb, as n ^naral rule, confinod io tbc
jiiipply of ^ to Iiug<> cstEbbliohmects. wLieTc the dirLm<tt«r of bL«r pipu
«sc«ocU S incberi. The i^maller shup are imt frugilo to htur Cb« over-
bond traffic, atid tha number of joiuta is objaoiionftblo. Suoh Str>
Tic«B us are of Ioba boi-fi than 3 iochea are usmUIy of wrou|zhl-iruD«
nr leofj.
Wrotigbt-iron fip^a or tubes aro chioflj employed Gar SorvioM^
'i'icy <jaii bo obuined of (mj ooopeoi^Qt length, bnd ac« eoaiJy and
cxpcditioualv flKe<].
Wrouglit'UDn tubes i.iit\ fittiui^. Himlt us teex, bendi, slhows.
toTiit«», icck^tfi* itc., should be p«rfeoU^ cylbdrioal. with no nbs or
flat flaoes. uid iutenjaily ae smcolh aa possible. The weldini:
hhould be scarcely diseemiblo from the other parta. and tlte «crev
dioiilcl be e^iuall^ ileop tl^rotjghout Iht* thitwi.
In la^nBg ^rrcn^ht-iron pipat. thci coupling or tioohot at Uu> ooda
and v'hich is supplied alon;^ with the iiipc, i^hoiild alwavs b« romovdd,
the thivad painted with rc-d or n-hite lead pnlnU lUid thtui rtrptauud.
Lcjkd yipes have llndr nih«nUj^es, t)ioiif^h thtry re<]]ilre moro carv
in laying' ; BJid tu pri^vont thoir sugging in the cround, vood lagi
hAve to be placed utidcrneatL them throughout th«ir loiljcth.
On the ijtJjeT tuuid» the) cmi be lutl with fentr jnmtB; the only
jolntinf^ plflM'S bumg thu coimtif Citinrt wit)i the iriatn ard tii« tnotci^
nol^Gs ihc pi^^ULiMH to h*i supphtxl an^ beyond tho ordinary JJat—irt*
from the main. AVh«u tah<.'n up. alao, to be rc-nc^rd. lb« oU iDetel
vt of tuum t'ului; Lhau old Iron.
All Service -pipes, whether of nronj^hi'lran or Ivtul. whan laid in tb«
jfTound, JihoiiKi be protoctcl front the oiidiELn;; influenoc?! of tbo soil.
uioiatiire, and air, byb^ui^: encaAe>din a u -idiapvJ ot V-ahapcd cbanuel
or vooil or other riLttorja]. fill^, after the jiipe liaH U^-^ti laid Ihorgin,
with s viiixtnr» of hot pilch and tar. Tins prolongs iheir lllb in^
4«fti]iteJy, a»d provL^nt? ^cukaj^f, aT^d coia^ucntly ia well >vorth the
trifllBg «itra coat and trouble entailed-
OAS BSOINEERS AMD UAKAGBEfl.
in
irtift tUining or oftlvuibting of the buiI&oo of wroti^bl-iron pipva
Mb S^DftlLj bo thob dtimbdity rrhtn hid ia svidj eool unpr«gnat«d
The BarffBowpr prooeaa nf covering imn witli a thin layor of
{Mcid^ to protoot it froTO i^arromoif, oibhor in the soil or whQa oxpo&><l
to lilt atmoAphere, if poouliarlj valuable ns ft]>pUc(l to wrou^hl-iroD
inbM ftnil fltlinift:, Mid ditwrvtin U> bft unnertnlly ndaptetl.
M1U139 ^hoiilct htt driUwl, nni cut w:th a ehivel, for tho in^Hion of
Swioff |u|><ifl- The full noDtionol thioknesd of the motiLl io ^uei ptc-
StfTitli Uld the hole h n triin circle In fonn.
Mr. UpwuM's tlrimiit? rLii|Bimtu,s [■unixriTi: immunity from boihuf^ci in
attn«hmj{ the Samct'pip(> to (fat miUn; unil it U uftuily ipplivd tml
All Service -pipes should, If poamIiItJp Ic Uld vith a nlight frUI to tlio
mutn to ikdinit of Uu* rt^iirlHQtiMl niolsturu dminiTi^ bwa^i tlioruto.
When th« pipe ib <tt gnat length, find a contmaoti.4 iij<:liaiLt]Cii to the
m4]ii ia itnpr»clioabT«, ft onalt dripwelli commooLy codJed & bottle
d/pkm (Pi^, 9{i on ptt^ 2(16) ^hoald be ubtiiched at Ch^ lovoal points
B9rvioe-cIeEmRer of Messrs. D. ITuliUt anti Co. iF^c- 0C> is ei-
j)j Uflefal for rnrnodng VJitt^r am) oUter obatn^ctioni; from
3irvica-pip«di.
It id not poaaibJe aIwuth to tw> vhtHitt a nronfrbt-iron Sorvioc-
plp« 1* worn out ur nut. iiuIeHfl it In ttiLtu up out of tbo ^loiui^. Th«
iindnrpQticjf Uij> pipe ^i-ill ottvn k' found completely osdiJiT.ed, when
Iba uppor liurfoott I8 eound and ^'ood. Tbt^ rust formfl n Ehel], whioh
animbioEi on boinK didlurh^i hut vhba nntouohod is suflioient to
prerent tLc iniitiediale ««iape of ^aa.
All abrupt iuiffl«it, fiiicK as Bquare «lbowB, whether in maliiR. S^rvic^s.
or iDtamal lilting, owioft lo the roni^tonce tli4^y offer to tba n>(7ulair
and cvQQ daw of tbo eab. act m condensers* and diminish the br^LUchblo
prcvfUTiT. Thair uw» nhcinld, thprwfnrej be ili^rardeil wburtver practi-
cable ; fc<<ii<b or rotmd «lbow4 hm^ much more pnjfurable- For tha
»itm« roaM>n the intonuU rarflKC of pipoa -should be Qf emootb ars
m
SKWBlIiOlHf^S tUNHSOQK POK
powibU- No pipe flbould b« pal in uao wtthoot dutiful •immiDfttion,
i&d tLe romoval <kf all oiisiiD^ rDuglmuBocfi-
.' tt-incb cAat iron pipea aft inainB,
J ^incli wnin^bt'irr>n pipeu a.n 8ei'vic^H, And
r.f-tnch J«ad or com^iontton i»p«e for intonial soppl^, dhonUi b«
iitterly ftbAnrioncd.
The 6rst aro « ^evons tooTCo cf direct ledE^ire, omn^ to brsbka^ea
nt cliciir juQcijoa vlth ibo Service-pipcA ; iha vhole llifMi, if uaed to
lUij groat cxt^ait, uitdil high initinJ pre^uro, whioh in vj^onyiaoiiA
with a icnvy leakage luxouni.
If Utc diatitijoe ^m Uie maiiL ttf blit.- mstt^r iloes not 0XG«od 80
vitrdfi. the followint; sijteti at Senioe-pipes will supply Iho nambor of
Lgbts nitmod; —
1 to
U „
to iightti fooQtEumia^' nty i o> ft. pur hour oiLohi
The ubovo a»>s allow for partio.] conUnctioii of (he at
hv coiTQaioa or Hepovlion.
] inch*
. 1
ti
. 1* «
< ■ 41
oa of tho pip«
TABLE.
Wtighi per Kr>*l o/ It'roi/f^/ron Tic^^
J-^or Orfu, Water, owl Aljum^
du.
Vfttt,
MBAH.
Dluiiolet.
lillflM
p« Am.
it
LiK Cta.
14a
1 lA
S 10
t 14
« 61
S 101
Innhn. ' Lbfl, Oct.
t < Ifi
1 1 1 n
1 SI
11 3 H
It 3 »
2 4 U
at 4
lncih««.
it
S
St
T.b*. On.
IH
1 r
a- Bt
4
« ft
7
GAB BNOnfBSBS AJO) MANAGBBS.
9Ba
TABLE,
Weight of WrowflU-Irvn Gtu Tubes and Fitting*,
Mat.
TnbM.
FIlUncL
loineat.
W8l|
JOQO
at pn
W«i|hto(
ID Elbam
Welxht of
iOTHL
Wel|fa>o(
UJCroHH-
OviL On.
t^U.
TcpDL Cirta.
On.
hht.
LiM. Oil.
Ll4. On.
Lbh Oh.
1
3
9
1)
I t
1
1 8
1
M
a
ft
1 ?
1 8
1 14
9
fi
B
9
4
1 IS
3 4
9 8
a
m
e
%
9 U
8
a 4
1
391
12
1
4 B
S 4
6 11
1
1 9
3fl
17
1
H
4
7 10
8 9
11
3 1
11
] »
]
2n
10 10
19 Ifi
14 11
It
3 S
7
1 8
14
16 S
16 7
la 10
11
S
I^
1 11
H
Id 19
90
SI 4
fi
S 8
Ql
1 19
1
L4
39 6
97
81 4
31
4
UA
3 S
1
H
ao 9
a3 a
41 4
91
6
A
2 10
1
uu
40 9
60 IS
51 4
91
5 I
ID
3 14
«a
GG 10
ea 8
SO 10
a
6
uo
a 1
n
4
7a a
e& 6
88 19
Bt
7 1
14
3 10
H
r»
101
191
ISO
4
6 3
4 fi
136
lid
15a
TABLE.
Pitch of the Whittrortfi Taps and Dies/or Ga$ Tuhinff,
lal«Hl
EiLeniH]
NurabflV ot
iBtemiU
Eiiuiul
Number of
DfUKWrol
KHneter ol
ThrtAdiper
DktmflWr ot
Dluneter ot
Threkdaper
Pipe.
Pkpe.
Incli.
Pipe.
Pkpe.
Inoli.
'3B5
28
3
3-JM7
-690
19
91
S'dti7
'606
19
31
3-687
1
■8B3
91
2-791
1034
91
8-001
1-603
aa
B'lSl
1-499
91
3-347
l-6fi0
91
3' 667
1-746
8
8-465
t-8B3
81
8-698
S'OQI
81
8-919
3-047
81
4-196
3'34fi
4
4-339
Uniformity in the screws or threads of Sorvice-pipes and fittings is
greatly to he desired, a large proportion of the Ie^ut<;e heing due to
the want of tl^a. The screwed joint may be too slack, in which
m
BKWBIG0T»a-8 BAVDBOOK FOK
kolmgo ofCan t'ollows; on tha oUior butd. wh€& % ^dkbi U
too cm^ to receive Ute screwed on^J of a ptpc, inate^d of ruimlDj;
tlie lup mUi llw one. cr the Aii-s fnur tlic oUipr, oarelcHs worluiieu
Are oFlOD eoiiU-ut lo let ihe joint p&fu, provicii-d ik*iy auQ4;4i^ in getting
a ^LD^-U liiKud to ^ttc. TtL<j naCur&l nottlomcnt of Uio ground, Uw
traflio over (lit 9urEw«« or dm fireit keen Ixostt diijjtnubfl tli« conutwtion
T}ie foUowtiig XMl- giv&n tliu thoontlcaJ diAm«l^r n^iiim3 tor
n' lea \%'hioli li&vo to dufi^ly « ^qtUlui number of buni«r» at distMioiua
m the street maiii, Tho lallt li c4lculAb«d by tLo fonnuln
/ rf = a/ t^'-^. being iLo ^amu aa that used in tJm (^etanninatlcD
of Ulc quantities of ffiin dclivcrod by lar^- pipvv,
Aa, bowever. th*: actual ilinaluu^i- frciui amAll pip^fl la 1«m lluui tlio
c-Atoulatfiii quantity p tbo ubular niiLobor miidt be lucrBiiii^d hy fino'
tljird if tb« &c^vlo^'pipu in of Icitdi an^i by oiil> half if of wrongUt-iron.
Wli^n of tbe Iftttcr mAtonnJ, h ii not advianbL lo pui in tlie MTOOtul a
pipe of lirsN iKan J'iiidi la Jmmi-ti'r,
ExAUk-LR (»'' 'Ar j^fflnn^r '*/' /Ww-/ fib YViftf/, — &nppOPinK thou* arc
40 liffbtfl to bo Btipplli^di at tlt« distanco of 70 feet from thi* main. Uct
tabular number oppobit« 70 and undor fO ts -T3G40. To thiK add
OLe-tlirrd if a lead fl«rvU«. [uakiu^' 0^4058, and onv'balf if a wrou^bt-
iron eeni^^fl, maHng I-IOHIO. TIip w^m of pipfs next abo\* tlw
naa^ra aro 1 in«b and 1^ ircli reep«<ittyoIj', and tbflG(> uru iho «£zot
roquirodn
GAB BNGIHEBBfl ASD UANAGEBS.
^t-^^v
TABLE
Showmg |A« IXam«tor r>^ Pipa, m I>Mi»tf]Z# o^ an Inch, to Supply lAght$
at Certain Dittanc^/rom the Main*
EdcfaHtnHBlUliila
PHt.
5
10
15
»
80
40
BO
SO
70
SO
90
100
IfiO
9Q0
fleo
too
Haabv of Liffhto, «ch BotdLeu Fire THb per Hoar, wlih
■ P r— nra of On* iDah.
0.
164B7
iTflaa
19176
aoaii
flao£7
aaasi
iMaw
Kaofl
fl60H
aeeoa
ft7439
96033
80891
saioi
84001
G.
ai691
aafiu
fl40lG
970S0
98830
a»037
810S4
89010
33BT0
83600
disn
87^1
89489
498Bfi
10.
16,
m.
■34913
■38617
■81084
■89^2
■8G849
■B77fiO
■3B468
■40BfiO
'49281
'48876
-44406
45854
■49185
■Ga098
■M47d
■56607
39434
88660
86604
88066
44415
46441
48167
49ff76
61966
63936
63848
670G4
eiaai
64077
60467
'83976
■87766
■40960
■438B1
-47045
-49630
-6^105
'64041
'66738
'67241
'56006
'69654
■G4900
-6^58
■71691
-74601
25.
-86946
-41991
■44779
■47429
-51488
'54485
■68970
'5W»a
00986
-63660
■64077
'66443
'70970
-7527B
■76604
■81628
80.
oorm
■44415
■4B167
■51019
■563a9
'58606
■61380
■68666
■66546
■67011
'6B095
■70898
'76389
■S0600
'84560
■87891
DWuDflof
LWitifnHn If Bin In
5
10
U
30
80
40
60
90
70
SO
90
100
uo
900
aso
900
Nnmbsr of Llfhlfl. Bach Bumliw Fivs FwC per Hour, with
■ I *r— ma of una Indfa-
40.
60.
100.
■48881
47480
'49682
64464
64041
59066
-57241
03535
■eao76
fl797fl
'65768
71891
66763
76179
'71807
77938
73640
60406
76680
83663
77681
64660
■79978
80861
86649
98686
90730
99191
94662 1
0371
96389 1
0767
63577
71681
77964
82671
89646
94H8
99177
0966
0608
0806
1165
1894
3366
3666
4197
150.
'73911
■88776
■91098
■97123
10633
11155
1'1666
1-3099
1-2478
I ■2974
1-8121
1-8400
1-4632
1-6393
1-6096
1^6e93
300.
■83661 1
94aea
0288
0897
1817
2617
3069
3674
8999
4578
4721
5036
8905
7370
8056
6739
800.
'97525
11157
13099
I ■2315
l'3e96
r479l
6393
6905
6464
6910
7813
7681
017S
0911
1288
2-2640
XBWBisoma's oandbooe fob
PaiCE UST OF WROUGHT-
Jla.
lnvsbiUL DiurttBiL hKiu*.
TabM^H to U fwt loaf, pv foob
LensHrvwi, 19 to ftli .,
Bvudi.
T ff &FrfB«**i^^*"^^«^'
■. d.
i
H. d.
SI
8
a. d.
Ut
L a,
«t
»
e
It
a ft
T
4. d.
1
a
1 «
D 10
on
«
«. d,
Bi
1 t
11
1 «
I t)
1 a
ou
Sl^oolut Untcrii (J[)i.PI|ibDD-<]I|
FUlu SDokM* >
Uniim llinJi - - ^ , . -
S 9 «
or) u n> T
d Ci T
JO 10 JO
Ij H «
A 4
a I ID
1 n
3
1 >
1 0| I t
8|l6 i
D T
4
Old
s
41
3
a'o
e c
1 ftl I
C I
Sft
b
1
ln*Q Ufein OMln B
lify. vithbnu Pla«a
LUnLr>d Vfty Iron CoqIu , . .
Do- witliBnji I'tajl* •
Cook 5hihii*ni, Wmnrlil-I'(v ,
Dcp MftU»bto CuVlrou.
B tfl 8
Do- a
I>o. 3
Do. t ., . .
Mallublff Cut Honnd Elbovi .
i
Id
;• *
£
I
T
I €
7 6
ft C
fl
J N
a 10 t
01 T
11
A
QUO
lA D
90
U
10
■
■
{6h) ToQ^s or N!|>pct3, (861 Stocks, Dm, ttsid Ti^pa, a.t prioM
qcolcii hy tlL« rnonufoctuivr.
If TnbM tra required to bo of loii£;er lejigtL tXiuu H Itwbt Uugr
clmrged nt th^ hl^iL higher mlo.
Tubes of intL*rmedinlo diamotorn chari^tid iLt t)^e prieeoftlie
Urgor Ejxo,
fipringn ; if uackt^Uti, sockMn nAdt6 At Ifat pHcaa.
GAB BNOINBBBS AND HAKAGBBB,
m
ffiON TUBING AND FITTINGS. &c.
H
H
11
2
>. d.
m. a.
■. d.
a. d.
n ti
I Q
1 6
1 9
1 «
a
3 6
3
1 1
1 4
a
a B
a n
a fl
S B
4
1 a
3
a 6
8
1 9
a B
a B
4 8
1 4
1 8
a e
8 B
2i
a.
2i
I, d.
8 B
6 8
23
8
H
■. d.
1. a.
t, a.
4
4 A
fi 8
7 6
9
11 6
6 a
7
8
8 6
10
ia e
6 G
7 fl
8 e
13
16
»
10
i2
la
4
7
14 6
16 8
6
1 9
1 9
9
a
8
9 B
3 a
8 B
1
9 D
10
3
3 6
8
3 9
4 6
5 3
a
I
10 a
I 6
16
18
aa
11
14
as
la 6
16 G
a4
21
BO D
43
8
3 6
fl
38
38
SO
60
8
9
1 a
8
8
B 8
1 11
Oil 1
1
9
10 1
ft
n
10
a
8
1 1
a
1
10
II 6
3 4
1 3
a
5
4
5
7
a e
8 9
6
8 9
3 a
10
1 s
a
2 G
B 6
i B
7
1
1 9
a 8
B
8 8
4 G
IB 8
18
19
aa
96
30
B 10
8 6
10
IB
18
35
a e
15
17 «
B6
18
27
86
44
»
Tfi
83
47
GO
90
no
140
1
33
38
54
63
70
100
J
43
60
Sfi
lOG
lao
130
i
4
i
G
7 8
g
la
3 8
4
8
7 6
9
la
90
190
160
eo
14
14
16
19
S6
37
3 8
fi
16
18
..
38
35
30
86
40
6
38
33
36
40
46
f>0
81
84
38
43
47
M
u
B G
5
9
la
16
30
68
60
40
Gas tabea and fittings, per cent.
DJBcount -
Gftlvani^ed do.
Bteant andw&ter do.
GolvEuiized do.
do.
do.
do.
Iron Cocbs over 2 inctee at special discomits.
OiS INOINKBM AN1> MA^AGBRS.
M
PUBLIU LIGHTINU.
The h«i^t cf ft luDP pilUr or oolumti (Fig. 03), m«Afiured from
th« surE^ecf the ^onna to tbo o«ntfc of theflaiiio,eboald not ^XCK'J
10 fHt.
A j-inoli <>r47V«n'K )-indi lend pipe is not »uitn.ble rorpUcmgJn
tlic mUrior of a lEunp c^otumri. In cold dUtnota, m wintor, tho con-
iJenM^ mouluTC ick a pipo cif tliia email bore becomes &ozGn, fllltJij? up
the entirp lengtli with eulid toe iji il verj sliort apzice uf dme. Tliin
u probably <lua to the wavy iiiv-gulurities ia tb© pipe preventing tha
WTitor from drftining niHj>idl)' uway.
Gftlv«iUi>[l wrouglit'iroei pipe ia beat for lump coluinna, ond for
plRcin^ Ei^puuxb a null fur Llit *iupp[y uf a br^kiLet lamp ; uml }-ino1i
uUwUDftlUil sUe that ahjitlrl he uaed, Li eiUmuona ostpoKi^d to
cQttinff winda, ood ivhero tho frost is kocn, { inoli wrought-irou pipca
out best,
)r th« e«rvEc«-pipeat the 8Dtn»ic« to the bme of a lamp eolumn Km
K>ot vory ftmpl« uw to II19 ouiin, th« wncor of coadenflation, imablo
t0 drain quickly aWAr. will iriovitably be froB^on At that point dnrinj-
frodtp &u<l> hjf occniliou* will «viiutualljf iiiLitirrupt ttb pahsuf^ ufthu
^-
It 10 not imnsoal to find ciio half tha piibiic li^ljta in some diitriela
^itloiruisbed at night when a serero tro«t prcvHiib. This !s simply
du« 10 Dkivmanageiiieut. oa it would not occur if Atteoilcii were paM
to iha TD&tters indicnted aboT«.
BoTODty yards is the maximuiQ difitauGO apart at which public
lamps fJiould be placed.
A new luid entirely novel formofIvnnipPoat(Pig.ft7), has heeii intro-
duced by J, ajid J. Biaddock. It coneistR of four lirch wrought-iron
tubes, held together at tttrccpoinUJn addition to thcbasc, bycoatiron
binders, one of the tubta being iisuti as the aervice-pipo for conveying
tbfi gae to the burner. PiinelH may be fi\(<d at the foot» or tt can b«
loft opui. aa dcEfirud. ^0 laddQr'ftrni \s rctqmri>d. aa tha tubes, on Ltny
Mde, form a aqiuitc support for a ladder to rest ji^amat* I'he tubes
arc (^onbiuuf-d duwu iLroii^'li tlm vitJhlf? hast?, luid are screwed into a
Gait-trtin plal« nndei^ound. Altogoih^r. Ibe poflt has a neat nppoar<
ano«, and, owing to its li^btntsB— tmdor U owt. — and tho casu with
which it can be taktn to pieces and avt up agun. It is Bpocially adapted
for i^xport.
The ordinary fonr-aided lamp U tho most serviceable for general nae>
It IP II inchof Br)i:a(4i at the widest part, and Euado of tinned
copper.
The fltTBtit lampft design^ by Mr. Bagg (Fi^. dd) and Mr. Bmy
(Fige. 100 and lOlj^ with clnatera of tlat-6ame burners, and tbs lamp
970
NEWBIGOING'8 HANDBOOK FOB
and regenerative bamer of Herr F, Siemens (Fig, 103) have mnoh
improved the lighting of streeta and squares wherever they have
be^ introdnoed; and have proved^ at the same time, that efficient
OAS BKGIKSBBS AKD UAKAaBBfl.
wn
BtrMt iUiimjGftUoQ by means ot gfie is ferfeotlj fttiftirubla vhen
thtro ifi a uvUling»«6a on tbo ptirl of tovna' imtLorltiM to lboot Ui*
Tlie H^rllHr Hliraet lamps were ooDfttmoted witli opaque rtJIttctuiv
topB, and tho glared tops wor« afterwards biiroducod ii« wi licprov^'
Fi4, m.
ri». LOO,
numt. Wticn bljo wlole of the ligLt is rt>f1wU^d dowtiwarda, the irar.i&
<\i thn hontat^ axettpt fox a nhorl rptco abovo tho lioig-ht of the Inr.ip
coltmto, aro placed La n «iatti c! uttur cUikncn* and to paBscngvrs
Fio.101-
?io. loa.
wttlUin^j iiion^ thft Hireflta tbc gltximy unio(iy ororbeiKlH rondflmd b-U
th« mcr« »ombr« anddiatresBJng ^oin tho concentrated lif^t nudiir'
noath, ba» an nnou-thly and doprcdsiug effect.
m
KBVBIOQISG'B UAI4DB00E FOfi
On the OLlier hand, where the nin.in Ui£iroxighrar*fi of a lar^ town
tbK lighted with the Qapooiooa lumpa rcounU^ mlrodaoed, wiUi t^lili
tnui-'4pareiit GL-owng. Eulimtting of the radicblioncf a portion oftbe li^bt
on tLe houKo frotite, LiiB perfeutimi of etreel ligUbiug is t^ttaineJ ab ncAr
ftfl poGdble.
Tlio square at the bottom of a Ump ia ^ucroUy iii Ino or throo
parU, QUO of thorn beine Liijgcd on the outer odge. for ruling when
Llif lamp LB b^tTi^' lighted hy L}jti pulu. It t8 a common oc«Lirranc6 bo
Jiud a porltou of the bottom ml^fiicg altogethei", and Ibe flune, thu»
exposed to the auLiou of tL« wind, id in a ^t&lc of constant oaciilntioin,
whereby much of thu illuiuiniiting^ powfr of the gas la sacij^i^d-
Tlie HTipply of gas to pnblic lair^fia ia iisnallj 3x«id at & cnbic fdet
per hour ioc common g&s np to 11 cfwdloH value ; fof cannot ^ up
to ^ candles valae. ihe supply per Jiour Tfirioa from 8 to 4 oubie
feet.
Satisfactoi-y public lighting, aa between gas companies and looftl
authorities, ib best a&ocired by the adoption of a good average motor
flysteni. and the &pplica.tiotL of a regulator to every Luup.
I
IVW;/'ff ttnil Tkichr^ta if Qbtunfttr PnJiJ.it Ijiv\jrit, Sc.
Vo. nt Ehd Cnnii
ur
W»lff}ii ifi C]niui*4
Ifl .
» .
IT ,
10 .
'I'lilftniiu
VewnMt or an lDob>
-Oift
-o»
■071
■on
■OH
-Otl
1la.«f ihsOLiM
Up'«l|hi In Oanaai
fll -
Aft - .
TbtokDMi
la
/fuVir ti ,flnif £/ifi T^mjth 'tf Diitf titifl Xifffil.
Daf.— Tbe hi>nt «t Biiiiiet» doubled, wUialoofth of Ibodajr.
Al « dLji oJdp Oit MQ4n iDifl abaitt 10 o'oZock at ttlsfal
Aia „
■k H
■ »
11
,^
Aie „
H f*
tl
19
At' .-
■■ 1*
11
J o'dkwk In tb« vAFttins.
Alls „
,. tu Moon
riM ..
In tb« waauig.
At U ,.
■I H
,,
n
q
Allf „
A<t9 »
•I ■■
1'
44
JO
aiai^
Al W ,,
^ '1
»
11
«
AlV ..
■> •■
»-
19
11
GAB BNOINBEBB AND HlNAaERS.
ftTa
a
1 I
05
aj
D3
St
3 as
il!
ll
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D. — 3 3 li ' ' :::■
II
unOH ]i] DorniiuT nan
iHing ju auiix «fl J14AV
^ t "3 -- f*!
a;?^sssg=3Sss'=*
3
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KE^VSlComo'S BAyDBOOE FOB
S
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-WOllB}JllO
-nniiEtii|D|R
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3^
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ll
■" L
3*
■£Mtl-£^wi
'JjqciaOfl^
joqmaAox
'«q[D»]das
-^ibSDY
■i|D/
'ffVBf
'^"Pl
TH^Y
-£jvnji\a^
•£mvwt
^ <-— <— ol ^
r-ifta^ SSt-^
— els'* •
:^aS2g|g s?* : :
ss^s^s^
£=3g^||g SSS?
SggS|2gg S^SS
1— ' — — 3 ^
;=*?eg3g *
:»B8gS :
5 ■? S
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ii
"8
OlS KMSJNKKKS AlCU ^f ANAIiKR^.
m.
Gh V^tors u^ «itb«r '*Wet or -Dr^."
Tha wot MaUr hts a measuring whool or ilrum «tio]oeed Iil aii
irDD<«eftClutVC^ ^itfi wni«r up do a t^crtiuii Uivel OAllfttt Uiu ** Afkt«r-
tiD^."* ^e (Irum in divider] into compiLrtmentd dmilnr to lli« stAtion
Motor; ind the raoBJiuzvmDnt and iudjcntion, or rogietration, ofthe ffM
pa:i*in£ ibroo^h it arc» perfonued in Hic same m;vTiner.
Till' drj Mittnr hna tisunlly ft case of linped iron, Thta w
divid«d into compartineuLs by » i>«uirihl p&rtillon ajid tvrt> or mora
uiov&blt> diAphrogmti with prvpu-rod UuxiliLo loutbor ifid^a. Tlio jifiui
«ileraatid leasee tli«McompftrUrLi.-Jitfi altunLately tlirough vaJvcta vrhoaa
pAangai ara made lo opvn aiuI uIuk** kI Lhe [^rupf^r ummont- Tho
altmiAtc «xpanBiOD and oontraotion of tho loTier and outer apaccia
(after lh« mabiior of the ordinary bdlo^K's), by tho proBBur*! of tbu f^iu
•xer1«<I ou tLt AiirfactB ciftbo flJapliru«!iua, ai'^voiiiiauhicaUdby levm^
tnd craiikfl to lhf< \pbei^lwnrk (ir l}w inrlinatorH, vliJdi are oJiW ia botb
clflMU of Met«r.
I[«kir8, OS l«6ted u&dor th« proviBLozia of (Jie " Sblee of 0&4 Act,
I85t>,"aru »tttiJt(w]a»i:(rrrHCb Ly tLv InspDctor wLcu tlivir rv^'islrjitioi]
doofl not Vftry from th« inw ^tArkdani moMLir^ of gas in^ro llian 2 pur
Milt, in ffiTcur of tho ficilor, and ^ por «oat.iD favojirof Iho oODSUUkeT'
Addtfd tOfrcthei-. the nuige ia C per c&nt.
" Cinnpouanliiig " Meters wore iutrodiicnd to nvoiVnomn tli" ilifflonlty
Gaiui>d by tJifl liiuittttioii in tUo tt-ns-^ of the water kvel of wet Uetera.
Mort of UmrtQ hnvo a reservoir of water witUn tho ciLeQ distmcit from
the vjitcr ID which the moftauritipr wUcl revolves ; and variou* AntO'
nutir; vK|HidietBt:( an? aJupLrTJ ftrr LrJ.iLirL-rno^ this wnter, as loiig fui il
kaU, to tlii> body of ILo Mvti^r, to uumtHi^naul^ (or tile dimiQation of
Vatcr thoruQ by L^viiiTOnitioD ur othcritfL^.
Tlic aoLiun of thi; Warnvr i%jid Co^&u measuring vrheal ur InSepeadent
of Uie H'Mter-line ; Uit? L^oniiienflatioD In thU Instance bein^ affeott^ liy
a ttorad and smaller whooE oontainad withini and revolving with, Iho
larger on4« but liavirjg lis partitions orranfrtd in the op]K>ditti direction.
WlieD a depreaeion occurs in the waler-line cf a Mutvi fioiu iiiiy l^auhl^
a TOlnme of gu in exoess of t>ie trnr« quantity Is mR^nil ; bn; in chti»
IbocxMeAinvoInmoof CJaogaa ia rotumod by the pmaJl wlioeL
^lo iha H«ter lnl«t to be nsmtamiiod.
The Snndern and DonovBn Meter in nrrt-idv^il with n. roiiiih-nanting
toUow dOEit of TnMal pUu*. aconrati^ly iiiikrLGrrd nn pivou within tha
front portion of the ct^sc, und mdopcmUnt of ihc ^hWi'a action. As
tli^ wattr i« Added to or crithdrawiu the lloat ri«c9 or vinka in propcc*
lion, and thn:* the correct Invul ih iikaintbtnt:<d.
T 2
I
va
yBwnTn<]TKa<s handbook pok
WJi^a ikv druiu cr nki>uiiriRir whvol of a Mot«r i« drivi^ At a aptxd
*t*«B*H]luy 120 revutaUciifl per botir leicwpd 3 ftntl ft li^bta, wlii*i) it
QUj hAV« n a^aoA of 144 1, it nhHorhc aj\ iic^lup linkoriDt of iJie Avall-
abla cofi pr««miro, uii ita roRintrLtinn h i^Uiiiifd. It is imponaut,
llietuforoi to sco that nil Motbrs Rxfid arc ivlcf|iiato to the &uppl> of tbfi
jifn^t^fft nctmiur of Hgbtn iu ukd at nii« time on llie jiremisea of the
c<m Slime r.
i!r. UrqTibari'B " KqIuwco " McUt and Mr, Hunt's MrtOP, both <«f
which ftTc en thcconapcnifttinj^prbciplc, thoLtgli different id chAn^ctafi
nrv exocpliuas to tbe rule above flULed. as they measiirr finrnwtlj nvwi
AcbetithemeaffUTing wheet i« oansed tori:iTi>lv«at9pE;od*iaoxo«tjiof tfa«
itormtv] rato. Tltts result is obtained byarori>mo nction.bv which tho
L-as enten throojfb poasaffos m th« va1v« clmmbrr in the ho^ir of tbe
Mctin-, ani] tTienoe inlo the ilnmi. from vj\Mt il m&lu^ft itM rwap«
through the h^nt tnht* to thf» oiitl«t, Tho iti]^ proaeoro thiu hvsat
up<u] Uioarl^tljcwhob imrfncr of tho contained ^utor, ftud the mtttduring
chambers arc prnoticntly unaltered in eapacLlj.
Tr. TiMf^ unuv<iflyh(]{if)]i]i4>4lE]|[t. hfiwrivr, that nr^jlhlng litre agenorat
Tt'WrC to th4i practice of allowing thu jud of Mat^^rs too smaLI for tho
con^inptioQ except at oitraorditurjr prc99Tires, is a eetioua erll in
various irny^ — loM bj Icako^e is incn^fiso^ : the IlluuiUiatUiL' pomT of
the ffiw !»" ijrmrtirttUjr rrwliiepd : und «]iiiiLim>^rq, ^rhose ZoatOri and
fltttD^ aro adoqu&te, Buffer hy tho proraiUufc hi^h proGsure.
On^jiflht Motcm, ^hich ^rmorfy vrcre ctU!Ji^n]y employed, an
now altogiithcr iaudtjuittiihk- ; and vton tn-o-ll^ht Meter* should only
bo iparingly ti-tcd. Tbo low {>rice at nhlch pui ii Kold onoOQragOi ita
oxtcndcd ooDfluiiiption \ am} thv hougoA arc becoming fowcr in number
eraij da^whcTe tiiiu ffmall bIzc is Buflioit-'nt to tifford nJl ad^uale AUp*
pl/at roftttoimlle itreumin^B, to the tiUanlUy of light* in mgnltf use.
Tho regular ixirio-llcnl Inspection of MeWn u a point 3t tho utmoat
Lmportaoeoi ud ought nevor to be ncglootLd. The indicej* of Meters
ia dwelling-honMa. Jec, should he noted, and wat^tr ituppliod to tfao
proper levpl Kh<*rovor deBcIent. at least rwr fvrrtj ttr uvftt. Tho
Uot«r« jn milU, mtniilactorieo, ond hurge »4tabllBbmoatd of ovcnr hind
vhoio the ccnsumptionoffi&s is heavy, should be iDjpt>ct«dfbr^]iko
purpose once nvr^ 14 dtiya.
The Int^pc'ttfir aboiild alwnys In* pivjvidpfl with a supplv of loather
vaah&TB for tho difhsrcnt screws and pliigfi, to replace any tliot aro
voraoab.
Ueteiain ootd ftnclcipovcd podtion;tflboiildbnprotwtoJhyncTiitAble
ccrorfng during frost, to pn.'v<Tit mirrriiplion lo the supply cf gait by
tho wator bocoming fircioa. H'ooiUou ragi or wrappings of any Idnd
wi)l answer the purpose.
Tho MoLiTUpDwerUettfris but numly reqnlrcid - but It Iseie^oditigly
4
J
0A9 RfJlllXliKa<>S A:iU MAKAOBBfl.
997
useful ic ctiTti^Q pi)iut>orut. wb«r« tbo pres-
aUTi:, irmn oomo imavoidikhlc caujio, Ib iii<
Bufficienb to A^ard on adc^iiiAU feuir]>]/ uf
iput, hi vimttirnciioa ft Ib lik^^ »n rtrfiinnr^^
MotQf 4 but inttviid of iha ^'lui prgdpuro b(iiuj{
tbc moUvG povvr, tLiu ^'im id cxbauFtffd from
tltfi maai br the? mfaiiaric^" 'wliciil. Tbl^iH
Rec iu intiuun bv & ilL*fiiM<ui1iu^ wi^f^ht, lil-
Uobed lovhioh la a oonlwoimd oii a drum
rnvtiLvinjc ID b«anikj;c« on ibe top of the Mttcr
CLLhe, tlio ilruiu beluj^ jfUiLrtHt Lu LUu ttliJirL nf
rJif m»?flsiiring whcipf. wh^fb project-*
tiiroufcb thO' Mwk of llio oow, Tbo 6pD«d
of Ibo MctSTt B&d cooMqatintly the pr^a-
' rir^L wv^ of ifM obUiAod, are reirif^teil by Lbe
wi i :iLi^&tion«cl. Pnrldnsoti'd Motivo Powor M«it«r U abown
la Fig. lt)a.
Tm " rrcp&jmcnt (Sui^-Mclor^' rvccDlly i[itTi>di]cci!. iiiid of wbich
diera An ftlrsiidy severnl ElljTrn^nt frinnH* in a.n iii^Efiiiurm i1p.vir« Tor
OXtftOdlng tlwulo of ((Afl nmnn^^iit tmall ooitraiDvrit. Ry tho addition
of ft simple nMcli4nii>in ccniaiii^d m a tmnll box nttAch«d to tb«
orditiarj w«t or dry mot<ir, and cin dn^ppiiig n penny thiDtijfb it iloX
tberuin* n qaAVttity of gna of tbp vjiIdlt of the puimj ia ftlloirAd to pud
lo Ili« bum^. \Vbon tbo gu tbua paid lor is «onaumad, tJio cupplj;
0UM8 until Another prepayment ia ntAdc.
By miutliDr Hfrntigi^muuL, lui pmpiiymiuii of a givt-n iiQin — nay 4(t.
for JOO cubk ff^ut— &ii «iira dial on ihe meter U BOt tc pMS tbe
quaiilitj' of ^s ; and Vpb«n tbiff ia conaumdd* a valvu ebute off tbo
'WPP^T. uiiWt, in tbo mrautimo, a furtber puyiuuat hua htvn made,
and triediftl i4T«H.'L
Jet ling MHf>»,
Fop tbe verif»oation ot gfi^ \fetfli^ by a pnblic Tniip<>otf>r nuiler the
" Boles of Gae Aol,"* a aomowhntcbbomtfi set of appm-atu-» U ri-qnjrcd-
Foroidicuiy luw iti ttrAtiuK Mrtcrri tu ngaxwQrks, the folio ivlnu rns^y
l»Ppn>vi(bj|](^f>Fi^T 104) T^A HtanrlHrilgiiaboHcrof lOfliiblr frtPtHnapn-
dty. X proving b«Jicb> An ovj'cbtmd w titer d tic rn. A flont of ligbtfi,
and UkcnnoTDOlun) fur tal'uiff tbo tt^mpcTaturc of the air luxd \raicr.
Id testing, it J8 important tn seizure iiiiifbrmity bi tljL- Umpi^nituro
•if lh« flir or pn« in xha tent holdi^r. cbo ^ator in tlie taak, nnil llu- nir
in tho room— m^, (il>^ ¥alit. ; otbcr^-iuc oorrucUonu fur vjtryijis l^^m-
pani^i« havo to be niadc.
V\%x» UiK Mutrr to hi t4'jit('d on tbe proviiig beiicb. t^hartfr it villi
w%Ur to tba propAr vriit«r4inc (if a w«t MokT|, fl-iiil fonri(*otlt vitktli&
bolder and to tbe Hoat of U^tbi {d'gasia being iiood).
tEWBioaistys hasdbook Fob
Bee thai the pmnter cf tl»e fiiimll inetuJ drum above lh« iu^itx in Uic
wet Mei^r, or or ih6 am&U circle on tlie irtdex (^Ut« of tlie dry MeUr,
ooiQcidea with one of tbo figm-cfl marked Ik^rvoiiH If it doi4 not.
pa«e Qi B[t:ckU ijHiuitit^ of ^e iIirou^L till lli« necf^saurj odjusbmeut b
effecteil.
Nextr fill op the te^t lidMer till th« linfi of tho sc&le ujion It ia
exactly opposite its pointer.
Thia beinf" dctnp, turn the gas or nir on to tlic Meter* and silovr Ibe
Mijtiifr to nork till thE> iaiduII inetii.1 drum Im^ modeono or inoro ro^olii*
wAren c/^rffl*
Pie. lOJ,
tions^ tahin^ caro to uioeo tLj;] atop-cock vli^ii thu poinlur of the drum
is eiacbly ovur the fi^-uru froui wbicli Uje alttti was iiiEule.
The Meter re^atration le tbtTi pompnrfid wi'tl* that of the bolder
bobJoh If they coPMtiponfl. tho Melor ia exactly corrwt: but if the
flccdc on tbo hokk^r iDiioatve lc»aor n}oro than the sdhaII drum on U>e
Metj<r, tho percentage of error is calculated ; of it can be aacertuntd
ofi Teferen(?e to th« Tftbk,
Tht percontPigp Tablrn on tho followini; prigoa nro tol^nn from tboeo
iuiied by the Uctropclitiui J^oftrl of Worha for tlie D9e of thtir Mfttr
fnspectora.
9A5 SXOItTKBTtS AND UAX AOEHS.
8?D
TABLES
Shvwitty l/io PercejttOff of Error tn Mctcia accvrdhif/ 119 rt^iV JUijU^ralhit
diff^n fratH ttits Jndicntitmt tif tl\£ Tfti O/mhofiUni,
■Dfkbib^ tit lift " gfllc* o( Gu AoL'
UrtB JUtfinbthuK
UaMr E*f iawrtn^
Mtter EiBJatoriuji
Bdfitar IkffiatariDA
IKoot
2¥m.
^ ]/Ht.
UFhI.
affiML*
Att&UDi
AbwviI
Abduu
Rimdlai
&0ovni
4tOH-
AT
Drror-
bo^dw,
or
Ernr,
ffm-
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.KB^BIOQIXOS HniNDBOOK l^OE
^OTB. — Aii> QlhoT ({wxniily xaay ba uikuiutod by tb^ nilo cf propor-
tEom tLuB :—
Meter registering " lOO'fXi feet
RoEtding of ecale of teat gssbolcler . , Hl^m „
DifTorence I0"05 „
81V1>5^ 100 vlO'OSr 11-17 fasl-
And Uoter rogietcring inO-OOfoet
Re&ding of Kole of test gCLslioIdfl. - 112'£6 .>
D[ffvr«ii(.'e 12-&5 ,.
nt'&5 AOO:: 12 S5 : 1M5 elow.
T.^LE
£Ar?ii*CTUj thf Dilatation i^/ (^/lu j~/t Cuniaci \cith Watrr and Sattiraud
Tvinpsvlur*
Tovmiiilani
III |Phfirvfihn1i%
Bittlc-
pydtifoa- 1
A«lt.
EHlMAHLoii.
KAto.
DiUuiktt.
Bl«
u-n
M
?4'30
11
Ba<M
1
M-U
I^H
1^
as'TO
1
GS-lt
d
T7-9B
u
S^
?
7
7»
7S-W1
}?
4M0
9«
M'77
8
61-M
U|
4*17
»
tfS-S9
ei
m-u
i7
«•«»
ai
07 '4S
9
M-flfi
U|
4aa
4
BS-ia
W
M-aft
IT
■»»
4
7I>9D
10
M'Sfl
Ui
e»M
6
Ts-ao
w
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IB
XoTV.—THf-tiMaiihfiwi tlif pBroenia^oot tooreueof the Tolum* ot (UibovD ili
^^^^^^■^■^H
1
^H
1
1
"1
^^^^^H
^^^^XJ
^^^H ^H
^^^^F OAS SNGlNKBns AND UANAGBBS, BBV ^H
^^ The luUttutau'^s <
oaeuLlj iL(?atrLilj:f^d
fitted internally.
Bftd fE^s fittiDgs
1 Tbey ftr« & ooimnon
Twdy lo att^'ibuto t
I pnoBON OF purity, c
Tbo followinjf rcjf
! may be found neco
nutliorities-
^^ i:r
^H ], Tbc ooinpouy'r
^H OB the BBnric«'pJ[]«,
^P promisot to bo eapp
S. Tbc maJD-ooci
^_ vilhiu tb« buildiQ^,
^f 8. Tbe gns meU^t
^^ 01 OD B SLibrtUntial
■1- Tbe pipiug alpti
DoL be smftTkr in m
A. The following
capacity t from vhiul
rttt^y calctilntixl :-
^H
^H
■
^H so
^H
^H uo .,
^1 my.
^B too .,
f t
b
uc
C£
IP
IT
n]
AG
(
CO
ai
m
E«r
I t
■
INTERN
n ample
' Lbe du
^tinor&l
inne of ct
JnelficiVi
ft low ilh
itione {w
jr Local n
iivcyiiig
L with gu
aMt bd fi
id clo&e
oat be p]
port, an
i&t\ to k
■nal dUm
V tb(^ Hi:;
10 namb
«l»hf
;.l
:il
. 8
. 9
. 4
. 4
- 4
. 6
.
AL FI
Bupply
iM5tive 1
\y iho r
mpUm
It light
ir\ iniLtiri
ith puoi
be ad
r Ui I at
jtljotity
ho iniu
Itacbbd
^ tbe
icwi pel
[ wltliin
eter thn
£^3 of tb
iiv of Ii
*
n
of
tiFL
&
w
?
a
op
'rn
n)
tl
to
f*c
a
Ji
?h
<
INOS.
t'ood aji
uttur in V
lit of cup
'oin oousu
ji'oh tl]ey
Towi>r in
jdjtioiiq a
«ed with
*i^ yifrin$
irou^jh tb
the end
r wall,
tly level.
ft- i\ in,
whether ii
that of th
motors, ar
H whiob
ttmnriiti
jirolmlin .
A -
-
« .
n »
10 .
la* '
IS
AO .
UK
ao .
idi
af
hfl
Dd
ad
t.
wl
e <
Of
dt
fi
ilo
id
Ih
>iir
ub
ty
ra
for
Li
>ut
th
t^
to
aot
th
ay
or
»l
} t
m.
od
ats
n E
VE
r <
irtH
r c
«r
eir
^as are fre- ^^|
ara ^^|
(gnor&noe. ^H
JO ar« cfbpu l^^l
o a want of F^^^
fi cations M
i;e by gu
bU cAMtH lay
wall of tha
urvico-pipa
Q th« floor
!n-couh.
ittlot. must
unlonR,
3ply can bo
U«4in]rbifl
JuUa ra«u
1«
iO
60
M
IftO
1«D
900
s«o
«00
iSS
lAOO
leco
MOO
noo
am
J
IIB1OI60ING-3 HAIiTBOOK FOR
To aecertnin the naniber of lights vhicb any eJae of loetetr will
CQpplj. dirido til© moasiirintr capacity per hour by the qufcntity oig%4
ptii lioar nldch each jeb \s e«liuaated (c consume. ExampU : What
number of liglity, conHiiming4 onbic teal of gas per hour, will a 90'ligbt
ISO
meter sopply? Then,— = flO ligbta, answer.
4
G, The following are the ^h&s nnd lengths of iron, leail, or compo-
sition tubca to be used acoordiug to iha number of ordiniuy hghts : —
>o
40
ttO
TO
too
ISO .
aoo
■llffffvd.
s
»
li
. 80
U
U
. 100
. aoo
Tubing of 1 inoh bore in not alloweJ bo be Uflei3,
7. The ti]hi>f) or pipe^ must be liiid with (iru[rt-r fiilh und ii: but'L &
manner that ihay axa enuily nHcecKLiiLIif, and protected from Eutbllity to
ilama^Q. Attention is to bo ^von to li^aving n apoco round th<Fm at
mub places n^ waJl oroawags, &o.. where fi-icburo or cru^hiu^ of the
pipes might be tuiiised by Ih** eubsidence of the building, Th* jninmjf»
of tho lubc^atilp^pce are to be mactt* in the moBt £ohd ftnd eub»tiuitia3
manner; and cB,refu.]Iy rounded beuda [nob elbows) aro to b« ns«<l
wherever tlie direotiou of a pipe is cban^tid.
8. Floor IfOftriT^ i^overing pipes iriiiHt he aecuri^ with Acrewa. so thai
they may be caB\]y remove!) to afford ace>&sa to the pipen. Espedally ni
tho points of coni^Vtion,
9. On the completion of the work of fitting, and before tbo piping is
<M)Tered np. not^cft thereof muit be given in writing lo the gas muuger
(the nquiRLte form for that purport! he^hi^ abt^uiied ab the gas oAoe)«
vhowiti cau^e an inep^'otion to be made of the wort, and if fonn<l in
acoordjiaoc with tho regulations herein contamed, it will t>e passed by
tJi9 compiLnr {or local authority), and the gas turned on.
10- If lheregulatioDB&renob(X»nfonued to in every roapcct, the com-
pany (or local autbority] lesarve the right to refuse a supply of ^^
jn^ the neeesflnry alterations Me made.
11. Ons-fiLUirfl complying with Ihcse regulations have their names
TDgijjtered on the company's (or Iooa.! authority's) li^t of approved
OAfl K^0INKSR9 AND HANAGERH.
fltton, uid they fbrc n.i litetr to dedeaftte theiumlvM " Aqilioi4E«^
Ofta-Fittei'a." BciJcaled uegli^vucti will uuuHti the Ituextin to W uilh-
A liiiiii^j uid iiPi>ftil ftpparatus fof testing tbe aoundneflu of gM-
fltUDg*. liW boon ^4n£i>d b}' HarriBOJi ntid Shejir^. It conaigt6 of A
enutlf Ibroe pump tbrti] n Kinj^'ii prfis»iirc'ga(i^i>h in whiclj mi^rciiry lA
ecaplovMl utHtutttl of wjiti^r ; tij<i iwo litir;^ coTmeclijd tog^llitr t>n one
bftW bofcrd, and proi-idu*! with a coupling for ready uttachment to the
Fitting to be UsnUd^
To UBe lh« aiTpanbufl* &lf is forocd, by mwuia of the pump* mtoU;^
Fittiitjpi iiTkt.i] t.]m iire^Aiire t1i4^i-«frE is eijiitviil&dt U^. Miy, 1!^ iiit^heBof
wfttdT, lu mdicnttv) rjn the diikl rtf the ^aiij^«. The punp in th«n nhut
off hy ttuavnt of n ntoponnk, nnd il ia notod whebht^r tJiA |jr<^iflflaro in
EcudntAin(^d or falln awiky. If tho pointer ramains stalioimi?, iht
^ttintfs &ru smiiid ; whik if h f^nirM biwk. thnm in n liJtLkAg(T-
To moiljl&te tli^ di^rovery of IcukiLf^, gua may be foTGcd iiito tbo
FittEDfp. b^ coimoctim; an inli^t pip^ on the pump, t)y meooa of iodui-
nibbor tabint\ wi&li any comoniQiit gn9 j^upplj ; when the gtta t^coping
through the di-ftirtivii Fitiingii oLa Iiif^h pruenurE. auahles lliv TucoUij^
Cf tbo loakigM 10 be roftiiily dittooverad.
Or^Inn^r^ nitliinp rnoms n-re best liglited by nteanH itf n rrtntr^
4huid»h«r. \Vh«n tbe toora \s of Iftrgc ijimeoaions, wall br^Lckuls umy
b<k ftddod. A bmi^krt nt cnch aido of the manUUpicco hm it tatttpfol
ftpp#«rnn[>f, and h^lits an^ iiondy in that position.
Tb0J«ta of cliandolicraandbrEi^kuUjthouldbeDotbai than 30hjah«a
hota th« ooilin^.
A toa-»poonfiU cf lalad oil uddc^ on tbo top of iho wut^r in tho tnbo
of a wutRr-alidcr pnmLuit, kiidd, iiiagroat measure, to prevent or retard
cvuporation of tiio waior.
JiuraoTv ftrTeingo<I in thu honzontaJ position ara not nsuAlly c-fFecltve,
Djad arc not to hv rccommi'ndtd ^^iii^^pt cin tho uonditioDA noted hen-
afti:!r. The fluiiica uf auuli Lnvu an un^diHiarmt piJ^tory or tromilloilfl
motion, very dii*jigreeabl& wh^n f^\vi\ on a level wiih or but slightly
abovu thu oyt- of Liio epuotutor, liuo to tUo upward current of air striking
tiie imJeraiiifl,
TIji- arran^eTTient ia hftd for mnother r*iM(m — \\y... the flnme is pre-
vented from reociTUkg ite du« supply of oiEygon on all sid>^s. nod as A
OOnaenn^Dcc, the combuFition >» impcrfot^t; bad illumination, and a
depout ot uuciMinyiined oui'bon cD tho ceiling being bh« result.
m
HBWBIOaiN&a EUNDSOOK FOB
It it nob, howe\t4'. lo l>eftH9umefl tbiit ligliu plw^ iii Urn linriuinlAl
or Uid inclined fuattioD Eire never offective. Thay clu b& r«n4or»d lo
by onusini^ QtQ tikilg of the dmnot; to impinge one upon th« other, iknd
by nuiking provision ta the ooofitmction of the pendant for tbo 4ir
CUiTEait Lu ^lity u^oti ttn! uppj^r ^iirriLce of t\u^ i]niiu\
Tho ^LWBtJon ol tli'> vSiuMnt ventHatiou of roonns wliCTu gnB u brinj^
OOnauDMcl 10 one of iii]p(>rtancc boiL to tliu ;;ad ]jroUxic<ir luiii tti« iXMT.
The subjeiit hha be*iu a compfirativelj ur-;;lti:U.O unc. aJtlioui;lt it prO'
Ventilntin^ globo and other hghU of vani:i - 'li - i-im hav^li^eD inlrO'
liiji • '\ Jv Ml jarti. Hueif. Cowan,
Bill.) , Sr; inli',.i.iil iplbi r miller*.
and their mors yuocinl adop-
lion is only n qutation of Umo.
Fig. 105 filio«d Mr, CovTAu'a
vauUlating ^loht^ liglkt; utQ
Pl^* 103, U]« TeDtdftUng flon-
light as ma4o by Mr. Strode*
Li lLc ludttur of iuUiniftI
Pitting^. th4> ^n9 rnu^Ager, by
jud^^DDt finil tnct, con eieroiso
a tit^eful 9Lipc;n~ision even vitb-
out eJi« uiilof Aiatiitciry poviffs;
V^ ftnd his mh-ine in rit^fftnl to
tho dzc3 of pipes imd the
kind of btnuers and Um|i»
/irv
FU.IOA.
Fra. IC6.
to bo uB«d ia didoront sitnntiona will generally be accepted &nd
*otod npoD.
<IAS SNGlKSCns AND UAVAGBIIfi.
m
Ti> obteifi thn mtixlmum of light from u tttimnr. it ik nMMiMiirj thmt
tbo pr«uurc> wbcu tii&t b Enexc^Gfliu thomiLLnH>iLf it muitnoOGssanlj
bOi aliotUd W controllod luicl rogdatcd in tbu p(ui:iEi4^ of the g&a totho
poiiil of ij^iU<]U.
Upfoa thv Fitlinga, or tbu atop cock JkC tljt' mottr.boouuAo tUci'L' id a
oaaUnuftl T&rbtioa of preeoorc oooordm^; to the aonBuniption tLftt ia in
Toe bouae aoTOmor or regiilAtor vim in^vnlcrt to a/>hleva Uiat en<l.
Uiaayb^AxiSiVDthofipoltWin^ front tlioinoli^r outlet* orvp-hatisbet'
tor, on tho principn.! pipe sitpplTUaj^ cucL (loorUvoI of tlie premiaea^
Tbe rflg^AtoT ill a.utam(ktEC in itri ftotioD ^ and wLl^u wtilf;liltid to afToixl
tho r0qni»d prfsaicto for lUl the burners in use, it will co&tinue to^nw
aprMticall}' imLfcirm supply, bow^var much tho preeBuro in tho tDaine
may vary, or wlmther the whole <:it cniy a portion of tlje bunieiEi
beui^ vupplicd tLrougUtt n^v bt nlii^itt at (j&o time. TW " Needlt: "
governor burner of Mt, Pc>hUhs, zind the* •* Acme" refuting bum«r
of Wrightt ore exampios of ro^^uhition applied doco to Uiu point of
oonsiiiDption.
It is a okarly eslahltBtied fact tbnt the lower the presBttre (pravtdi»il
tber« is just sufficient] tit whiali eas oon be buraed. the better tlio light.
If,iiitit4?ad of b«ijitf adviuitagoouafyoon^iiincdjh^^d is forced throucfb
blie bornera intc buc atutoflplieri?. tlje carbot] in rnpirlly f)iddi£«d bj tbe
uoaasof air drawn into tin.' Iljime by t]ii> ht^vy preSHtire. with tlie
osntl OQsalwfMtory rvunEto as rogtirds iEUinii nation.
Dr, LeCJbeby foimd lUu » vulcEuiizuiJ lndiu-rtjbb<fr tube of about 80
feel In ]^;^Ui» reduced tbu puvvm uf it nuuk ^'Ji« to Lbe vituut of nearly
25 ppr ceril,, by ahuorbing tne illumiraling hydKicarborn,
rflmuA to Pm^ent th^ Ktortp^ ttj Gat through ladin^rtif'fHv Tubim^,
l^ parts treacle p
^ „ g'lm Arabic.
7 |i white wine.
8t ,. etroiLg alcohol.
First dissolve the Creaole and gum in the whitowinA. an^l aft^rward^
add till) alcohol Mity slowly, constantly stirring tho mixture toproTont
tUo gum tout bumi; tliiowu down.
HSWBEQOCQa-8 BAKDBOOK FOR
HANDY RULE
Ftir EittPtfttitiff [Appmrimatfii/) the Xwpbfr 'if Bvr7tff9 rr^jiirtfl t/> lA^kt
BcnjE> — Tb« Aoor aroa ia foet (liviiled bv 50 for common g^a. ^ncl by
70 for oomicl cjfta, ^ill give tho number of flatflamo bumcnt reqiilrcd
Cot efHectiva ligbting.
ExAiiFLE.— A loom in 80 foet long asd I^G leot wide. What number
of bnmen is required ? Tlieo —
80 K 56 = 4480 Bq.ft.arod . = esy 00 biim^rB with roimncn gM^
^ consuming 5 c.ftptT boiir cjtoh,
4160
7Q =Ba7C0 buru^riB with eftUQel fas, consuming 4 c. ftn perboiirc4Kli>
TABLE
(Mr, ir. A'fiwi.
Lam M LlrM
ClMrglftu IQ-Vi
(>rLJij]ji!t 4ff«HB hflunrvtortioc grouadj ■ .,.,.. .... 10^
Smooth up«| ,,..,... H -......-'> < M'M
ikmttn^ nfik] , . . - 6A'B&
QruauduukJ, lartmmixilHl Willi i4iJjLn4 fliruns. lUtf nciLTH tulor-
toJdje MtwoeathB burner aud Uic plia>^n)p;«r vdTiwB ■ ■ ■ TS'ftS
TABLE
[Mr. A. II. Wood.)
Llffht vbitmotej brAQtbu^uflElolM. abODt l3p«»»A0L
„ H ■ ^'*^ slot« with tURihily RFoond
Cowan ....,...■' II 21 .,
„ « slobat jEFCiiiktl kJl o«*r .... „ «> ,,
™iBlub» . H « „
OAS BKtilMKBKS AM> UAKAOSaS.
on
Skwmi^ Uis Lc$t of Li'jht through fiat Shed4 0/ GioM of ^ftTffit
TblokBuvUih piBUi . .
T^uJuLHt or Qltmt. pfU OduI.
iEitulnob. ft*U
...... B-«
• . la-OB
I I ft-n
18»
&ngU4>«rinui , .... A ...... 4*17
DoiibU G«rai»ii, gruus'l
SlAcbGwiaui » . , .
Barltj^m (UkM.)
BoHnbln «Dua*Uvd — *.:,
Ifiouod oa!)r tipcn »rtlanB
of lU •iHuw— 0TII&U nyiara .
Oruuca wlcuivd vli^gv k^im
P^^
Roby „ , , .
CfrMJi „ . - ,
BB-TI
Ant*ti]fiflii 5I-9S
1^ M Aiawd EMM
I „ lor BA'U
;. ,. ohnMb WI-A3I
1; W'M
Tho rt^milU of llie BXperintenta with ^lolws giien in the loreRoing
IaUos WL^ro obtained with tlte li^M in u direct line wiili tfi(^ pliobo-
mattr clitic, anct witik tb<) defective moniis nr glob^y formerly in ase,
}ijiviiig iijirrow upoiiinga at th@ bottcm- With tha ivn^irfiveO globes of
tho ^t43tioiii diky, tlL« bottom opeaiufrs of which arc 4 to 6 iQCh«t
di^met^r. tho r&suUa mote recently obb&mod by Mr. T. W. Hartlej
OiSt^r from Ihtisa deUilet).
In IS'^O. Mr. Hurtle/ oarried out a iGrics of €ip«TimeDt9 with
croiuid arid plAiD ^Iubs of vftrioufi kiudu, botb Hat Aad roiuidod on
Uicir fitu£&ce. tkud yidOi iht ligbliiiij hurii^uut»l and o^trb«adpi Tliese
«i[[)«TiiiR''iiL« a.rB interPAtint' and Y&Iu&blo; but tli^ d«lnlld are u>o
leti^}]}r to bo g^ven, everi in ootlirie, hero. Tho gon^r&l ooncliisiont
howovtrr, at wbjcb Mr. Hi^rtloy arrivod la && follows : —
lloTEtKOMlAL Li4>nTfr<o.
1, Tbftt ordinary ehoot glASB, ftpart from thtoknofis, vfirios in iU
obstnictivc power to Iht |WMBirc' of lijcbtp That tho ptrccntage
imft incfrurifn with tlj«i diHUjic^^ of tlie ^If&i^R froiQ the fliuDQ, Aud
Mrr-'fiiAi ivUo tt¥. thd tiflhr ffrau'i stronger.
* AoioDji; ihp fiiaakiD dfAlon, Uai Ccrai "Ovruiui" la mvp^Unl ku hIhs of BdIhUa
I " fitiHrvAtJrsTiH rtii Clliun m uri Olrttninicr iDd Funnetirr of ArirAoial Llgixl," hf
HQ
NBWBKtOINGS ItANDUODK FOR
2. Tltut grounil Ahoci g\)i.m, tij^nxi from tluukiie»» ulna variiM in
obatmctiva powor. Tlint tlie pfni^tii'ji' *"»' inn-ziur* ulth Iho
^istiLace ol' Ihu ^liLciA Irou: tiii^ tlnniL-T and i/'ir^-^r^^' at] Iho 'tfjAf
ijrvMA fitronrn-t\ Thai the percental'*) lu^ dopeT]<lA oa which
fiiiiti— tleni- or ground — ia piiratat*^ Lu tilii? llniue.
8- Thflt with (lasl]*(l opal Uie loBses foUow llin mme law ts groanii
glass for dlflUDce from anci for pownr of lif^ht,
4. That with dear gl^fis as aa fibtirni^tiir ot ligbL in froutoftlid
flamt^ nnd ctcur gla^R hiabiDd M ft rrfffi^i'^f of lightn tho refloated
light reduce.^ Uie /->ad bo & degree dep«iident on the disboiice of
caoh sUfis frnm the flame.
^t Th&t B deAr sLaa^ globe obstriic;s Light from taa Mit\/itiiil flauiL',
but increase* tlie sensible light fiiom d^jlat flame,
6. 'Flint gluhiiB uf gronui) glass cLstruut leait light thi^ HhoDtn ot
ground ijlaat^, TluLt tho fieroQEituge losa dimitiithft sh U>o
light ^a\va ttnuiyt!!- ; luid is. for hq avariLgQ hght, from 13 to
20 per cenl.
7- Thub opail globea Gliutracb &a omotLDb of light equal to 33 to 06
pifr uent.
fl. T7inf the ami-wil t>f lijfiu ainfihit htj \i jUitw in «n uvifnior rfirrrtiW
iit imtrh Uak thin it iju'UU ia a hirU'jntnl ilir^liiai^
it. TLftt gl/LSK globes with ckvunU^d or ovtrfjehil Af^niud fliimcaf
reduce the powor of the Ughl — clear globtJH, ^bout 3 percent. ;
ground gloWs. about 21 pet ccrttn ; aud alb&trtni; gloW, about
^8 per cent.
10. Thbt glisa globes with Hat-flamc buruere, &b a certain elevation
and wi].liin a certain mdius, in.e-rtii*fi the power of the light — -
clear globGs, about C per cent.; ground globea, abool 9 per
cont. ; albfbtriiLu t'^obea, about 38 per cent. ; and Gorutan opal
globes, ubuut 21 pui cvnL
1 1. TliaC reflectors greaily increoSQ the power of the light, nitliin &
radios dependent on tJie shape and siie of the reflector ; tho
rango in tho oxporimente being from £2 to 9^ per cent.
12. That EorooriEs cit thu base of an Argand flamo oaueti a roJuctioa
in the puwcf of lh« light, whi^buvtir K Uii^ disc aod form of thft
Te£»cti>r.
QAS E5Gn?£EBS AKI> V&KAQEB3,
Ml
LEAD AND COMPOSITION PIPES FOB GAS-
Waghtt per Yard, and Length* usually Manufactured^
TjIoht- Heavt.
weirbl
LflbSrttaiof
Wfllgbt
^ ■""§•*■- "*
IHuDeUcr
lb*. ».
Bnodlf*
IMnEuter
Yud.
Iba. OE. U
BimdlH
Tf%rij1».
UikbDfHtarBd.
Inilde.
onulW
iincb-
m
, 80 r^rdi.
llnob. .
15
67Ardi.
1 »
1 3
■ fio „
1 PP
1 Ki .
M »
1 M
a
. A1
,
1 PP
il 10
10 ,,
1 »
tl 4
. 25
i P<
a
90 ,
1 ..
3 S
. 2;»
i PP
a t:^
(B "
1 ..
4 8
. 36
1 P.
6 ri
» ..
11 »
B
. 16
,
U n
10
la ,
11 ,,
12
. to
,
U .1
14
» ;:
^ ..
J8
J>
'
a p. -
21
fi PP
BRASS TUBE, PLAIN— WEIGHT PER FOOT,
Inolin. Lbi. qcb.
l-4th -Oflori-as
G-iethi
S«tb9
Mfitbi
Ifaftlf
9-16tfa«
B-attu
a-4tlu
■Ifl
940
■IH
am
"Jl
fl-Hft
■'2R
4«5
■HI
4-!»
-rt7
fJ-M
■43
GHA
Dlunatn. WfllthL
7-8thB '60 ot 8.00
I iDofa
U ,.
U M
II ,.
iil P.
B ..
■50
'81
1.00
iia
1-35
IM
l'&7
9'M
ia-00
17^9fl
SO^
2400
2&^
The fiize of br&sR and copper tube is measured bj the outeide diameter.
BRASS TUBE, SPIRAL AND FLUTED— WEIGHT PER FOOT.
TMunater-
7-16th»
IhAlf
0-iStbi
Spknl.
Flbifid.
WeishU
cc.
or-
. . , . a
■ . 21
. . . . a* .
. . 3i
. . , . 31 .
. . 3*
. . . . H .
. . 4
. . . . b
. . 5
DlHaeCcr.
Inobak
a-4tlu
7-th» .
llQch
u ..
Weight.
■ 71
. 9
. U
. Ifi
WfriKhL
bOLDEBS.
FiNB Soij>£A ia an alloy of 2 porta of block tin and 1 of lead
<mBlta at 860° Fahr.). This ia used for fine work — such aa Boldering
the drams of metera» for pewter, Ao>
BM
XBWBIGOtN^S HANDBOOK FOB
Gm£d«> Solckr, — Equ&l part8 iff block lia and lead. Us«d for
leEul.
PLi:Hanrfl Sf^LtEft— 1 piirt bloct tin, 2 t^. For all IdntlH ctf
pliQinbers' joints and for tin &n4 zino*
8oLii££ piiR CciFf^K- — Hfird: 3 paria brus, 1 itmu- Soft: SbrwVt
1 sine.
Bnjh2iKf> Sorj^sn en ^rELTEit.^HiLfd : 1 pnrt coppor, 1 zmc* Soft :
4 pfkiia copper, 8 fine, 1 block tjn. For fine bnss work : 1 part ailver*
8 Ci^pptsr. Ft zinc.
SoicttJt jiMn Stki:,, — 19 parts sUver, 3 (lapper, 1 stine,
I^EWTBftiimB' Soft Souibr- — 2 parts biemutL, J lend, 8 tin. Com-
mou : 1 port biMuuth, 1 ]tnA, 2 tm.
FLUXES FOR SOLDERING.
Iron 0,11(1 sivcl Boiax or »il[ auicuoiiirii:,
Tinned iron ..,,.. Beain or chloride of /inc.
Co|>pur Jiuil br&as .... Hal amiDoniao or chloride of iiBO*
Lead and compooitioa pip«6 . Re^in and awoul oU-
EiDO Gliloride of fiinc>
FOR TrNNL\G BRASS OR IRON.
* J Qi. miirta^io acid.
i oz. ground block tin.
Uix io^En^blior. and dilute the whole wibli «k email ^uant£b,v of oold
wiLtor- Apply wii)j thu fiu^er or h turk.
BRAZING.
The e^GS of ibc articles, eitbcrr iron or brass, to bo braj^od are
Bcraped ihoron^hly cl^an. nnvorad ^\it3i tbu hmij^mg EtjlJcr or jiprlt^r in
tho icrm of bonnga or turnings Efriaklud over with powdcrcid borat,
&Qd eu>090d bo the he^t of a clear iiro till the solder 1]<rA'5. A mnokc-
]es8 con or gwt fire is boFl for Ihc purpozte. in brazing iron* n
oovoring of loiitn U eomatimos p]ac«d ov«t the solder, to «xclijde Iho
air, till it taclte.
QA3 BSGtNCnES AKB UANAGBfiS
aoi
1 <jnn.n ^Yimmnn vinegar.
1 01- Uiio ^tono (»i\]lpliAk o^<^oppor)J
Thft Kfcl unnionijui a-ml bJur sWmt urt* wvW ptmn^lixi, and then
ftllowod to disiiQlvt> in tb<: vinugiir Tlit? colutiuu, whon roady, i^i bii
on with m oommop brueii. bkck -leaded whilat damp, luad tJioa poliabod.
lArqui^t is lli<iD appllud as diiHcriliul L«t(iii(tor.
To imitate tho untiiiun.
1 ijiiRrl ciOEiiniori vlnt^f^r.
l'Oii> sal ttmrnontfto-
Bc^il fnr ft qttuttor of an hour* titer, through impart and ibltite with
vater. Immerse tbcarticlfi to he. bronacd until it ftc^mi^s the grfop
\hi}fe dt^oirud ; ihect wa^ti cfuvfully, and dry in Ha^vduAt.
Tliont? con IxT ptirr1iu:md from any dealer in artists' niatcnah
ar(- pttpiLrciI jt.s folluws: —
They
Cvj^'itt Br\mzt^ P<nc£/rr»
Btripa of copper &ro di8solF4>d in nJtrio ticid in a glaaa vcattd. and
UiMi elnpa of iron are uddwi. winui iliu diBSoK-eJ copter ia jinicii^itntnl
In tbo form of a wt^ Bne jiowilvi. Tliio ^lowilu' U waiIilhI vittli waUt
&nd dri«d, and U tbea rondy for uw.
In Ihct fiHWH [if miitiy bruti/-u |HiM'dtii'H, Any ilnHiri-Hl adi^ir iwn Iih
produoM bj- tiiixin^ it with Ihu eoiouioo drv jilt^'nicau. Tliu*» u rod
liro&£Q powdur in obtuinud by ^rindin;; rud IciLd with ib ; and a grocn
by Itu; UM of vvrditTL-i- It ts tic(ruri:il hi bhtj folluttiut' titEUitivr :^
One pound of iin ia molti^d in n crnrible. and then ponrnd (»a-
tkiosly into rui iron di/^h onntninin^ half n pound of morcnry.
'Wlwu cold it i* leducwl to powdci', ini^ied with ncv«n ontico* of
flowsre of xulphnr, nnd night oiint^^a of Ma) ammoniJin. and
brituniieilui a. mortar, lliomuluec is Uii^c&Icmcd inn flack,
which expdfl Ihr sulphnr. in^rcuiy. and ammoniit. ui^ leB^o» A
rt^siduuia m tlie furm nnd (.■i>l(iur of n IrrJgltb flaky i^M iny/rdfr.
SUe for iironif F^iiedfra,
TLo mt h mftdc by boiling four amtces of gum Aniiuf to «vec]r
liOBnd of pure linfleed nil in a (iask, until t)ii< nnixUire in of the can-
KUt^ncy of cretim ; nher whtdi it ts ^IlUli^ ivUh turpcntinu na
required.
Tte article to be bronxed is coated, by means of a soft brusL, vrlUa
tbis sixe ; mid wbtoi uuitrly dry, u pirr^-e of jioft leather Ja wrapped round
the finger, dipped into the powdt^fn fxnd rubbed gently over it ; or i%
taay be lud an with a oiLmcra-hnir pct^cil, nnd then tefl to diy
thoroughly : after wLicb all the loose powder i^ brushed oS.
Thv tuQiize niiiy aIho be mixed nith n strcng lohition of iginglaae.
uud appLed iu the nioist utute.ltlce varnish, uitli a bmeii. ThiE lalUfr
mode, however, id not motiible for articles exposed to Uie iv'cather.
Far Sihierinff Mftah^
Xitrato of silver 10 parts.
CW^moia E?alt 10 ,,
Cream of bu-tar dO „
Moifllen with vabcr wLen n^ndy to apply, and lay the mixture on
with a soft bru£h^
I
LACQUER AKD VARNISH.
Th« fiohition of fquHtn of w{n« and shellac, knovn aa '* simple pale "
lacquer, it] tbo haEie cf moat otbcr lacquers. The two iof^-rei^ontd in
thoJr pi'0|»r pr^/poTtifjim, lis etaled Mow, arc put into a jat or bottlw,
and allowM tn irnmin for fortv^ei^ht huurs, being brlstiy abaktii tliroo
4>r foTir imipa during tlie Icterviil. At the expiraticrL of Iho ttmo
namwlt most of the nhcllnc will be diaaolvc't, Tbo imitore \b tl»n
i'lirofuUy 8trn.in*"i ihrough Cdteriofe' puper, to free it frfiiii grit and other
furol^ «nhBtancefl< and to removo any jiarticles of imdieeoU't'd thdlac
that may rcm.\m-
DiCTereEtt tintH or cihadoQ, producinf; rod, gvaon, yelTov. &c., iLrn
<>bl&]DC^ hjmiKinK wiUi tbe poltiW^tJiiitr vrmouK nibiLriitgiDgredierN.
0iieh 48 dn^on'f blood, amotto, gaiubogc, turmoric, aaflron, iKt, Tht^
GAB BNaiNBBRS AND llANAOBBB. V»
inopar Wftv of adding these is to stir them in & oup with & small
qoantiW of the pftle laoqoer, afterwards atraining the whole throogh a
pieea of thin oloth or gauce, and filtering if neoessaiy.
The aridde to be laoqnered is heated slightly by means of a steam
■ kettle or itore ; or it may be held over a hot iron pbte till just ae hot
u to allow of its b^ng toaohed by the finder without burning. The
heatmtut not be greater than this. The lacquer is then applied with
a voCt oamel'B-h^ bmsh.
Simple I'ftU [jtcqiur.
1 pint of apirita of wine.
4 oza. of shellac.
Fine Pule Lac/uei\
1 pint of spirits of wine.
1 oz. of pure white shellac-
1 dr. of gamboge*
2 drs< of Gape aloea.
Vine Pale Lacquer^ for Sitvrrtd or Tinned Work,
1 pint of spirits of wine.
1 oz. of pure white shellac.
G"Iit f,<u-*fUfr.
1 pint of apirita of wine.
B oza. of shellac.
i oz. of turmeric.
2 drs. of araotto.
2 dra. of saffron.
Dt^ep Oolii Liicquer.
1 pint of spirits of wine-
8 oza. of shellac.
) oz. of turmeric.
4 dra. of dragon's blood.
Hfil Liicquer*
1 pint of spirits of wine.
4 oza. of shellac.
4 drs. of dragon's blood.
1 dr. of gamboge-
U06 NEWBIGQnfG'S HANDBOOK FOR
YHUfW Lacqxur^
1 pint of spirits nf wine.
2 ozB. of sLelUc.
2 dra. of gamboge.
4 dra. of C&pe aloea.
Green LaetfU^r for Brxmtr,
1 pint of Bpirita of wine.
4 ozB. of ehellac,
4 drs. of turmeric.
i dr. of gamboge.
Jrtiv^ Lacqver,
1 qnurt of turpentine.
J lb. of aapbalte.
2 0Z8. of sheLJao.
To C'le*in Old BroMi iV'trk J'l'r lAicquviinij.
Boil a. strong lye of wood ashee, and strengtben witL soap leee ; put
in tbe brass work, and the old lacquer will come off. Next dip it in a
solution of nitric acid and water, strong enough to remove the dirt ;
wasb it immediately in clean water ; dry well, and lacquer*
Vamith J'T Trtm Work.
Boil a quantity of gas tar for four or five hours, till it runs as thin as
water ; add one quart of turpentine to a gallon of tbe tar^ and boil
another half hour. Apply the varnish whilst hot.
Pulverize \ druchm of safron and ^adraoLm of dragon's blood, and
put them into 1 pint of spirits of wine- Add 2 ounces of gum shellac
and 2 drachms of Scccotrine aloes. Dissolve the whole by gentle heat.
Yellow painted work, varnished with this miiture, will appear atmoal
eqnal to gold.
ViimUh ff.r (■Utd'Hir Winnl Work.
Boil together one gallon of gss tar and 2^ lbs. of white copperas.
Apply whilst hot.
OA3 E:fonfE£lt& AND HA^AOfi&S.
NT
1 part sloo.
1 part black resin,
■} ]Mii^ retl ochre.
Mix witli tho loMi po«nb!9 qunltty of water*
PUBLIC ILLUMINATIONS.
In pTOvJDciJiI towns tbo Gaa Mon&i^r ie usnchll^^ o^M upon to
&au^ And euperintond the IllmxULfttioD« that ato jfiren to celebrale
aiijf ifj«ftt n^itioimt or lomi Bvout- On «uoli ouciuiona tJie following
p&rtical&rs will b« fourid ubc^I : —
Moi>£ up tiuppur ;uci> Pnccs di' (Ij^a*
mmninftticm Dovicca &tc ^^Qcrtll^' Muppliof) with gii? direot from
fctw Duun, vithont tliu intervc^ntion of a meter to rcjnater tbo con
8iiEii£jtion. Where tlic niiiujinntiuns i^rc mij tiling like iiiiiverGa], thr
fixing of meters ia altogether tmpracticnbk".
Ti^af7 tho coQBumptLon of oaob jet to bu Lit cUct riLte of ono cubic
foot of gns per banr, wbi^b i^ u fku' avera^. inclu^IiiiK Losh bj* li^Eta^o
jind Iriiil ligbiinij;. Uit foUawHig will bo iUe ral^ ofi^LiLrif*-' attuidinif
to tbc prit^o por icXK) uubio feul ■ —
At 6a- (5cl. p«r 1000, '07« of a penny per jot * p*r hour.
5
>t
•077
e 4
n
■OT(S
4 »
(p
■07;)
ti V
H»
'1)74
6 I
If
■078
It
'07-2
5 11
,p
'071
h 10
»»
'07U
6 tt
*•
'0^^(^
e 8
,p
'OGrt
6 7
"
■oin
u U
■ t
•0C6
driltw or pqnehvd id tfaa pipti fcnuiiid ik« diSmatdavifiH-
4Sfl
HEWBIGQING'B HANDBOOK FOB
At 6b. 6d. per
1000, -06G of a penny per jet per hour.
6 4
-064
6 8
-068
6 2
-062
6 1
061
5
t 060
4 11
059
4 10
058
4 9
■067
4 8
■056
4 7
■066
4 6
-064
4 G
■058
4 4
062
4 8
-061
4 2
•060 »
4 1
■049
4
■049
8 11
047
8 10
■046
8 9
■046
3 B
'044
8 7
■048
8 8
042
8 5
■041
8 4
■040
8 8
089
8 2
■088
8 1
■087
8
■086
2 11
*086
2 10
■084
2 9
-088
2 8
-082
2 7
■081
2 6
•080
^ G
029
2 4
■028
2 S
■027
2 2
■026
2 1
'025
S
■024
When the ordinary No. 1. 2, and 8 fiab-t&il burners are emplojed,
0L% BKOINEBUa ANI> U&NA08RS,
ihit (foafttunptlfls ttiy be rockout^ct al tbe tale of 3, 1, tttd Soubie
foet p«r hour eii^ rMMctively, uii<T chained i»cordmA:l7<
rt 14 proper Ic Btipulfite Uiat uj DlumiiiaittDii ahould uuoaQt to less
(b&n SOs.
Bwmom OB StTTTLv Pimti*
It is the usiial nik for tlie G&a Aaihorlties to conveT ftt their
own <»«t a nervioe-pipe from ihe inatn, and ft'om 8 to ]2 feet np iho
front of titflbnildinjj to bo i]liiimnn.t^, provided tbo vhoLe IcnjftJj of
pil»« required does not cmuvil 30 (etiU A diaige lb mride for any addi<
imnal length. The frtpenne of Irxing the Devices m their position
ifl ako charged. To th« «nd of the pipe in front of the building ii
•Unp-oocb ia nttFbchfxl for ebiittuig offer regalatnig the enpplj ofgas-
Oare aboiild be takers in have thv (itpeu (if ample CJLpucity. obher-
iriia Iba Illummntion ^'ill be poor and iTEe^^rtlrtf,
When the tniilding to be illuminnted is largo, it is advtfiablc to nm
up a aerrice-pipe nt eaeli oni. nnd on« in the centre, con Tiec ting them
togcthur in the Trent ; t^ach pipo. of conrvo. having a diatijioL con-
naotioD with the main in tbo street.
The aerrice-pipoa ehoM be liud with a atigbb HaJl to the main ; and
iha use of (ill abrupt sLu^len— Nuclt m square elbows — i^liould ha
aToided, Iwnde being employed instend.
The BiirTicG-pi^s aro temporarv onlj, being lant by the Gas
Aatboritioa, and are remoTod b^ then whon tlie ElunttnQtions uc
BEvicaa.
Tbe Devio^j ure paid foL' by thd private Inlinbttanta, or the Local
ALithoritieSt or bjr both^ aa the c^&e may bo.
Tbej may eonsiflt of—
Initial mid other lebLere, single lined — thos, ZV — and
hned— thus, A
Moltoo* — stTAigbt, curved, or circular.
do 111 U-
LjuitetnH with coloui'ed devii^B^
Laurel SoroUa.
Garlaud>>
Feetocus,
True Luvors' Knotii.
Stara of vutiona kiudfl.
Mitres.
S10
KEWBIQGIlfO'B HAKDfiOOK FOB
Cregcenta.
Crosses.
PlnmeBi &fl Prince of Wales' Feathers.
Aareolea.
Crowns.
Shields.
. Anchors.
Masonic Emhlems-
HeraJdic Crests,
Corporation Anns.
Other Devices suitable to the particular occasion.
The Devices are made by the manufacturers of gas-fittings, wrought-
iron tubinc:, and others, and are supplied to Gas Authorities and the
Trade at about the following prices : —
SingU-lined LetUrit i» ^I'on or Copper, fitted vUh Strong Union
Ctntplhiijit.
EiflnjiUi of LeLWr.
Sine of iDlet,
18 inches
tbft iii<;h boTA
W ,
30
SG
43
49
54
ao
It
J)oMhU-lined Letters, in Iron tn- Cojijicr, fiitai irith Strong I'nivn
Cottplings,
IS iDchu
24 ,.
Slis of Id1«l
Itba iDob bore
Pttoe.
111. Od
«uh.
la
A
IH
fi
15
Itl
•A\
IR
U
m
Str
ong
Tnit
Pricfl.
1!^
AH
mcb'
TS
n
17
fl
90
n
Q4
•H*
KH
l»
40
u
liruntirkk Suira and Stan rrith Kight Pointsi, Made n/ Wiovffhi-IroH
WeiJeii FifH', ftndfitUti mtfi Sirontj Vni<m CovpHnffjt.
Price «Eih
PrlHiriib
Prloe Willi
Dluwber.
Slia of InloL
Btv Centie.
1bl«ld CentiB.
Plir«e Centre
i: fl. e.
t 1. d.
£ L d.
S feet
1 inch boEv -
.200.
a Q .
- I 17
* »
U
. 3 12 .
a 16 ,
. 9 10
G f.
U
. a 6 *i .
9 10 .
- 4 fi
6 „
a
. 1 16 .
6 0.
. 5 16
7 1.
H
.636.
G m .
.760
e .1
2 „
.770-
7 16 .
. 8 11)
GA» BSQllflKKKS ANI> MANAtiEBS
ni
Crenrns uid rinmeti ocwt ftboiit onc'tbird more thrui Rton.
SotqUkp (Urlnrdd, HenO^Jic GretrlSp iLml oUicr Devii-LM. ut prlOBB
VftTi|lii^ M4»rdi]ig to tbe okbof^ticn of the design.
WroBU'kt-iTOn pipc», drillod, and wiUi SUr jotu itutcrtod. «ro atip-
pJied ft( About tlie onliuorj' litit priao.
TheDf'vici*^ niivy bu " huniL'-mndH," Hiiil if «o wilJl* It-**) expensive ;
bnt noUse coiiMtru4<tad hy vkiilttd ikud Uftteful \vorkTaeii, uiey will
pr«6aiit tt ecpi^'y, irrcfc-ulor npj^turoiicc when lighted up*
A Yory pretty effoct* cftuily miinas«d. and oim Ibftt gives a ricli
fillnefle tt> the twiilral HhimiTitttlon (.tr& buildinjL,'* 14 obtAmoil by run-
nin? wrought' iron lubing ftTong tli«? pHncipfU angles, with hol«^
dniicd lu the tubi3 ftCdistimoea nlioDt 6 iiichoa apart, and faaTingamoU
jetfl or Atar buriieie inierled. The buni«Tfl m&y bo plAC«d wi^cr ipbrt,
and glrjbpfl mnilp nan of. Thpsi> prevt>iih the h^hta frnm being eUtii'
gitie^bed by tho vmd, nml nUo hfii^hten th« g«ii«r&] ^Ifoct. In tUit
CAAA & abort piect< of ImHc lubt', wiili olboiw>flc>okGt and galloi?, muat
beiuMrttid. Globva );fouud nil ovtir. or whtW o|^ ^lobeB. or white
and ooloiirfrd globes arranged aliernately, rLow to the b«st odvantagn.
A display r>r Coloured Firea, at intervolei from promiii<mt polnta Of
tildTutinti. jLJda j^-reatlj to the uQucl (>f an Uluuuimtion^
The following arc .^omo cxc^^llont recipes for tht^ir production : —
Litttf KirvM
Oblonta oE PoUitb .10 paru. orT J?(
EtMar .. VA^ 40
CbBlk . . . W „ a i
BiKk oxUa of to^vr Q .. ^ O
TLii compoimon vAigfa* I lb., ftnd QMU tt*, :id,
Chtentftof potub . , , *^ pann, or 6 H
VltAMcfpcbuti (ulllHiEIVl, ,.,,...., fit ,, » 10
Italpliv ...,,. «H ., ii 10
UlMk rtridn nraqiiptr. --,.'....'.... 10 ,. 1 V
Blb^iullfbLdcofttirfiMiry [UtUlOf'tmlDorBn . . . . ^ , A
8la KBWBIOGIKirB EAKDBOOE FOB
Yelhw Fire.
Nitnto df >DdA 7Epftrtt,orl9
Balphur 19 „ 1
Gtiuin«l or Iftmp black 6 „ lA
Wfliflbt^lLb.: cxMt^U.Od.
Blue or Bengal Fin.
0«. Dtuv.
Drrnitnte of poMuh Optrta, orlO 10*
Solpbar S „ Z H
TflnaJphide of uitimoDf , . . , I ip 1 13
Waifbt, lib. ; owb, la.
Or
OlDedu.
Ammonlo •olpbaU of oopper - B p«rU, or 8 6
OblonlA of potub fl „ 8 T
Bh«llM 1 „ II
Wdftbt, I lb. ; otvt, at. dd,
Grfen Fire.
Oi. Drmg.
If iknt« of barjU TTpuii, orlQ 5
Sulfur IB », 3 1
CfalonI* of poUib G ,, D 18
ObftrcnU or Ump bbck B „ OH
U«Ullio4rMaio fl ,, G
W*labt,Jlb.j ooat, 1ft. ed.
Or
KLtnttofbu^U 9|i«rte,oi'10 ID
ShrlUo a „ 3 »
Cbtontfl of potMb 11 „ 1 IS
WtJgbMlb. ; ooflt, U. tid,
NItnteof BtrODtJa^ ............. BOpaitipOrlO
Snlphat Bat H 3 1*
CbIot«tA of potub BO p> ft B
Charooalorlamp bluk ............ 6 „ 10
WelgbG, lib.; ooat, la. 6d.
arrf Fire,
Oi. I>nBa-
Kfrato of itrojitia 40 parta, or 10
BolpbDr 13 „ 9 2
GhTonteof poUoh B „ 18
Cbarooftl orlamp black ,...,...-,.. 8 ,, 11
Solpbide of aDtUDOoy 4 „ 10
Wvlflht, 1 lb. ; ooft, la, 6d.
OJLS KNOINBBR3 AND UANAOERS.
m
Or
0*, rif »•.
KitnU of ttiwUft 9|jBEM,erlO 10
BbxLlH S ,, A a
Cblonit *>t potuh Ik „ 1 la
W^|^^llb.;oMi,U.ad.
KAft*' ^fli^Z-rw Fin.
K^lnbaofpututi «[ttrU,tt-]l LO
Volfbt. 11b.;««i. li.
/ii no
H» i^nitumt f/tiinrct htj th^ J'/v:tion, might r>ifl«^*
Tho ingredienta abould be reduced to tbo ^nost powder (oxofjpting
the nbellM. which should only b« be&bon into ^m»X\ fragmented by
bmning tkem in n iDortar miLda of barrl nooil. tlie clilorAte of jKiLuali
bwng gromid separately. tThey should then be iaiinmUil/ mixed
Mtfetnor, by pnedag tLem llirco or four timoe through a hair atcTC.
WbeD miied, koop the iiiateri&l la ft clofte'Stopporud bottle, to pr«-
iroirt Ip011tat»(i0tls liombUHtion. Alt thf ivjitntUmtf >ii\tnl '«■ ji^rfi-rtlt/ diy
W iwure Hurtvin.
The iDJxtLirea ue best Gred id horai^plioricnl diaLea« or Ibdlea mode of
bentan iron. cLbc^ut 5 mche^ disitiiiter &ud 2J iiichca deep in the oeiitre.
The fumea arising frcim the diJ^Qrent iirt'S should be avoided.
A pourL<i in weight of any of the mixture is ^utlicioot for a the
(though any qtiaiuiby mniybe nsed} ; uid IIjg cost varies itonx la. to
2k. Rd- «juih^ The icigrtilimits cuii he obtained fram iibnosl aAij
obomut uiid druggist.
I
81B
NBWBiatilNQ'S HANDBOOK FOB
C?
n:^^::;>
/In
tS^^W
(6^
^
F1M.ISST0IIH.
OAB BNQINEEB8 AHD IUKAQBB8>
BIT
HIJLE BRITANNIA
"— — '^-^
BRITANNIA RULES THE WAVES
StS
N£WBI0&I»<PS HASDBOOE FOB
/r%
>^.
-t/'-'
' • ' • • \ \ : \ \ ^-
^:..i;.H.ip
t:-
Ji'.
ij-ji
^^*.i^=:.ir^.
/
/
Li iV--
I
J. y \
\:=^"^
y
€^
Fioi. 197 TO HP.
OAa EBieiSISIERa AVn HAVAGBBIL
■A
F)«ft.Ut«iftlU.
I
I
J
990
NEWBIGGING'B HANDBOOK FOB
<''-^^^^:.z.
/;^v.
[fiV
■ h I- ■'
V—-, -I""
t^llJB. IM TO lAl
GAS ESOIXRERH AND irATlAdBM,
all
^s^^
PSML, U8 VID lU.
NBWBTOaiNQ^ HANDBOOK FOB
-J H
i\— ----'' /
fi-J s \
^^^^^. ^^?::^
^»*- -"' ..■^.'
IN
Ji^:-^>^
-^=mj^
**.v
V
\\ ^-c-.:::::r>.;> />'
FioB. U5 TO IBO.
EUa BStODiBBBfi AHD HAN&OEBS.
sas
W E FJ c r
X
o
iP ■■•.;..-'■
V
FuL lU AMD 102.
T 2
r(j\
■r':
HEWBIQGIKG'S HANDBUOK FOE
I
vri
'i-rn,;
^■:
i \
f /
'^%^-^i^^i&^-^
<:r>
r '1
OAS BlTQlNBflBS AMB MANAGER.
W
W E FJ C Y
X
a
i i . ; :U V i\ ;/! ■ I I i
i i I : i:■>^i^-.-.-:■;i:•^.J ■ i ; ■
'^■■^' ■■■^N/'-v'v''.--'"' -■■';.--■ ■'>-^^'
\
CiVILl^ATlO^^
^^
IH (f
111 I {f>ir^)(^m
PUL 161 1M1> IBS.
T S
984
NHWBiQonra'B haotibook fob
Flos. jBd TO 16G.
QAB BNOIHBBBB AJXD UANAOBBB.
J^.^ —■■AM* ^<lZ-zZ''''^Jri. V.~->—
'::i>i=^
KBWBIOGINO'6 EAKDBOOK F0&
W.
..^v - -'
"""v.
"V/ I
K n
Flgl. 1G8 TO 170.
GAS BNGINESRS AND MA^AOBBB.
8BT
Fias. 171 AKD 173.
KEWBIOOraO'S HANDBOOK FOB
c
^^ JUSTICE J.
t *
^¥)
Froi. 178 ATD 171
OXS ByOIXUBS AND UANA0BB9.
^ V!CTCR!A ^
F», ITi
seo
NBWDIGGIJ^G'9 HANDBOOK FOB
TTXtTMTNATING POWER.
For tealing the llluminatmi; Power of gas in accoriluiice with
Ktatubot^ proviMonE, llie Diin?ei] photonieler is a^ed ; uiid iiiv Tjv^I
Buiistn form of the npparaiua (Fig, 110) is ihni p«Tio rally hilorl^.
TLo atafidai-d candle js & Bperm ofuidlc, sis of wUioh voiga 1 lb.,
and eacli lame 120 groins of aperat p«r lioor.
T]i« j^H in fliipplied througlj an eip^nniPniHl mBf^r, and hnmn ai
0D8 end of Si graduated bar, ani tho o audio at Ujg otl)«r; i niovablo
disc of prepared paper heing placed botw**n th^ two.
TLii disc, wliicb ia cODtaiccd witliin a slidiug lox or CELiriage, fitted
with tyvo reflectora, is moved hi^lwetr the :wd lights unii] its cppofcitu
sides aroequitUy illuminated, wherctLpoa the llLamicatin^' Tow^rof tbo
gaa ia rcat] off by tbe operator oti iaapec^bion of the tigurefl on tba
graduated Lai.
Fm. im
The bur h gradiiatwl in (iraciurdftnte v^tli IJiP Uw that W^h^K
ftqnaily illuminato an objeot are to oaeb other lU iIk* wuuaro of
diatunoe, from such cbject- Thu^. uaBuininj^ lliat thi: di-rtojicc trim
ilic disc to tlte ^^& Haxns in 80 iuolies, itad lo llio ctuidlc llamo SO
ircbejf, ihfzi 80' = &J0O, and S0' = 400. vr hh 1(i to 1, the THu mbiatfaig
valuu of lb« pLS aK ociTUpurod with iha eandle^
Tbc following-' apparatua are aho rt^iuii'ed, viK, :^A i^ovemor to
reKidaU? Liii^ feTitf prettsure i a dock atrikiny e¥*rj iniiiutti ; a Eif^'«
pr« Binre' gauge ; a eanJle balance and weights- a tliermomet^ uiaft
bevomctoi'-
Tlie EippacutaB U arranged uid JiAed on a flabslantially made table,
placed in thf photometer room. Thisiooni imiyhe conveniently made
shout 10 or 1'2 feet square, a&4 ehould be ventilated ; hut ciirrerjls of
air whioh would afToct tho aleitdinosa of the gna and candle tiame tnoflt
hv guarded against, Provision in made to <!xciud« the dbylight; and
tlie walb are eoloitred a diill black.
I
OAS BNatNGEIttl AVD MASAtlBllfi.
m
StuUitonf lifiiidiitUfnii for VVtrtni/ f/jc lUuimiuitirbi Pwfrv/Qatt
T)i» prorinionH in Si^h^Me A of the Gna \Vi>rkv CJuusae Ad. 1*^71.
in regard \o the JippniriLtni for. and iLe mod^ of bealm^ tho Dlumi'
IlfttiAg Power of gHfl, ftr^i m§ foilnws ; —
/f^/uffiftViu in rt^pect of' TsiUtnj Appfiratu/i.—Th* nppnTtttut fttr ttutlmj
ih€ liivmtn/rtin^ J'otnr af ttv ///tA sliiJl conflittl of Ihfl improv«c1 form of
Bcn-ion'e pliotomuttr, Imown &« Lothcbj'« open GO inch photometer,
or EvaDB's enclosed lOG^inch photometer, togcithor niUi a proper
lutttir. minute douk. yuvtruur, pri-.iKurL' guu^'e, aihT liu-ljin^-e.
r*^ 6nfn/T to be n*ed for lestlDg ibe gua shuU U? inch us sh*ll by
pr«BOjibi>d.
TAr rrtrtJ/f< Tjgftt for toetmc the jra.8 shall be spenu auidles of si* to
the DOiLTid, 8nil iwo c».ndl^ nhfill ber qs«i1 lojgelLer.
Afiw/* <>^ TfMfinij p>f UluntniiUiU'r }'iaPer. — tIj& gika U3 Hit- pbotCiil«ter
IB lobe lijchteilotlcnetAi'lcoz] roiimtcf befori^ thu tr?»tuv^'5 ht^ ; anj it
is bo be kept cgiitinuoii«ly burning frgiu Lhe hegimiiiig to the cndol
Boob t«8tjnff ^bftlJ incJnde ten obBerratioDe of thu photomDtOTtin&do
ftt UitervaJfl of a mmulc.
The consiiinption of thA gia is bo be carefully ai)Jattte<l to oubio
f««tp0r hoar.
Thit cctndlfiA ore to be lighted at knpt tdn mtautea b«foro bwnning
each lotting, lo rks to arrirc at their normal rato of burnmt;, ivuich U
nhowii when i\\i^ wick is Hlightly bent, and th& tip gtoning. The
■tftndftrd nto of oonstunption for tho candles abaU b^ 120 grains each
pcrT faoLtrn Jlcfore und a^or making each sol of ti^n obficrvationa of the
photooiL^Ur, the C>t.& Rxaioincr &hal] weigh the candles; and if tlie
conibti^tioD shnl] h&vu b^en mori3 or lefls pir j^jimlk- thun 120 ^ra!nH
pw hour, h*^ ehdl innlte juid record the calvulatious rcquisilc to
oeotniiKt tiio L*tli>cta of tliiH diffvrtnce.
The ftvtfttk'p of *--aL'h (Hit of ti!U ubHurvttliona la to bo tdkon lu rcpr«'
teQllng Lha lUiuuinAting Power of that teetlng.
I
TW t^fftiiigs lor niuTninatuie Tovur ahuW b^ thr^>u li^ number dftily^
Tlift Pbotamsetors to be uaod in tho tutitioj; pliLuo^ shall bo tho im-
pmvel fonng of the Bunwn Photoinetei", ptcficribwl and cortifiod by
tho Bcforef?a-
Tho burner attoehed to the rhotometor shal] be a ntancUrd bDmm'
*coiT«»poJiding to that which Lan been deposited ^^^th the Warden of
xEWBioaiNo*s nixDBooE voa.
Coni^iMiy'e Aot, 167G. A ^JcscHption of the suindard burners to bi;
iLB«d fi^r toeting oominoQ gas and ciuiDel gaa reapooUvd> i5 giveii.
Th« gu^ iu thv Phot^m^ter U to be kept bumiitg for at kMt flfkew
miautoa More tmy tcBim^ is madc-
Tbe dlac ua«d In LUc Piiutouicter nUitLL be eit1i«r ihu Leoaon or the
Biinsen dlai?. Thi-Vbimniys ara to It cleaned dnily.
Th« oandfea ehckli b^ sncL us lu-e di^i^oi-ibed iu Soutiuu t$ of the
Motropolifl Gaa Act of 1B(J0— namely, aperm caiidloa of »U to the
Eouiid. vw^L bumio^ l^Q ^nias tai hoar. Two oi lUtuo i;ttad)etf Hb&U
Each testing eb%[l or>nfii«l of ten obeerv&tiona of l^ Photometer,
made at inttTVAU of oue nkinuU'. The avsTAge of each set of ten
ohfii^rvaUoiis is to \ie takeD &e represeuting the IllTiminattiig Poncr for
tJiat tastiug-
Tht rate of bumin}:; cf the gnfi in etLoh bamor abftll ha £ oubic feot
per hour — a rate of coosuinjitioa which Is shown b,v tlic long huid of
Ujci nieber iiiakirigeviuitlvaiie revoltiLion per minute for wrviTn J iiiioiitun
con:4ef*utiv£K'.
The crm4llc€ are to be lighted at Icn^t ten minnton Wforc the bogui
nSiig uf en^^li ti'^tiii^', ao aa to huve nLUiuail their iioniml mtc (if burU'
ing. BefofK und nfti^r n^ukiiig t^ctah Usting, th« Gag Exiuninei ahM
voiffU thi; candlsfl; a.nd if tbti mtc of cooaumptioTi por oftndU) ibiUl
notli&vo cicct^clod ISfi f^^nj per hour, or fallen abort of IM f^'ttinA
per hour, he shhli make, und uncord ui n IhicjI^ Ui bi^ knpt fur tlio pur-
po^, the o^valatii>ria r<?ijui9itt' to nt^ulruli^n iLl- clTLrt-iof tld« dmt^-
Q&oC' If tbv rutu of ootieuiiiptii^ii ebuii huvu vixru'd ifoui thu |fri3eoiibud
IfttO beyond the tkbovt^utimed Utxiittf, th« tticiliDF; id to bo rejccUd, tavA *
fresb Usting Ti7fu1i3^
tn^tcftd of veijtbing the ciLtidleB, Ihe Gaa Ej;ftmiDer rnAv ob8«r*6 tb»
time in which 10 ^rraine are biirnt. Xhiamualnot dioeea LO'6, or EoU
short of 4r^5 minutes.
Tlie Gn.R Exumincr shall , at lenst once a w^ek, oompare TJie moter-
olock with the standard -clocb in each teetin^-placQ.
At tlie tims of amah tcatint! tlie Gils Exnminor shall obg^iirTO vul
record the iemperatuic of cb(^ ^ns. a^s sho^n b> the thonnomolon
Httuf-ltt^! tii t\n> [ntltr>i. iuj*1 ttiso lh« lisigbt of the barometer, Tbn
volumes of tti^ ROEi operated upon during the toiitinj^s may bo corrects
from tlic^e dnto (tho slAndard of c^impnriaon t>eing, for ibc barometer,
iSO indi«ji ; and for tho thermometer, 00 de^^tts) by iiKTanji of the
Tbihle. iSee j>agi?3 39fi tttid 8S7). Suppose, ht esu-mplc. tb« thot-
momiL^tor utandci ut 51 dat^^xs, utid tbo burometor at 30^8 inohot:
multiply the quantity of gaa conBumcd by the corrospondiDg taMai
«
OAS BBI9IHBBBS AtlB VAKAGBRS,
k
numhr — iho protluet will he the oorrcetcd voKiedo of tlie gM — i^, the
▼olunio Ujc giw would have ooonplod whoa mcuiuTod ovqt water at the
atuidArd Icjuptjulurti ind preaaure. Tha* —
Voiomo of ^{Ott oonaumod (i cubic teet»
Tabular nam br^r for bnromoter and thermometer \0'2B*
Tlit'n 10*J5 >; 6 = $l^$. the ocnTocted volume.
Innkrnd of thu:: corrvwtm^' tho volumo of F^" GonirnQnodr t}jc «iuBe
object laaj be aitiuiit^d br tlividixig the obtervcd inuiuinnlln^ Toner
by ilir inbular mimbiT, or in ttu5 mMimr di^nmbnii on pagp ]ftlV
Tho Uati KxMumvr ahull rui-ord hU obEcnutianir nnd od<^uUvtioas
tor dcbDrminin^' Dluminjitisg i^owor in ihv form prcuiibed on page
388-
Tho chlarilAtSon* tar workSng out Iba correGtlonH, Ac.» fer the lUumi-
lutiiig l^>wor 1^1 the gas nrtwood lu Iho followmg miLuaer : — Add the
obMrr&tioTiH tQ^tber. anu divide Uie sum by 10, to ^t the average ;
thuD, iw tnu ciuicUcH ru-n uvnd. multiply by two. tn yiit llm llliimmnttng
Pbwcr of the gaj* If tried a^iiLiihit otiu oaudlLs Than, u.a the standard
mtc of the <;on?nopUoii uf tht oundlee tvu.. 13U gnUntif ia to thr
aYcrago iiuuiber of ^'raiiu cccnuiiLtd by each per hour, so Is uhe
■bovB-obtalDHd [iiiULbiT to Lhe at^toal lIluiiuuattDt* Pow^r, Flmilly,
make the uorrBetioEi for temperaiure and prtisaure, by diiidin^,' tbo
Uiuminatiru^' Power bj ibe ubuUr number. ForexiLuiple (bUdu^ the
Lttbiibu i^iuubur as 1H)2Q) ;—
iJbHTvation* —
I at mmate — I'H
^onaumptioii of the 3 umtilcB in
Sod
7-8
10 1IlhLUU>£.
3rd
81
= 41 grtina.
4Lh
ua
a
5tH
B-a
etb
H'fi
l!ia = eOTimTnption Of 1
7tli
8'tS
candio y^T hour.
8bb
B-4
9Lb
b-8
IQtb
1
8-6
0)eda
Av«rage> by '2 ctLndlea
Average, by 1 candles IC'fiS
J
NEWBKHJmO'S HANDBOOK FOB
Averftge, by 1 cftncUe = 16'53
Consumptioii bj 1 ) ^ao
candle per hour i
grains.
4956
8804
16&2
Standard ood-
Bnmption . 120)208196
Correction for
temp, dcpres. 1026)16988 (16'5_^ eorreoted Dlum^ Power
102S ~ in candles,
6668
6150
6880
The foregoing calculation can be shortened as follows, which is thfr-
(drm prescribed on page 888 : —
Average, by 2 candles (arrived at as
shown on page 838) = 8'26
Consumption by 2 oandles in 10 minutes 41 grains.
826
B804
2 ) 88866
Tabular number
1026 ) 169BB
1026
'16'6— corrected Illam,
Power in
candles.
6688
6150
5830
{lAA ftXGTHBEaS 4Kr> UAXAUSfUk
m
Tim bumiir whiab hti bean vlnpted aa the Standard) bnrner for
tcflting common f^v w4s doiignod by Mr. Sa^^, rtntl vels colled by him
" tioj^'fl Loiidon Aq^ocd, No. 1."
A U 4ppt!ndt*d. (FiK- 177)» m which A re-
pnuL'QtH H4i(^tiori, Imtr iii/t, u jiiipply-pipi^. It
tho ff&Uor^> C bbo aont^, D tbo steatite
TLe ftilluwiu;; uru tbu diiituuHiuaii cif Uluhi'
pftn§ of the burner upon whiob lli ftollon
a«p„adB:^ ffwA.
Diaiutit«T tif fUppJj'pipe* - . . ,0-06
Kvtonirtl diameter of ttnutilar nkiutitu
oUambor 0'81
Inkrri&l <liam«t«r of ftfiuiUoT elcatiU
cbJiiuboi- 0-4^
Number of holcft 24
Uitunctci of cftub Ikolo Q'Oir
liil«n:i&] diaiD^wr of oono —
At bhti bottom . * 4 * , IZ
At the top I -08
H^ht of upper turbioe of cone and
ofetea-tite cbamber ftb4>vo Boor of
naUcry 0-75
Bd^t of gloBs <-]iimnfTy ....
iBtemft] dtiini^tor of chinmey , . 1}
TbeSUtiJinl liuiuer for lestin-^ cncnel ^ils
IB a ftefttiLe ltHtt?wing bnmer, 4«miaiHltng of u
eyUudriail hImh, ihc top of vluch i« diTidtsl
by ft ebt of uuiforia width* • .
Kitfimnl iliiimotir of top of ttem O'Hl
Internet dijunctor of «tvm . . * 17
Width of sUt 0-02
Dvfth of ntit 0' 15 PuL 177.
■
1
W^p^
t-
■
■
^^1
^^Hrn
hihhI
Biiri
^^K as ^flBVTBIOdlNCyS HANDBOOK FOB ^^^H
^^^^^ TABLE £o /ttrUiX4itr tlte Cprrtetuui a/' the Po/wm/ ■/ (U» m ^^^H
^^H
Mfi
"°
-■WO
^
sa-
«'*
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- ■
^H «-o
W^ '!/7J
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■UUi
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'fiti
■118?
'fm
^^1 w-i
■W^ -976
'ff7tt
■wy
-dot
'B&O
OCA
■wi
-S4fi
■HI
OH
^^H 9s^g
••sm '9S1
'!T77
ma
'*;7
MTk
■%e
-rtW
-M9
■W
*wa
^H
'MO
■IfVl
-aw
'fl70
-»ri
-arsi.
■ftCI
-OfiT
-wa
■W7
■W3
^^H VLM
'093
'9tin
-ftM
'OTti
'K4
■Ml
■»a
■J60
'065
'Hf;!
'U4< ^J
^H ^t,
■1K>7
'MS
-US?
'Vea
'078
-078
-MB
■061
-060
-ou
'049 ^1
^^1 aH^A
iooi
■Mfi
'trti
■«M
'»3]
-^7
■M9
-007
eea
■9W
-903 ^1
^H SB-7
t OOi' -w*
-HOI
'900
-oac
-fleo
-»fi
■»:o
-««
■961
'E'M ■
^^H s&j?
I our I'on:!
-»»
Wft
■9«h
f^i 'SIP
■W4
'ttOV
-VH
'9W ^
^^1
t^on I'Ooii
lOUi
-W7
'[»oa
■0S7
'<ea
■im
<on
<Be8
-M
^^H
\ 014 I'diO
I 'iiJl';
rooo
' If ;i^
'fttO
-WW.
'Oftl
■975
■eii
m
^^H flft'i
L 01^ lOlU
I'tWS
too*
■UOT
-&ija
w»
-0M
■ru
'978
-Ott ^
^H i»-fi
I oftij I'on
I'Olfl
roCT
I'Qoa
-ftW
m
■o»
-M
-fle
^ ■
^H 908
1 m 1 C^' I-DIA
lOll' I 000
100]
'WO
'tWl
■OM
■9«l
■w ™
^^H «U'4
irOl' 1-024 I'DIU
1 oj'4 1 on»
1 004
iiw
'inift
•om
■9M
-9M
^^1 flO-C
I'Coa I'oar;
lim
I 01^ 101^
i-tx»
rcca
■EMte
■ooa
0^
-»l
^^1
lom. 1031
loaa
1 tai| I oiB
1 Oil
1 OOO 1 001
I'Oia loo.'
'0Ofl
tF!JQ -Me
^H ^'7
loaoi i"oa<
1-039
l'D3(i| l-t>in
1-0I&
j-Doa Dul wo
^H Sfk^A
1 on l-OM
J-Mit
1 0-J& 1 ou
roia
1 019 1 OOq
I'OOJ sefl] -BM
^H BD^D
J'Oili l'l>i]
i-oae
i-osi I'oaji
loaa
1017 1-OlS
1'037 I OCU -WT
^H ao-0
1 000 i-ixe
1-010
I03D; 1 a;KJ
I'OliA
I oao i-oifi
1-010
1 C<0 1 000
^H
rora I'We
l'04»
l-Cl«H| 1-088
l-OHff
1-004 J'OIV
1 oil
I CO* i-oos ^
^H
1 06?; 1 063
I'WT
I 042' JOflT
1-009
I'Oar 1-0^
i-ou
1 oi£ 1 n>7 ^1
^H 90'»
I'OflO, J'OMi I'OW
I'Olij 1-040
1-C««
i'Osi> \-vm,
J'OW
]-0t£ 1 010 ^M
^H S04
]'00« I'OGO l'J>J<
104ft] 1 <HJ
1 099
liXH 1090
l-«d 1-OlB 1-014 1
^^H hZ-r»
1 on?
I'Oea I'os:
l-USai MW7
1-049
I -Of? ittia
]-oa^ 1-im, 1-017
^H
1 cri. 1 000 lofli
1-OGDi I Ml
i'04a
]'04] 1 030
J 031 L'OltV I'OaO
^^B
vtr?j 1 ow> 1'Uiw
1 (Jh^ 1 -U&4
I -WW
1 mi I'OAi
|-0;I4. VQS» 1084
^H BOB
]'07& J'Crru' l-OWj
i06J J-06ti
I -Ota
l-Ow l-0*«
1-007 1 C33I i 0S7
^^1 sea
I'Oer; i fWfl! vcri
rmd. imi
I'OAK
I'O&I 1041'^
rtML L-OUC, ■■QUI
^^1 U'O
I'OBo 1 ceo i-or£
1-OTO I'OU
I'OOO
1 OU I-CHD
1
iW 1 009 1-0S4
^^^V *,* Thd anrQb<n Lb LLio tbDvo t'kl>k ti4vv bea
>d from Ibn fonna^
1
E
^^"
1
1
*
1
^1
^^^^^^^^^^^H
■■
^^^^^H
^^^^^ 0A9 KKGlrfESHa AND UANAOSRS.
sn ^^^H
^^H differimt T^mpprfitiim fiitd und^r difftrmt Atvio^phfric PrHM/rti. ^^H
B*»
THl-H
Ci"
eiv*
G9>
70^
Tfl"
74&
70*
7*^
ar
62°
^H
m-t
■W7
'Vffl
■917
■01 a
■W7
•WK
■rtff
■Kffl
-fle?
■«si
■W7S
'M70 ^H
98-:
KW
'9W1
';»3i
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■vn
■»oc
■900
eOB
-eflO
-B04
iffa
67^ ^H
mt
■tn4
gsu
-1V4
'91 U
Ml*
'imo
■004
Hita
'BW»
■an?
■w?
-ff;a ^H
m'9
■oar
una
'098
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017
^OlQ
■007
'WX3
'»!;a
-001
■ew
eao ^H
s»-<
-Ml
eao
m
-nan
'931
-91B
■910
'^Oft
'flOO
■mtt
-»H
eaa ^H
«-fi
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'D30
'M4
■029
-W1
■010
■rtM
■1>0S
'OOa
-«f7
-999
mo ^H
^K »'e
'M?
?4J
'a»8
-Ods
-W7
9M
■1M7
■wvi
IHBI
■JOl
^1/^
flhH ^7
^v
'Wl
*n4a
'Ml
■B9e
-D3I
nas
■MO
■oil
■ooc*
'V04
'WH
'@9fl
J»B
■854
-fl^a
Ml
-M9
■fl3«
Si^
-914
■918
■fiia
■yu; ' -;«>[
-BDfi
»-s
-»Ge
-0S3
040
■WJ
'CW7
■D»3
■vtf;
'91 L
■010 oia
■90£
-«w
ttO
-toi
-Q5G
sai
-944
-Oft]
■H« -SilO
-DtG
■l>10 014
-Mii
003
flV'i
■004
-WB
gfi4
'9*U
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►llS'l
■038
■oaj
017
Oil
■004
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-9M
■flaa
eos
■ua
■m
ii42
'v,i. i^ai
■oai
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■014
-B09
U-3
f>ri
DU
■««i
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'040
-asc
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-US13 'Oie
■919
3»-4
■3rft
909
004
-M9
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940
■sw
9:['i
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017
■92i
016
fltf-a
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■911* 1
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■937
'081
■ ■tti
K 9-^
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■973 -vn
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■ »-9
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■'/TO
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■ikHj
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"J%7
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'HOG
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■iif.*!>
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'039
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1 «i-i
'^(yn 1 -993
tmi
■9B.'I
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■'JGO
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■ow
1 »^a
1-oofl , -cwa
■901
'Ofifi
■oeo
■9Tfi
'P70
064
■060
■0.73
647
■oil
1 m'H
l.OOA t'UIJtl
■SKTi
■HWI
'Lm4
■Wft
^fl7fl
■wm
-3fl!l
IIMJ
-]jM)
■Oifl ^J
I eo*i
i-OM 1-003
'0U8
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■M7
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en
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■046 ^H
1 ao-«
i-013
l-DOO
1 001
'^iWl
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■aw
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-»7ft
MO
'90^
0^7
■m ^H
1 loe
1 Olfi
I -010
J -005
OOQ
-«n
-048
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-«7
■B7fl
■Ortft
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ou ^H
^ »-T
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1-013
1 000
1 003
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■'J^
■Oflfl
001
'97fl
&tttf
'UUll
on ^M
■ SC'S
] on
I' on
i-on
1000
I'OOO
^D9£
'WO
■9H4 ore
-wa
'UG7
-wii ^H
00&
1025
'MO
i-OU
1009
1 ow
-»98
-B93
-W7 i '9sa
■070
■Ii70
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BID
099
-oaa
roib
I^OIS
1007
1*001
*goa
-9Q1 'Vfta
■070
■S7J
'067
4U0 + 1
ft J
NE^iVmSGtFG S HAl«I>BClOff FOR
Bv<«B>tor.
StotmvTU 0/ Ttatiwffi tor Iffwninfttinff Ptnivr,
Thentiorn**tPT-
Tnhulur VntnWr
BdVP'
tDbamUma
iBlwativr
\h* [i umber
vrblcb iiJ vn.
vlalii^rTn bv T
UilraDllL J
J 11 miD,
and „
Rtb „
:«> „
noib .,
-)
nhui. Power ftl -
DJ1I4* Uia •njnga
lUumJhiiltf 1>4>vrtbT
a* totmUr nqsibu
FruHui* : Hie iiau(tra>
IUviDl»Bii|i.|f Powr ^r
ATrnffp llluiD, Tower
UDOcdtflcUd -
Ootiauiii^llgA 1
of ip«nn bj I
lA lot DIlD- J
UC fpin.
Sod ,.
«b .,
nb u
lOUl M
CsuHinpiaDt] 1
or rp*rtn frr I
t» UD Via. I
oOHrmtBnif.
ard
'7th
nh
>)
Tutminr . _ Y
'.} =
Cudka.
OAS ISSOmm^OS AND UANAHLIta.
m
7?^ M§ien v^d/or StrtUjirCitjf tha {^ju Caiuiimiid in Makintj ihA
VarifHU TiaUniju.
Tha niiitrrn u«hI for iHhasurini; Lli« gnH cnnfitjiii«cl in milking the
df not Ic^fl Ihon n^voti duje, do f^ruvcd bv th<? (ias Examinora by mcrma
of Ibe Hoft^reas' ctibit^-foot uii.^aatirtf' — a deacriptioc of vrliicb aj}[jitratti!i.
v\i\\ c])rvcLioni4 bow to ii^i^ il. ia ^'iveii Ik^IhU'. Slmuld a rinHdr Hbow
ftnjr vFLnation, water mnHt bi* oflilorl or wiihilrawTi \v\i\\ tlio nioter is
ntiUt so tkal Iha Gu I^i^aGJiaer may employ it wLetiuver be Ibbaks
Xo motor othor than a w«t cn]« nhftU be uMd in toNtUg tlio gas u&d«r
UiM« iastruciioa*.
f>0acri/'tion (/ thtf CttHe- Fmt Mrtiwurt : tft9 method ttf ^fixin^ if ; nnrf
dir^tutiu for rrr»/f/inf/ '^^ iccNr-wi/ <»/ tA/* Mtttrs connecUtl trUh tAi*
PAuInflirfc/a, ntnl <ii<'» (*w ^fj* 150) tt-ifJi tht Sulphur ini'i Ammtrnui
Thifi InRtrnmeDb (Fig. 17^) ii ft tauaI in fnnii lik^
on oLoQgxitnd e^g> made uf Itordeoed tin about ono
(laattftr of an inch thick, fitted wi each end with a
narrow gkea Liihc. tlie juiiit^ being nuule sound with
indm-mbbi^r pupkiTig. The inslrument stujiila In a
vertical poeiition. tinuly IUkI to a etran^< pbmlE.
Li the top of tJic iiutrcunont in a tliroe-wny oock.
fimrkiMl otk ibo hoiid u( th» kt^y .with :b Ti irui^i) ftnn
oTvhieh vhowv lb« direction of a vay thron^'b tbo
qIu^ ; and ic th« fliid« of this cock there ie a dmaJl
uolc or vent, wHdi screes to a^mit th& AJr whi^ tho
measure (a to be emitUed of water- When the T tH
in iu ordinary ponUion communlcnliOTi \^ oloaod
between U^ moa^uro rknd the tiibt; leading from it
K> the metersi but i« opcit to frho c^tturoal air - with
tihe H in thin poailinn {i,f., with tbr.i Ktetn pointing
lo Il3« iij'j'Qifiu n^d^ of the oock to tbnt in which thu
Tont in dHUodl, the mouatire in npen to tho meters
and HhLLt ui tli(< iiir.
At thn hattotn of the instrument thor© nre two
ooelcft— tho vnuUl ono, whun opt^ni^d, ndmiin water
into tho iQcoaarD; the lur^e one. n'hen opooodp
jillowH thci water t*j h« run oil". The former of those
poekB iit provided with a lei-er-key. in onltr to rGgu
lotc, with f^'rcatcr nlooty, the dDtraaoe of the water
inta the muntitm.
M
KSWBiaoiKa-s hakdsook fob
form of JUi unh ibenrllng down b> mcvt tic fi^ ieftding to tbe
metera) ; tod at Lbfi fkrlb(tr tioii of tbc Aidi. there a a pu^-e of glftu
lube, iu wliicL a LLefmoui«ter is Luu< tu tdiuw tLe tcuiiitnittifv of
l]j6 aJf paMlDg fVom tbe TutFunire into Lhe m^t«r.
Affixed roiud eocb of the gloss lubea lictocl to iha uppur Aod lovrer
port of tlj« meftflure, Ibero h a nurow strip of papvr, wkkJi iudlokto*
Ibe exact ini>A«tirvi of oaa cubic foot, aa t^sl^il Itj- tlifi Exclic4|w
BlADiUrd cubic-fooL boltln — the uppvr eilge of both atripti of {«p«r
boiDK tlio iruo viitcf-iino o£ tho mu&sure.
n.
The iustramcfit nhouM bo in conunimioation with a ttvik of wftUr
feJ by ti Stilf'Octiii^ supply.
T[m lower wnU'r-l(i\iil of tbr LiLuk ^ouli lie (ivxn with tfao t^ of tb#
fttrip of pB-per mnrkicf^ th<i " fall " line of the v«bwI ; wd II la Adtui-
tft^otiB ihaX tho upper water Icrd should 1>& below tho phig of the
b]]nM-wu> cock ou ihc m«adure.
m,
To T«Hfy thft meturrt employ<'d in liM^rtaining Ihn oonRuniption of
,^ in ^0 phfitoiniftcrd, or t^ioao tiBi^ in thv sulphur or amuioniu
ti^is, the mode of prooodiiro ia ua follows : —
TuTTk th« tLiixvf&y oock at the top of the intttnimrrt «o &« to
loave tho vent open to thft air; Jtril 3I11H tho Urgy cook bt the botUMn
Lif thc^ apparutuD. Then opon the small Jcvor oocb, and allow auJH-
Lioikl wntcr bo How la to nil tho loWor rIosa tuhu up to the nater-
LiiiM, Thnu tum tbu ufipur cock £o lu bo oloiie the \enU whil«
opetiin^^ tho way lo the motets.
Koxt opcoi tho coclc of the metier which ia to bo tcetLxl— tAkicg
arkX9 that all the othor a^cterB ate clonod lo tho cubic-fuot uiLvuur«.
Not« the exact position of the iitilux hsjicls' — i\f., both tlie long luwd
&iid Ilie 1 foct Einnd, if it bu A photomeUu: m^ler, or aimply Uit lOD^
luLnd if it bo a sitlphTir mot«r.
\Vht.'ii all in j^y. opca ft conui^imicatioQ bctwoiiQ tlje outlet of
Iho mi>ler and tlic inir — at the aiiino Liuit tuklii^' rAtn that all Iho
pmsuro jfftn^ oock? am oIobuij. Th(i& ^rocixid g<iittly to opon th<
ttOftll lovor-cock, and allow tho wator bo llow into tho meaAure, ju0i
faat t^tioiJ^h lo raiMi thi; p^w^ure iii the sypboii pi-o^inurc'S^age fixud
aloDgBide, and in communicratioii with thu laejuuro^ from half loi iocb
to tUra« <iuartoTir. Thle pt«cautiOQ id oooQeaary to profont tho watf r
b«b|j Uown oat of iho oulec by ^Moeadve pr6»0ujo.
OAS BKOmSBBS AND VA^ACnSKfl.
ft]
A rueUir utkhched to tb« pfciototneter should make twelve n^volo-
lkin» of the lo&f^ hr^<l. axtd con^e^atnih one of tlio cubic-foot L&nd,
l^to LliET liEiic: Lht* iiiu^L'itii'u In full up t,a iliu atrip uf paper uit tliu uppui'
giMB tubo. A ntutor iTOoaucUd uiUi tlio Bcilpliur tost aboold, to tlio
WiM timo, mako oq<j luvululioci of the loai: h&nd.
Should ibe meter complete (be pr^-sc-i'ibttt miiabec of nvolatioEis
before (he meaMuro ie full, iTitirt tiottiv wnl^r mast be removeil froiu
di» D)4i«r; if the contmry U tbo cksi?, thon ««l«r miut be ftdded
to tko ii3«Un-. Tlic k'«tiii>: is tbon ta bo rapeatod tmtit tbe m«tor
in fonnd to r«^st«r oorj'^clly.
The iliiJ of Inh^ plmfomeler jqsI^t \i divi^lnil intrt r>0 <1iviiimiii ; ftnd
&i uocb revolution indic^atcs cino twelfth of n foot. on<'h divisJon oon-
Mquently represents tbc ^7^^ pA'H of il cubic foot ; oiid tLorcfiorc of
Uioie lUviaions repreaeut 1 pttrceut.
The tlial <»f ihe stilphTir meters 19 f^ivicM into 100 pHrtn; lUl^ttii
oftch compJcte tovulution icilLciitea oau foot, cuob divinion cODBt
<iuentl:r rcprcflctilii I per cent,
Thn ilifTi'fi^unf* of an cnnfvi in tbe T^nonEity nf w«tor In tlid iDntcrw
niti iuaIcu thvm rnt^iii^r about I per cimt. eithor fast or hIow.
WbrQ iha temperature d the cuhic-fnot measnrfl l9 liiprhor bbfto
tbe lemptrnturt ut the <jut!et of tlie ratttir, the iji(;ter 1 if uorrtict) will
I'e^.'iriU'r iu MTmTU'r ijtiuntity than hA.it Eit^tunny pM^ed in it frtiirt Uii^
tn^a^tire : wben thu U'luptrnturc of iho mea^ur^ J^ lo^vor thnji tb^t of
tbft nietor* the quuiitity ri^^^'i-itrrrd ou;^bt to bo greater.
To Und Ibe vutujiin ^bicb ihu uiHer oiu<bt Lo rii^-Ulvr. vshvii Hitub
ft ilifliireiioe of Uiuiperalure *'itl»Tr^, Hiviik' llie tabular mimbijr e^irreB-
pondJDg to tbo UBTomctriii pn.M4urt>, [u:d tb<r tempijmlorc of ttie
cabic-foot muMore. by Ibt tnbiilnr imiubur correapojadiujL: to llxv
bttTomelrio pr«HSurt ^nd tbu tL*riiperAturc of tbe m«ter. (E^e Tables*
pp. 8S6ftii4a970
a
At ta thfl -Wih/rf of !'nTm*i thfi Prfli/^nrf ot which Oit» in Svppli^^
Tcatin^"s of prprtPiii'a »li(ili l>o made by unscrewing the governor and
buruer of otm of i\u\ unltnnry publio kmpji, in such Bfrrcet or p»rt of i^
streot as the cuntrullinLf authority may frDin tima to time appoint^nnd
AttMdllD^ in their ^itoacl thi? portnbio prcastire gaoge.
TLe OaH ExauiiuiiTA linviug flicd tbe guitge gafl-tightp tin^ as nearly
ftfl pQBCAble viTtteitl. on tho pipe of tlij? lump, ami bavin^ ojierii^il ihii
focleof the Eatnp und f^ao^u. iiiiAil rood luid 4Xt oaco rci^oRL thu uruttuura
AowB. Frojii the obHcrvcd pixiHsuro onctootb of jiu luob is to be
deducted to i^rrecl fur Lbtr dlflVreUL^cf bbt^'U4<a Lbu preaHurt- of ^^ ui
Uif« iop of the Ifimp-eohmin and that lit wbicli It is supplied to the
It of the neighbouring bouses,
M
NEWBIOGDIO'3 GAKDBOOK FOB
Thi* mAtnuueiii (Fig. 179) bfts Wa deiiiKUHil Ij tlie Gaa R*ifer«8,
in act^ordflnco witl: Sect on l.i of Tho finPLliKht nnit Cokn
A Ik-ad other Ooa Comp&nios' Act« Anicnilm^nt Act, It^W),
for tbe purpose of testing id adj street At nnj hour ibo
presf^ur*^ at wliidi t^ns ia flKiPjilift'l. It:* ixjnhtriiction
is FL8 follows r—
Witlim a [rtuLern provided with o. hrmdlft for cnrry-
ing jiiuJ f&et for lesting on tiL« t^oLind, b pl&ccd ft
cKndlo'ktn^. tr> (rive light fur vuadcp^ t!»i ^(iigd. In
froji^t of the ciuidlc'liiQip la a dio^t of tiptU ^\aia^ imd
in front of this u gltiDB U tab^> partly lillcii with
coloured wjiti^r, titid comaninioabini! %\ ono end with
tlie ntr-. tkt the othfir wlUi u luet&l pipe, which pH^saa
tLrou^'h tlitf hoitoia cf tbt laut«ni. In oMur to raul
I'ueily LUid iLcauriLtvly th<< difffroDce of \^^sA of tho
liijuid in blie two ]imb«, a at^lti divided iuto tt^ulLfl of
an mcli is mndo ti~i stido hi^tween them viih mitltci^Tit
friotion to rutaln it in any poeiuon. The xoro of the
souls hftviui; lieea broit^'ht ltfv«l %nth tho 3Lirfftc« of the
liqiml wliJii^i U pree^u^d upon hy U^e gftd^ the }kait;;liL
Above Ihta of th« surface which la pressed upon by tha
oir can bo roivi directly. The lanlum is oJoeed in
front by a gXhAh door, at each aide of ^hich is a re-
iloctor for iKrowing Light upon thu scaU of tljA g^tugi^. Above eiu^h
limb of tho I' 'lube h u tnp, whidi can be olos^d whcu ihe iiistram«nt
is not ii) (140, bo prevent the liquid being occiicutuUy efilt.
Kift. 17^1
OAS KKOtNBKtta JlKD HAHAGBBS.
PUOTOMRTER TABLE,
te^
OMvVtt Bow GOdflUEdd ■>/ Um inmu OUMliL
W^
110
111 ' 119
US
114
lis
1)0
117
Its
4** 1
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1 COSH
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L 040ai
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1]» ' 130
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129
194
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fit iuar«] [rbotamavli^ iaUIm (ina ^) kv
I
Ml
ireWBIOOmfl'fl HANDBOOK FOR
BuLR>- Multiply tbo number standing bonoatli tlio miinttGr of graiiu
oODsumed Uy tlje canille, ajul op|>o&ite Un' muthWv of kii c^nBumoH by
the gM-bnmer. by the illumirtattn^ povf>r us r«n<it ofT fmtu tJiu i«jdi?
of tlie photometH^r : the product is tbe correct vaiite of the tftts redned
to the ^tnndani of V20 gmina per hour and 5 oubio font prr hour.
\ERORTHOMRTKR.
The AaroriUomeUiTfFi^. 180) in-
venied by M:, A. VtrtiuH lljircourL
18 ATI intE^nim}>L maimm^nt for cor-
rvoling the obe«rvt\l vobime of my
portion of eiu bo ib8 ^oimnl ^^oliiiDe
— i.r*. ibo voln^ne h would lt*vn
nriiipr qtitHdard <'onili[,ionB of t^mpo-
mtiirn and prcPHiirc. A rrAdinjz of
thin inntrument fumi'^hc-^ it numbf^r
uipr^j^sing the r»tio between tlio
oiisorved niid the normnl, or cur-
rcotfd, vo[ limes of any gns. and
senea irii^tead of rertding & boro-
melfT iind therinomewr and caItiI'
lAting or rofcrring to & talle.
lb CDnrLJBta of <i bulb and slcin,
likuL Ev thiTrDiDiii»?Lrr. ccnt&itiin^ nir
^rtctoued over morcury. Th^ m^r'
oury ntundH nt u uurt^m beif^ht Ui
the slcm. imd riBo? aiid fiklle uti tbe
inolostr] u.ir L-0]iLriii.-:lN or I'xptUlcb
with cIihJi^'L'4 of Uiiiiperatnte an4
ulmoapiicrio prtfssuru- 1lic? vohune
of the air is tva^'l off by itn^eji* of *
wa\v vii^Ti^vorl OQ iLfc Hti^rii and att
the* wcod lii^hiiiii it, Knch ddgrw
of the --v^oJc TUEirka n poition of the
•iti'ii] uhriho L'^rtpadtj' U on^-thon-
•mndth pflri nf tb^ voltima nf tlu
indoA«d ftir when nndcr a proMoro
of 31) inc-bcfi of mercury and at ft
i«i[i|wrH.turir uf MO^ Fnhr. Thii Urn-
ftt i^'liioh ihn jnercury ntKinl* andor
tlvMO onnriitionn in fij^ircd nceord-
iiigly 1000; nrtd any other rcttidiag
I
I
OAS llXOmBERR A^D MANAOKHa.
»U
d]« inptnjinoDt, at a diflcticDt prctBffuro or t^nipentnrer giv^t
Lc voliJiTLC b> wkioh bbe bbouaaud vcJamea h&y^ boeu cxfAnd^'il
or oontrAj;U«i. A ^cu&U drup ul watur tiaviag been pMsed mbo ihif
Inilb. tho dpHrvinn cftin^i^ hy a riiw of t<'mp9r&tiJi« inolndea that
ddo to tha incrriiji^d tcni^ion o1 (Ufuraufl v&poiir.
In order that the Tolurif^ of ajr incloeol in the bulb of tha Aen>i'-
tlioiii*tar may ]m in^^afliirvtf timlFT th^ FttmoAphenc pre»^un.i, a aeODiii)
lubfi ia plftood by tho m^t^ nf th« RTvIunt^ eu^Tii. uhii'h U of the kutiii
«dib™ and {y>niionl<!d wilh tJio wimo rcnervoii of mt^rdury, but cpin
[*i>0VL'- By thn liTPRfluro of & pcrew upon the leathern top of the
r\oir, th*^ mnmiiy i* r.u)n\d in tMJth Uibis; Jtnd when the inertjury
at thti kiiLmc tavnl in hoth» iho inclosiml ciir U iiiir1f>r tho atinO'
'nbainc prva^urL^- Uy bcin^ painted whit^. the- buJb \s proloctod Iron)
uieu)Uu]t i>f rudiuiit luiut.
Since tht« volnmr of imy ixirtion of giLH t^ofitiilneil In n hoM^r or
Cbtg through u uiolvt' iiuar u^hlah &n Ai?rorthornet«r in plACAdt
a tb^antiio Ti'ktjoji to Uio volume iLo ^o wouht occupy »ndor
tUfidArd uoijililit'ii? aa Lhv tnliEiiit irud on bhe stiMti of the Acror-
ibom^lfr hwiv to lOiX), the fltjnrefl eipr^asin^ fJm c<irrecU*d voiiniip ol
iba g&a may ht^ obtiimud by multipiyLD^* thu obsj:'rv«d voluin^ by liMKi,
and diridifijc it by ihb A^rorihom«ttr reu<lihif. Thus, if n roprcnontn
Ibo niiinWr t^^jmI ijjh'H the lMntrann?nt, r th^ ohaarved vohimn or mtAt
of pnHKii^^ of the gai, and V the con«<-t«c1 or normitl \ahi4>, thun
inatroraont mniit obind or ho smttpeni^od in a verticul position
tli» meter or holder vrhoto rvfn'tti-fttiob it is in he used to correct,
mnhr a rnwlinj^H Uh^ Mnrpw is* to br- tHrniwl (if ncn^essitry] iiiitil iJ^e
dorcory iluii<lK ut n loffci' loval in the open tubt^ thau In ujut vhirh
iBgnduatcd* Thim tb*^ ncrew tntirt bo tum^^d BlowJy in tho oppo-
sfte dinctlon uiitil tho niL^rnury ia uxmlly level in both lubes. The
Inal of the mirrvury rov^l npon tlio inikduat«d tutin given the requirml
^|F^%e spi^rTTi candl«i him \Gilg bn«n c(iiiiiidcn<i1 iLti utiHntiKfoetory
^^BUmdard. owing nhi«ffy to tho nhadA of mlour t^niittod hy it diffpt'
itig Gom<^what from Ihnt of tho gaa, and tho in«quality of itA rate o4
fionaumpUon.
^m Varirni* Strindnrdx of \ight huve lii'en ndvrjnnti^l frmu titiiis to limi- Ui
BMBM rtpdo ths cmtdlfi ; but none of these havu hilhertc hvtm adopted in
.a«oantry.
Vatioiu J'rapfMfH SMttitarilf f>f LiffhU
3ia
HEWBIOOTKO'S HANDBOOK FOA
■Mm
2 '4015
1 ttsoa
■OlHl
Tfaf Caro«l lamp is the Stnnd&rrl m Franoo ; tho UkUI.
^nftl to tf'6 0porm c^ndloa, biitig produced hy punAoi
col^a (mpti) oil, buTDmg at tLe tube of fi4S snuufl per
hoar. Tim i)[»twr porLlon of tlim loiiip is ahown In eeo^
tioD in Fiff, IHI ; and tiie duriciuicffis of iU vuioiLt putt
ore w folinwft: —
l^xtcrnul dmtnetar of bnrDei -
TTtknmUlUtcetur of nir-tiiho .
ExtBnuU ciumieter of ur-tubo .
TotiLl leD^li of chimney .
Leu^li ftoiu boBo to nook of
t'himney -,.,,,
External diAtaotor of ohinmey
5( level of neck - . . ,
E»:Ltinial iliiLinelflr of cUiiuiiiiy
At lop .... . .
Moai: Ituckt^osa of biio ^'k»)j .
Tliv wick aaed is tliAt Jmo^u oa
Bnd tlifi plrtit ti4 c;on»]>OHeiI of 7G atrfttiil* ; '\ piece 4 inL^bes
Inng wmgbtD^ 53'fi grains. Wli^n clio ccnHumption of
oil in losfl than C^O grcuna. or OKCCcds 71U s>^m3 per
bourn th^ triEil lg cancelled^
Mr. Keiilea iuvenU?d d. miidtrntjir lamp Ponitiming
Rpcmi oil, and ^«ldmg o. light o^jitnl Eo 1(1 ii|)«im caadUe.
vhich hr> advocated as a Guitnhin SttiiidnH.
Tbt^ Djo^b lugeiLioua filonilard prcp|H>»ed ik thai of A
portion iif the ^s.flame iHeif, The credit of the
conception i^ abixtvd bj LoUj Mr. Mddcs imd Mr. John
Motbvon* wbo, lumwiire of caob olbur'a inveatlgntione, condnotod &
tileries of experiiutiikts nu tJie sume Unn*.
lu thuocureoof bis pbotoiuetrical obaorvatious. Mr- Flddt^a fbimd
that if a ciroular hole ubout 1-ineh diujnoter wuro taofiit ut u E^v^n
boi^bCi in an opa'jue cbiumey. and tbis plowed uvc-r cm ari^m] fliuno in
lieu ortfj« UHual ^kHmhiriiNi'^, tti*< aTiioiiut of Itj^'hl p&^Hmt- tliruu^h
tbo hol« wiLB a coDitnnt qiiiwiitv, uotvithetandlng i&rialions in tfio
illuminating* po^^Etr of tlio gaa*
Mr. Melh^i^D'F» r«eoarcLca ted Idtn lo a similar condtiftion ; Ma laW
eicparimenta nhuwing ibat tlie ajnoiTDl nf light (f<qiial tn two Slandsi^
OSJidl(taJ, pTLs^ing (hroiinh a fi!ot L inch long ami ^ inch wido. la ui
opoqae AoreoEi. is conetant with gnacs ranging from IC to 20 condlo*
power ; and thiiti wben oitber couimon or cannel ^il-^ ix (^orbunettsd
with gu-qoline flight pfetroleum spirit^ boiling poirt IjcIow i*iO^ Fahr-(,
tho nmoimt of light yielded by u ^cuno 2^ inohctji limj?, i« ooi^
fltoitt whatever the illuminatiDg power of Uio gOts employed, Ai UiA
nsult of this tatter discover;* Ur. MeLbven uaes u abortor and wider
na. ISI.
QAA KN01NBRH9 AF4D UANAORBS,
M7
slot for the c&rWelUd ^ar. Ff^. Id'islioira the MothvQo StoudartT
niU) 1m\hs loDg uid aliort ^dLb Liumljiiitsl cd ^e RSiaa alidu for tht;
ordinaTj anil carbnTVttixl g^w r*.w(w*otiv*?ly. Fig, l^.i, ahowa llm c«j--
biiTOttcr fllle^l witl) byo pass arrangonitiiit, [ii> th;kl wLon oonQvct^ to
iho^u-pipd snpplyinjf tlie Metbven Sboiadati], oi(L«r otdJxiftij g^a. or
h iv dftfW becoming more evident iha,t the ftooaptanoe of Mr.
iUlh^cn B Uffhl u a Sumdafd wonJrl be a f^irlv a^snotorj aolution
of Uiio difficuTly, Fhotomotrioal obsorvdlions, alBo, arc greatly aimpli
fitvl hy Lbu vatiu witL ^^hich it can Iju uti.'d. Lho nuvm^ of tlijio wLecIi
It effecU, Ftn'l tiVii^ itvniclFinct? of that itifitrm'tioii of ttumeI cid the part
of Iho opornlor, wbicb ls msepiirablc frnm Oi^ fimplr^yioent of candlefi.
la tbo PentajiG StandaiNl of Mr. A< Vomon Harcourt, bbe gas em-
plojcd for prodocing tUe light is " a rahbure of ajv with Uiat portion
[»of American petrol<!t]iii whli-h, aft<^r nipi>att-d rK^lilitmtioii. di^liU at a
tomperiiLur» aciC«xce«diiLg l^^^'Fohr. The liqttld thus obtAinvd tson-
fliate almost cntirdyof penUno, the fifth tnomber of tho nodos of
pftraffine</' Hunimg jit ih^ rate of ^ a cubic fool por hguri thid J^
gtitH a tXitiin^ v/hivU ylMa n. light eqiml Ut tbutuf the St^tidtud <ittudle.
^
mwBioatNa's handbook i^ob
1
Mr. Hivrcourl hns /levi^eil ft nov P^t4lie BUDilftpJ IaBMOB »
<UffiM«]it priockplo lo liiatcibove referred lo.in vhicbpUisltftd of b mix-
J'lu. IN*
tnro of pciitan« imd air, pcntonc only in baroccl- Thii lamp, eliovn k
Fie. l^''* rcMmblcii o^d (^inaExapint lamp* vnth tliecbimntj adtlHlio
QAS SNOLVUEltS AHV UANAOKR9.
UJti
I
*
etli« il&m« sleftdy, &iicl niM ibe temiwrabuftf of uomboetum. A
in «infrEo)rftf1, not, M in thfi nrdinnry Inirip* at Ihe point uf
i^iUon, Imt K^vrtriil inchnn from it; iU ii80 boirtiCf to ounvuy Xht-
liquid pcnlaro by capilhry nction to the part of th* tiibu whore
TC^AtUizntioiTi of ihix pt^ntanc^ tnkcs plAoti ljy tUr wAriutlj <;r«n(lui;t4Nl
downwnrds from the flumn, Thti vriek i^ onrlnflp^ in a lube Jack^tod
b/fttiothur tube to prodncQ a steady tnmporataro; and tbi^ o^ia U
AOTorcd hj ihc Lor^rrr tube with tho oontrcKitoii upper ond, u ^owu.
Th*^ ohiiniiny Li niovnablis fur [uljtinbEiicjit ut luij r^-qiumil hmght-
To put iht.- Ump in ottion, fir*t ruraovo tho lovor lubn, nnd
hftviiig wtUTOod tJio innar tabuur IJ^bt tho poutEino vapour* oj. it* riiwe
in Ui« imollor one* Put cm the mr^o tuot with the ohimnoy at-
bll^)le<l: iLQd Umtopuf ttiblUme, OD raising th(f wioJEtiUgbtl}^, will^iiH
inKk the chimney.
Twd nnrrow L^lote aro out in tLo ohimiiE))- on oppoaito aiilodi cto
that the Up of bliu lluuit^ i^ vJHthlL- bhroiwh HtUitr of lUmn* Whoxj
bh« chiiniiHy i^ SAt h[, 4 tltifiiilti.! hoij^hl Miove the ]ow«j' tubti, lUiJ
Lh« l]nmc ia Attju^tcif no thitt ^ta tip i« hotwodD the uppor an<l lowor
lizaita of the slots, the coctrc portion of bho flame appe^ruit' btlvruvn
Uw lower bube tuid Lhij chiuuiE]/, givtja a di^fljiitu quiuitUj uf la^lit.
TABLK
utilk tit* fHiiminariPif p<iu'rr in Stiiftil/ird Sjifrip CuntHpt.
N
ODdbt
4b«ut^40*
mat.
10 Hgkt t
f)04qiiK]
lo KboBi tm
UOtrju^ lo about -dTS
11
■an
fil
'<
b^
HI
■OW
U
«fi
ia
-I
BUT
113
■70b
ts
lift
IB
•f
£G0
311
-T»
14
'WO
M
■»
■6ia
34
■7*8
Ifi
-m
&1
•1
cas
n.1
1. -TU
1<
l*S
W
Ik
■wfi
m
^W
ii
■Wd
U7
11
jiiih
ji;
TW
, -laa
ai
It
i!ir>
U
t
^n
aa
i»
cei
I
4B
BRWBIGtiifili'S UAHUHOOK FOU
VARUTIONS IN THE ILLLWINATINa rOWBR Of GAS-
Mont (fiLh uimiJ^^vrv, m Ibn tuurm: of Ikelr irxpunFiiQ?. tnait ImTe
cbt4<iTc4l vcri&tiond, aom^tJTQ&i «4uigi4ttrftb1o, in tbo iUuimiLtUc;^
1>DW(.7 of Uaeir i^, Tor wJiiuli ihaj faftre bW unublo «ftiuf«ct<fri]y W
ttCt^uut. Tlieftd TVirialions Ar« uDi|[icsiiouat>l> due. to & gnat onJbtui,
tocbnoger^ofalmoflphorii; |>r^setire. Wht^i^tbe pressure in &u^^eat«d.
lh« luminoBity U inorwisetl, ar<l riVv lyn^. To i)«t«rDiliie llila point,
Dr< FVt^DhJ&nd [it^titatod li sorios of iinportant ostperixacntai of which
tLe following are tl« results. —
PTwantnf A[r in
IbdIu* it itttcxn.
aoa , , ,
AM. . .
aa-fl , .
S4-a , , .
saa , , ,
Obinnrvd
mDnmuHu ni
. . TBil
. - UH
- . fM
144. ,
104. -
Otenvrd
. . , tt7-4
. . . «0-«
< . . It ft
The dimmution of luminosity bllova a fixed luad definite hw. vrhjch
mnj li« Ihiia eipri'sW : The dtcrrase m illuipinjiling powor is directlj
proportioniiJ to the dt^t^as^ of utiuospb^r? proH^are. Of 100 units of
light cmitlpd by a Eas-tiunK' bumic;^" in ixir, 5'1 units are citioguiaJwid
bj caoU redaction cf I mercurial inob of atmosplieri*: preisuro. On
\\]n (rttifT littTii1,if a lij^l]1I(.'S'4 |]iuitu be iiift.dc to bum uDiI^r uti^rmtEnUid
prositurti, U becomes htminoTi^, Tbc vh'nti cauko of itie diDDroneQ ii
tlie incn-aae m tlio volume, amt thcrvfuri' c1o('T<:us« of Uii? ■JcnKit}' of
iLoae Leavy li>diocuiLiuii8 to n^hidi the luiuiiRi^itj of u ;:aa'Iljxmi? in
Attributed when the AtmoflpberJc preflsure is rediioeil, ami nVw r^nff.
TABLE
SkouiOQ ih Petcenitijie \}f Ltwi ii/* Lr^k f^ Atirtnif Air mtJi Ctrnl tSat.
Alt.
• ■ ■ ■
. . 11
i I ■ ■
- , lA
V
49
« I < >
. . It
4 t * '
. , U
Per i;*rtC
A8
64
OT
90
M
100
tha illuminftttDf; va1u« of gut. tliough only ftppn>xunftt«ty
COTTOCt in tb>ir iitdJcutioTia* aru jot Huflieit^ntLy trtintwortby to render
Xhem ajwful jmil tatuabb atuJUrit^H to tbc more nlnjlutc mnhocl cf
Tbuir ami roaomm^mbtlona are Ibair jwrtobililyi and t)k<3 auo
uki ceWitv with wfciioh tbo iUumuiatiaK |>ow«r o&n h^ oeci^Umrd
by their ftia.
TfavLr aollDn (t^pprirlfl nn thn rtiUr.mn wbirb tbo Hpixdfli}; gravity of
tli« gftfl boarfl to itff illnrnLnating T>ow<ir, The tlarno bcmg kqyt at
a ^Tta hti^hu tho prc4^urv rc^^iiiircd, t,ai tbcroforo ^he raU of con-
Biuuptmu, will vary acconlinj{ U> bli« ilonaiiy of the gsj and Ita oou-
rKtf Jet PAoiciiJuJ^,
Lovfi'A J«t riwlometer, ts ImprovAd by Sugg aorl Kirklmns ( Ftjc- 1 SC K
afford ft rtoay iii««iia of a«oeri^2ktiiet by a uit^iuc^fiijhry in^jwctfOUp
Fiv. !0&.
m
KEWniQGIEf a S HAKDBOOX FOB
vlictlicr tbs ipu bdag fndmijiaHfapBi m qtuliSy. The opporahu
L^juHiHlH of % Siafi^ WWd cf 'flaBdda cannrnotiau. wiUi jt6 Mum-
Q^nlar iinntn Indicating Klie prcs^iir^. A stfiaclto jet liftvtng
a flso orifice i^ tixed at the top of Dm, and the gu isBUUig thoro-
fi-aiu, iin<l WmK lif^htod, ^\ca fl flutuG whioli fibi^nld be conalwaltj
lUftiiiUiniul jKh 7 mcli^^.
The scft!*i Bhovn in Fif?, IfiiJ ie for gaa cf 14 to Ifl cnndlE^s UIiiiqI.
natlnjr power. The satn« bchIc is used for 20, 25, or ,^U caiidU' ^d«»
bul with II diSbrsnt jet, and a lesser consumption per hour, ttie gAugt
poictin^' to Ihi^ plnrc v-hecc ilie figure 10 stumli^, hub with the riTinih«r
chjLiigod to 30. 25, or30«onformi>ig to thc^ sLaudard qtiuliE)- of th«
tfiLA to be iiapplicd According to ^ho Special A^<t of PtLrh^ent.
Pia-ldd.
The range of the jet is iiec«eflAlil7 afcort. It h correct at the gva^
point. bHt with a alightl/ increasing error on the uiuubenf above and
|j„Iow— llio error b^ing ftKftJriet the gas in going wiu and Id fn^our of it
lit i'oing dciwn. Tliia ia duo to variationa in Uie preeaiire — increiuimg
or dirami filing— at Uie i?uiiit jf ignition. Witliiu the dcgroca marked
on the aciJt', howevtr. lliin pitot is not imptjrtjijit,
'Vh^i giiS'tup in eLowii on Iheri^bt tide of llie inatmment. The sraall
cyliiiiler oD the left fiiilo is in commumoution wrtli the watcr-cistom
in the liodj of iht^ gaut'^< f^*^ ccutoinfe a comiHriiaatoi-, which, on being
EcrcwRd up ordown as required, ndju-it'? lh»? ttwUr-lint'. so tliat the
pointer of thu gauge stands at zero whun th^ gJL£-lap i£ closad.
Q£B BXatNEBES AMD MA^AOKBS.
asi
Suffg'a Utamimitiny Peteer Meter.
This icstrtunent i* shown in Fij^. IftT. tii*', afl the nfttne Indiofcten,
is udoJ for o^ourtUDtDg tli« mum matin (? pow^r of ga», Tho mode of
putllct: H in cpciaiioD is as follows: - JlAvin^ £il]o4 it up to tbe
wati?rTin» Hi-rat<iLi?d ou tli4 k!»m m iho siuall box on the rj|;]it kuIo,
oo&noat tt U) tltd tff^ HfJ^pfy irith a pitwfi of cintiU lubtf- The InJct
is 4 jcroiinrl tmion joints hxod in the oontro of tho book of tho inotni-
maol. Turn tht» ievcr w bn to make tho k^v'^ pMS throui^h tUu
mounting 'drum, uil let it get rid nf nil ihn lur. or othrrr kind of j'lu
in it. Li^t Ui^ bnrnar luid odjciit tho diLma Ui a inckoA m b^i^t.
i&n. when the lar^ haitl Airfna at 16, ohsjif^ Uia podttco of flto
tor, BO aa to makv the fiU pM to tho burner witlioat ffWS
y\x^h Lhu mtu5ui-iai:'di-ufii. Tht* Urge Kind will then Blop &l 18-
jd ttp Uie uiuok bj jnt^iUH ur Ulu rriwmtoir mi the bup of ttiv lUetor
In ih« roar of Ih^* <lial rliif^. St&rt tlio olook hy moving tbe alid«
di ifl oa tb« loft of thu iiiuk^r. olo^u to tlto i^vumor- Then, wbon
[iiuid of the clock i!(|)jUHlu^uij Ofuof tbc divEMUtia of tbe luinaU.
t^v (l]i> poaitian of iliti k-ver of ibe b^e-uutiH, so us tu rrMku the gris
tJtrough the noter. Wh&n tbo Imnd has lo&io one oomplete
ilion, stop the m«ter by mefuifl of the lovor, in the manner bofcre
HBWBIOOIKG^ HANDBOOK BOS
dttoribed, ami read off the tlluinin&tini^ power. l*b«iaiiuitt doek
Bhodld not be eLapped elLiitr befutr ur tiAer ilia obiwxnlaoilf unlami
h ie ddsireil toput Uie clook inlir^l/ «t rMl.
Th'^l and TaA^t^A Jtt Ph^vmfUv,
Thia td on mgeniou^ and iiftcdy iiifitrum<i«Qt (t'lit. Id^i, Tor enftbUog
the illnminattnf^ value of the g^s to be &3C4rCAinod IVoiQ invpeetkn
Fw, taa.
al cuay time and place. It if well undcnitood thftt the quantity
4lf gu pmm4 in Ik givon limG iv-Jll boar a proportion bo the a£« c^
GAB SKGDrBBB3 AKD MAKAOfifiS.
9M
th« orifico {ihls ii the prinoipk on which th« afiMrhAOMMAr 10 moAe
—a uofful instrument by tho ^mc ijiTcntore for iodicfttiDjt tljc
aBftntity of tfAs conjrimod by <lifFerenl hurDwr*, Ay^) : mid furthor
iftl Iho gEU-flumn Utiti^ Eiiuintalnml at a ^ven height, Die quantity
cf f^ftfi 0aaduiui>[l. nnd tli^^ prunburc, wiU vary an tho illumuiAtiiig
povor. A moxiillo cr touting (tine insiclf iha ^liUA tube f«»rul»bei
tiia B£(^ of blm uriliOT}. nUil iU ptj^iitjoji id the t\ihe. vi^\'^i^%[t:^ru\^^^
to tho gnuIuJktiiMia at Lbe Huulti ul tbu Aide, mdiontea tht^ illuoiiimting
THE SPRCIFIC GRAVITY OF GAS.
VtoaXfuU ttwt from cAchouk Aod, sulpburetiod hydru^niD, «uJ
ftEr, epednc gr&vitj^ ik w proper Leal, of quality : ihn rlenwr It li, iha
ptttorwUI be iu ilhiminntin^ power— innr^iise in ^voii^htundLfcht-
gifiag property baiaft douo to tEe pr«s<inco of i^ Ijirp^r proportion of
ohdant gftB uid tb« otbcr richer wid h&avipr hydrocarlioiH.
Orilimiry MtihQil of Dcttrnnning ttu -Syrfryfc Gratftif.
Tho ftppuratna iwjairod in d«t«munin^ tho epoeffi« ^viiyof ic^a
an ft Ibin gbn floho of ftboiat 100 cMg inohfia capnoity, with two
tti^-ooolu tm oppodte lidsi, a gool airputu^, ami & viiry di^lirAte
WflSOO. Tho p^EwrinienUl mom ahcnVl also be fnraialiud with a
IttroDMtoT, Bhowinjcthq atmoajthcHi^ prcflSuro. (vnd thLTinomcti^rji iniij-
Ofttinc Uie iemperAtnr« both of (he ftir aod ^ir^, Tb« mt^thod uf uiiini-
pulatToii 1b as follows : —
i'irst, — Open tho two itop-eoAka; tUp fjlobo will then be full of air
at th« atmonpboric prcfiaun} and bi^mpomtiire. CarofuJly weigh (be
globe wbJlo in thin state, and make a note oftbo wei^lib.
Sooond. — Altni^h th<i glubo liy nnu of th» stop'onrlm to the Air*
Mimf), oloM thft ^th«r atop'Cook, and uihauHt it »a perfectly m poul-
ote. Having doacd tho ntup f^ook, remove the globe and wd^h it in
Itfl eihftiuitcBd ntatc, Sup|iu«v tb«t it qqw wd^Lfi Sl-S ^ralita k«HS
thtnhftfore, thiui Iheea SI 6 gr^ns n^tuBimt the weight of the air
ftbitimolcd.
Thiid.--Now attach th^? clobc dthor to An cipAriniontEil eftaholdar
or to H swt-piUari'oiiii^U'd bj & ijiiK^ to ttioiu^»ui(I fiU uio globe
nittl th« gu, Wb<<ri fill, rpmore U eitd weigh It a tlilrd time. Snti<
pOtB that thti wd^fit ia now li-*J ^pKiQg moro tbuu vthc^ in its
A A 2
KBWBIGaiN&'S ]UlfDBCK)E FOR
Ciltansterf 3taL&. Ihen theri 14^2 ^miTis n.^]trL<suiit ihe weiglit of tlic
oontftined e*b. TLiai, &« S16 (llio ivoigbt of llio air) is to Hi
<tJje weight cf tbe ^aa), ao a 1-000 (the specific ji-ravity of the fcir) W
tiiH 5p»3ii]c gntvitj oT tljo gas. Of diviiln the weigLt tif ihd gas by
tliG veight of tike air, ftnil the quotient 18 tlio sp^i^c frrvtvlty of the
B43; thiia —
'450. ep«eifio fravtty of the gun, compurod
vibb ftir Ae unity, or 1000.
Sl'0
With Dr. LiTtbeby'n &ppiirabii3 (Kig. 18D], tbe use of blaa ftlr-pumj*
ta iHspcnsed with. It c^asiBts of A hinul&r jflanti ^Tohu.
flhorit li inches in diumrter, rumidied vitb tvo ttop'
coclc^> to on« of wluoh la nttoclicd a gUos Lube hdf
&u leigIi in diimctcr and T irLchea long. £ttod Ttlh ft
jet for burning the g&H, JUid hj^ving a thermomel^r in-
nde of tho tnbo to indioait tlie temper»t«r«. Thd
other fltofi-QOok ocin bo uttiichcd by rt suitable aoidc
to A goj-pillar. and in practice thn gas is hifl Quwiu^
ihmuf^-b Lliii ttpimratufi, bi-iny iMmHiimpd from the jel at
the upjH?r t'lid, Tho uxflct wui^ht uf tht^ glokti ^rhea full
ok' Aiir ul iuliui tL'iiij><.'nhtiir(j aii<i prc-sjiuro 15 cngniVfii
uffon it ; nJid u iKiunteipuiBt wuiyhl is pnjuded, exactly
(<i|Lial to iIlu wei^lit of thti ^IoIa? when t'\bii.rtaL^d,
Wlien it is renuired to dc-lormiuu tlic fpucUi^ grsrity
of thti eo^, tlie tower or 8Upply-co<ik ia first doacd. uid
the iip|)or one imiiicKUabuly aftei'tvafils. Tliis order ia
ni?c&5fi»ry to be observed in the aiiuliinp of thu oocke,
boQausa if the uppor ono wcetd liret alosod. tbo gae witbia
the globij would be at tlie preanure of blio gas witHa the
main, initeiul of that of tkie atmosphere. The globe '\h tb@i* placc(3 in
thti bniliinL*aii,ndii.mjfiioiHnt nuiiibor of grains and fmctionnlpartaadd*!
to Uio pan oouCainiiig tlio conritcrpoieo weight to cqualiiie the beam.
8uppoee that it tukfs IG ;;niJii3p then these represent the veigUt of Uio
}gp&, jutd flay that tbc ^lobefol of air weighs Sfi grains, then —
g^ = '429, the apacifie gravity of tlie gas^
But it ie DC'Oosjiu'y ju mukiug such cbecr\'atioiLi lo oorrt^ot tlio volume
of gAA to Tuoau tumpvraturv aud presAurti, and lx> allow for the inoi«tura
jtresent in all aeriform bodies iri contact with water. To tUcso poinbn
th« obwrvattons whiah follow apply.
Fiu. laii
CA3 BNaniHBBS' ANI> u.\»AaEita.
m
tVrwrtflHf /w TmpfFftmr/. BffTomftrir Prfovn, and M^ijitnn.
Oving lo the contmrtlon and «!ip&QsioD \v1jEoIi t^k^ plo^ in tlie
bi:)lk of all ^drlform bodioa, due to tha variations in titmui^plitn^* ttim-
pemlufft and premurOi it la noccsMry. when ea^Emating juiU compj^nug
^»ir volame, to tulopl oai; coiumon LeiQpemLure utd Dftrom«urto pres-
vnre u tlie sUnrlard, The m<?&it i^niperatiire of 60° EUir. ftnd 80
bi6h09 or morciiry havo boon cidopteil M tho aacet convomont. CLud to
.this BteodArd thoir vohime h accordingly roduced* For oiumpJe :
CarrMtions /or Trmpprarurt. — Ail aerirorra bodies ^tpand l-480t]i
of their Toluioo *L S2° Fthr. for every dagree of increitse of tern-
aro f ] -QTHrd of tbo volume of the guj at ^ Centi^nde for each
e^eaoftbe aamescflln). Now mippodc it ii required to aacerUin
what voTnme 1000 imbio fr^t uf gn^ iit B8° will nocnpyat 60^ the mt^ikn
t«nip«rAturc^ Wo know by tho utiova-mCDtiocu^ Hvr tliiil n i|ua]itity
<tfgM wbioh ftt fla^ ia 4^0 parts, vill al 60^ become 508 (00-83 = 28
+460=606). and at m'\ 51(J f68-aa=J*tf+4eO = 61Uj. then—
1000 X fiOtI
iie
= 9%4 cubio foot.
I
Or, tfSaia, if it ifl required to know the volume wlilcb 1000 cubio
ittut of g&£ at JfU' wil] oo(;upy at flO^. then —
= 1008 cubic feot.
504
C w t Kiim /or PftfMUM. — The amount of decreasa or iiacrcaae in
voTnme U iTiversdy as thii pressure. To (wcefLain what volume 1000
«tt!iie fo&t of gas at '2H-5 inehea will oocnpy when ihe meruury standi
ffO ioobefli iIlo mexin burornetric preceute, then —
1000 X '28-^
80
= 9d0 aiihia feet.
Or, again, if it is doairod to ascertain Ibe volnmo wbich 1000 cubic
t of ga£ at 3015 incbea wdl occupy at ^0 inches, thea —
1000 K 80'B
80
= 1020 coluo ieet.
•tintf "t "Ji'' /-^r Tniji^twiittr* unit Prvtnurr^ — Suppose it ia
(o aeo4>rtaiii what volume 1000 cubic foot of gas at 72^ tom-
pofature and i!'J 8 iucliea pressure will occupj at ntandard tumporaluro
■ prbaaure, then—
60a 2fl-8 „. .- V- # 1
**^ *^ 620 ^ "30" " ^'^
«f.
ov in r inn It wilfa vitar, »t lfa« fiOhmt
ftt A UMA bmntrie pnMDt of ao
£«. &:«£:: .£%.
B«*«HVto
^6m.
■«4»
«l .
. *osni
M . .
-oios
«i . . *
«l .
. -0M1»
ta . .
«u»
M .
M .
, -QUO
M . .
-QW»
I» ,
« .
. -OMM
K . -
4IW
Tl .
U ,
. 'OUM
*ft . .
4IIIB
n .
« .
, -MM
» . ,
"OlStt
n .
4« .
, -OIIT*
CO . ,
-<aa«
H -
«J .
. -oim
41 . ,
-OIM
T» .
« .
. Mast
•a . .
-omv
V9 .
«V .
. '•ISA
m . .
'MDM
77 _
» .
. oiaaa
c4 . .
^
re .
41 .
. -oim
«C . .
» .
H ,
-oi«n
tt» p .
'CVHA
to .
m .
, . oiuo
91 . .
-oao
-mm
-mm
ITo dotanolM t^ nuaoa of tiib ttlib (b« ^oaiiti^ of ■qoeow npo^
pnwni, b U wcowity lo ranltiply tiw toIvm of tba ^b tj lb*
tilnilaT uiudbtr oomapoDding to tiw tcmptntore, tLos— SvppoM
100 <nibf a faidiM of ^u weigh 1 5 grvna at Ihe l«iD[NFnliini of T^.ttul
at nuui fairomoLru prtwar^, tben, according to tha uU«, U» Tolnai*
of aqnoou t^oot preMbi i
100 X -0OT40 = 2-740 cable incL«8.
1'likfl ccrrttclod to maan tomponlurtt will be —
fi-74 X J^^ = 3 6" cubic incLM.
>Ionr, witli rE<apect to tlid volnme of tli«gn£. lOOcubb indiM At
ato oqual lo—
100 X ^^-^^^07-7cubiGuicbcaftlatoinpcratimofOO'.
Haooo, 97'7-2-UT7^ff£'02ft cubic IneheB. the vclumo of drygw
mou tempemturo ati4 pro»«UTO-
To EirriTfl »( Uiu WL^lght of the volumo of ^ ^^, iW vnluino oi
a^uc^ou* vapour uiuut be multiplied by *\M'i!9 giVtkBi the ivfiiglit of &
GA8 UNGIKSH&a AND UAK-IGERS.
U9
I
I
of pvraiAucut ftqiuoLiH vupour> Ml hetota uUtod, u&d Uw
product docloolud trom the tola! voight of Hi grainn ; ihtm —
Than ibir thv wnighi of 100 cubia indium of dry gait, ve bave —
And ftB 100 cuUc iDchea of i^ir at m«an lempenturD ^d presaui^
wnigh A1 ^ainn, wa hnve —
16'294
—6= — = -fiSS. the epscLfic gravity of the air.
If, inateivi of ranking th« corrcctLon for moietnTO, it ie pvoforro<i to
drj the gaft JL3 it p/h9?i4>8 fnto the K^obcT thia moj bo ilono by caosinii
it to Jlow Ihmxjgb a gin^i^ mlie ]in.lf Ait tnob in iliantErUr ami about Id
to SO itiobes long, c^ntuininft pitv-t^st of chloride of cablaTjn ; t>}iit niib-
ituoo baviitg a strong ndinit; for raoiBttiro. Boforc umnff, tho
chloride of o&lotum Hbou]4 be fiiied in tui earthenware cruoibla At
m tnw tBmperftbure, tlien poured on a clears etono narhoe, and as
coon as cold, brokon in pJ«oee ard put in the ttil^o^ Tha g^n in pass<
ms through the tube to lill tJte globe sjiould t>A loade to trnvel »lowij ;
■Inab la minutes beijig tbu uitual Ltnte alltnved.
Il>i7ftf * MfftJioH of DftftminintT thn Sfi^rific G^rttnty,
For aflocrLaininj: th* ^pocliic ijravity of #rafl, Mr. Wri>:lit uwd a liffbt
b&Uoou f FJfc*- ItK) I. oi^pablti cf cuiilaliilug oufi uubio fcHJt, or 172S cobjc
inches.
His directions Tor pfuformiitg the ejcpcrinient »o
ftt follows : —
Gipol tJjeairiroiii tho bsllcon by folding it in
tbA fnnnin whJeh it in drnt r^o^iv«d, aei?erUiTi t)m
weight of tho balloon and car, 311 tho balloon ^'i(b
gM. insert tho Atoppnr, aa^ put as many grains ' b
tlir car JLS will bnhiTifle it in ths nir; odd tbti
number of grainit which it oarneH to tbo wL*igbD
Of Ihc bniluon, and JiMluct the ikniouut from (bo
tabulur number curteeponding lo the dt^i.'^ree of
t<^in[i<7nliin? iiidimted by lit Lh'^rnium4«(Hr, and vm. i*jO.
IhoproflSiirfiinflK-atodb}' tho *>aroin>it*r (pp- BSC»7) ;
dividu tbir rv^ult hy tho tububr linmbor dno bo tho tompcraturc ftcd
* Tb» «*[g;ht« Qiad ftt» QAl broy ^mIb*. lOO ot tbom btioR uiul to «'S9 IrVf
nlu> (litr«nflub wi^^l u ITSs oaUo aahtm ol alr> wb«ii IkubuvmitB k it SO
and Uio iLiannomBtar M 00"'
M»
HBWBteontO'ft RAHDBOOK FOB
of tbe gw (U> wcenftiii wfakU. allow tbe gM to Uov npon
bulb of tbe thfirmomeier nntil U10 maneaiy b iUtkntrj)* nod lb«
three first fibres are th« specific gniTitj.
&ebii1b
EUMTIJL I.
Tompenttore of the air
70^
Bamtneter 2S'5in.i
Tftbulnr number, 9SI.
5tf^»
Tomperilare of the ;^ . . . >
fiaicmeler dways vlie same ns vr . 28-5 in. i
Weight of bftlloon and grftims m C4r> fi€0.
Then—
~ "rtKfl — = "379, tbe specific gmvity.
.-T^bulftriiiimbeir,tf5f),
TftbiliiF number, t067<
Tabolftr cumber, lOlS-
Tetn|>eraturG ofthe air . - < iO'
Btiromeb«r 80-5 iu.
Tem|jer[itare of tlif gas . . . 32^
Barometer aiwuya the ftame aa air 80S in.
Weight of balloon and grains in car, GOO,
Tboa—
1067 - 5G0 _., . „
Lius'a Spec{^c OravUy Ajfpiinituji.
The gau-beLtiLnoe, shown in Tig. 191, fcr determmlng the Gpcoifie
f^ELvitj of dlumintiting gas, is the mvcnbioB of Mr. Frederick Lux.
Fia. let
It ie conKtructiMl on tli« prinolple cf bbe coTnmon lovor< balance. vfUi
carved po&Ic attaobed b^ mtn^s of a couphog-rod to the slandaTd.
OkH ENQINERES AND MATfAGBRS.
£61
The voalc in ^dn^tcd £rom Ic 1 ; and thcton^ieorpt^nbor, moving
b cloM proximity thereto, enables tlie oiwiator t'j Uko a direct re^d*
lug uf LL« H|H*(!ifli- gmvity of the gad imiler GiAminntiDQ.
lAStai^ uf cottmniin^ thg gu^ through th« vcrttcjtl tub«. a pipo cftn
bo ftrnm^od to convoy iho ^ati to th« photomotor for the piirpof*c
of Uflliiig iXa UlunmtaLiag power.
To Find the Wdtjiu in Puttniln <i/ tnii/ Qwmtity *>/ Oat itt W Fithr^ nml
SO in. liar., tlw S/'frijiv Gravity 'wW/ hi'tttn.
Reju!. — UultJply the qnantity m feet hy the ripccifii: gmvity, and
tlie i^tuJutl by '0TU7 (weigltt of n aahia fnot of air), mid the answer
vnW he tho weight o( gae iu Ihs. aH\-oirdtipol)i.
Etvwi,E— ^Tiat is the weight of 0400 cubic feet of gaa, i\s specific
grftviiy boinjc '4^ ?
ftiOO X '480 X -0767 = 84fi'07 Ibe^offfaB.
TABLE.
ll'ftVAf ©/ 1000 Ctthir Ftft fif OiJt of T.Hfftfnt Spe<ifit^ G w rilifj, a*
00' /'uAr,. onJ eO in, IJar.
Ah)S!
w<irM At
|4f JL>K> U
■ulAe
l<i-r ilkiU
ri-riwo
tfob. r^
«Db- tu
«iit<. II.
Alri-KD.
Ibb Ab
IDOL
\U,
AlrlOOV.
Ita.
•
ag iw
4T0
M'D«)
■MO
u w
-m
fla 039
4Tft
39 402
-fiea
-NO
WPJS
MO
Hfl «ia
■*T0
13 710
-3UC
»i>-aM
MB
a7'!iOO
■vra
44 102
'«0
»ttO
190
37 £>63
'WO
» 409
-UK
IIOti8
4M
3T'Va6
■we
U'tm
*«)0
al 44T
AOO
M'UO
•wo
40 '900
-i:£
m esD
GOO
W'fsa
'«»
«& 9S6
-««)
Jl'SU
&10
» 117
■eoo
4i;iui
-4tt
SA'fiffT
filA
WACO
■coe
40 4oa
'«B0
ai wi
MO
3ft'ee4
-oio
45-7W7
'tie
33064
AOC
M-oer
-au
47' 170
't4(l
»» i4H
A.tO
40 0^1
'ftW
4r-M4
^44£
34 lai
CSC
41 CM
'{|«£
4r'U7
-«o
»I'«15
040
4I'4]A
-B^
4imi
'«fifl
Bi flee
Ate
«1 «01
-{JAfi
49 704
'«I0
ocada
OHk
«3 lec
■WO
4^»0C«
'W
sfi «afi
zu
4Sfi6a
•fl«
**'**' _^
I
p^?t_g MiUiriy 111* Bunbtr of HiiwwJi <if mbit
in llw boldtt bj H. sad lb* prodvd vOl b« Um vc^ of iIm «w
in Iha.
EiAMKJK.—A LoldcT co&teina M,000 eoEne bet of CM. vW
M X 87 = t90BU«..^)fnnisi»to ««i^t of tb« goa.
I
THE DSE OF GAS FOR OOOKDtO. HKATIKG.
VENTILATING. AND MOTIVE POWER.
Th* OM of su for eookii^, bMtini;, ood motive pov^r bu nftd«
Ei|^ Atrid^a <if reocmt year* ; and Um st^j iocmsc that U taJuK^
puoQ iu ibu conwimpLwm of gwi Tor pnrprMM oUktt tlu:i iliamiiiaticn
Ifl A matter of iiit«r««t. Fifbo«a to twuAy vMn tf^ tliii coauumplioa
wm» ool? twpiwihifl lo mdto itsolf Ut, j|cit withm tbc briH period
wljcb liftd tlapiM. ooDaukrablu uHliutrlctf. ^vtoc emplojuieni lo
miidi oajjila] a[ir1 okuiy workpHoji^. hu^t bt-vn cklleu into axiflieix« u>
prodnco tba machinorj aod mppliwotts r6qvir«I- Tb44«, wJ^h ar*
of tlwnaoat nanterottB and vuied kLod. ftcoof gT«at GLcoHeDoo, vlulat
inmiDranoDla ate comtautly beitic* efEectad Uitfcon.
Fbr doiaftidp anil ^cmhons* ntt tfiera m tminberlBi^ healing
itOMi of miiwrior da«^ tad workmanslup, ftnd in oooldnfc «toT«s and
Of onii tli«re it cauaJ widt]',
Hift SMI tovDlch gM nmj bo advuubh^eoiiNljf put in evciry braxiob
of tnde wh«T« baat u riimrad, are only tiniUfld by thi* number of
■iioh trad44. Kor cxampk^ ui coQcc roaatirg, m tho macufiLcttm of
conitolionurv. the baking of brc*d, the iinishing of nhocet, is dcnUatry.
Ill tht) proJuL-iiun L>r jc^McUcr;, in wire wt^Mliig. Uuufn^nag sled.
finameUiji^, and many othon.
Th^ g^ ODgt[i<> already raoooaefnlljr competes vitit tbo flUam motor
for ftll purpoflcft wL«i« Iho pow«r lequired to be exerted ia mtoruUtenb
anil wilhjri moderate liriilta.
For IjAiicliDtu^v in application, and defuiliDefta ami aafdty in ii9e.g^«
M a fuel, 18 tinaunaaaedt The uao of gae ia thtau ways monne a
Aavtaif of tiino iLod kbuLir* aiid Ia ati important ACqr linrards the woii-
ticm (jf ihi- Bmoko tbflltulty in towns.
I
I
4
OAd BSOCVBSlta AVD UAKA9BB9.
sea
Taking iu lulviLQtu^od m thuau rcepvcte into aoooiuit, thoro is
cco&oTcy ill its omplovnuMib evcti vrht^n, uh in ecattorod itiHU'icU. it»
Uie prioo of ga£ is comparfttJTtlj low, tbero \9 a pooitivs «conotny
iu iU ifdopliou, bcj(j&d Ui« epoclal rccifUimocdatioQe nanicd.
Tb« muktifkc^urv of 5:iiiB-f!n^;lii«d \vAa &t first continod to the
miAiler ilzef, from ore man powtir to ]0-}jor£i^ ^wer, but now hit^t^T
QSM «qiul CO AJi high m lOO^orae power nrn boiuft icftd«.
InftooptiiiK thi^ motOFi n^itl^cr boiler nor cbimcicy arc ro^uirod,
■nd haaoe it gqi] b« empJojod is buildings, and m ontcf tho-wDv
Domftni in RidnbliithmooU wfient a st^jLm on^iu^ b iiItD^iitliiu^ Uittil-
mijuiblc. It i-i lUwayH nvnilablo for work cJi tbo ^^pvomg of ft Iftp,
and it fcoo on working oonLinticiiigly day \tv\ ni^bt with tbc tu&al pofl-
ioblo Altetitiou, Moreover, the pcrcciitjL^ ijfUcienuy of Uits i^ibtf-tfllgilio
bgrttftUy in uxovm of that evolved by Uio stisini motor.
Aa ft T«n(U&tEQ^ aguQt tbu ^a-duiuu 11^ of ttL<] ^Toatudt ii8«, and in
roOTOfl wb«n th<f inctLns of ventilAtioo nru prorided it pruinotoa thotr
effioiDuay. ULuugli it lius not bu4>ri employed in tluK ilin-(3li<iu m eiteo-
llToly ftd iu merttH doiarvj). In spacious UKftumbly rooms \he ^
*' SuUiglit," or the '* Beh-onomtiTc " bK-bt, wjtb Uiuir vcmtilfttiDK
tubtui, may b« n^comiUtmdeJ aa suparior t^ aoiy obhor mtilbod of at^'
tlc'ial li^htin^.
One of thfr best mothode — porbape tluf vary boit metbod — of redact
intt tbo proportion which oapttiti (^ipeiidiUro ta gas-worka bears to
rovoini^, is to CEikival« a dA> cons iimpt ion of^at, by afTordinE £iai-
litiFiit for nnd t{Drni;raf?in^ in eivi^ry ]^gitimjif,fi way tlia waq of gas for
COokiD^* haatitii^, vtrjliUiiitig, and ntntiviH pnwor-
This policy, if pnfdnoi] Eo A encceasfal issnc. is Tiriaally to reduce
th« pcKint/Lge of ciLpiUJ in i\iv profjtirtini> nf hncb con 1(11111 ptioiii
b&(^ihtiS4T ihe pUnt itf hmnght to hsiir in t^ftruing pfoftt danng tJi* day*
light iLE wuil 01 in tb<j b^hting houra,
The vxptrimonbd cd pp. 804 6. jdiowing tho adi-anUgcn of oooking
\jj muntiFi af i^fia, uri? t|Liubtid by Mr. Willmm C*4krr, in ttiHortioloutillua
fiubjecl in ''King * Tnjuliio/^ VoL m., pp. 2S2-4 :—
I
M
HBWBtOQl»0'S Ei:«DD0OS POft
COOKING BY MEANS OF GAS.
^Mr. MjUikw OioK^c, in hie Tork "On tb« AdruiU^?ae of Oftt for
Cooking and Healing/')
Ga4 *a 4*. Si, per 1000 cvhk /mC.
JeUiL
1I& o».
Tfn«.
WvUbe
Oil au.
of
VTiltbL
IbA. OH.
DM
at
04*,
0.
IiDK of Mubtau
6 u
£
20
7 5
«
7*
u
ft-n
lUtH ar B«r .
10 14
a
87
9 101
fii
u
M
a'43
Iiagqf Uatboti
e 7
fl
90
8 G
G T|
VI
4ft
fl-tt
Bitot of B«aF .
11
z
tt
B la
H
IH
la
«-H
an 64
a& fll
"
1 at
It lat
m
fi-n
I
Ccal at dfltfi fj^r (tm. (Oubkn.)
iBlbL
IbLon^
Wfllctb
vKafi
Iba.Diit.
W(!4(t:il
Lou
pf
4-
LctofMuUoE
Hlb<orB»( .
Log cf Matwo
ItitaorSMt .
£ It
10 U
9 la
I!| ft
a 00
Q 4S
g CO
7 Oi
a ID|
a
11 IS
8
e
10
ti
T|
141
1 a
16
as*
W
SO
a- 36
aw
asfl
oao
o-eo
aao
O-flO
3 U
an
4-oa
41 Ul
■>
aa at
L IS
3 7
itei is-ei
S'OO
u-at
Thefi& oiperlmenta w*re made tweuly jeaiB ago, with the itDperfeet
apparatus of Ihot Utoo. Tbo followmf* were male in 1879'8I> :^
GAS ENGTNEEBS ASD UXSAQEJt^
Wfi
I
^
b
si
sis
1%
a * * S 5
O o o a o
^*S!l
s I s
as
111
1
m
3*2
S3»
8 8 8 S S S 8 a^SSi^
4s 33 o tfrnot-H
3=: ^ a
tfi e* A d»-9>-i
tJ — rH Qn — —
1^ t- t- 0D»4
O *< *4 XJCvflH
<3 O ►^[jfr*'^
^
m
1
3 *
a 4
1
"1
P4
ul
^3E?
3
s&
7
B
■a
3
S S 3 SS99
fill
i22
5*2
=
to
3>
2
9
n 4 p 99^00
1
woo
o
90
o
o
o
a
s
O O O OQO
S e A 009 >
« « S"**
A' —
= f
I-
X X
5 = 2
XX
*
Tp a> 3 -4^^
— r^ ^ 31 -^ S — --. r^ ac(^
XJCM KX K XXX X>X
SS 3 S S £^ ^ S » SfiS Z
XXJ< XX X XXX XX K
S5 §
S 3
± n PI 44 *S(A
NBWBIGOINO'3 HANDBOOK FOB
i
s g a
1 I s
I
■- -8
»
3 'S.
2 a?
3 J
1.
gel
2
S S
&
3 S ^ S S
I— 4 4£ <<» Sf
C4 gj CD CO o
^ o a o I-
£
r- C4 <D
e ct
o « C4 a ^
i-l (H
4 at
QAS EHOIKEBUS ASD UASAdH&S.
•ar
THE RESIDUAL PRODUCTS.
It is ^\j InicoiDiiig moru iiniwraliru on Ihn Oiu Munagf^' tn do aW
tlmt in bin powar U«a Io promote tb« InturQiiti of tho uo^nruking
undcT.bis obdr^-Cp by otilizu^ tie Kesidu^J Produote of gan niauuioiotars
bo tlio ulmoeit <-it«iit.
11 in a remurk&bli! fftct tUnt tbore ue no wafite prodnctu in n propfrrly
Moduclfld gu-worke- TIia cobt^ bnese, Ur, ammoDi&flaJ liquor,
vnlpbur, spent lim«, retort oarboQi and aTen th« ulinkt^r ocicl uh frnm
tLu furudcea ^re all maiketable. AOd tberafore of mum ur Ivbb \a\uiu
Tbe tlTjp hiukt from ibn rfttort Kiiuik !■ oveD utilized for the gCOetflUon
of 8teftnt, aud in c^m rntort funuce wh«re the re^CFfttin or nBton-
Gobi, H ordinuitj produood, ia Dot veil ^upt^d for domestic utte,
Ibr kibabmvri. fur uhr Ui grecuLoufieK, or stoves in ^'EnnrnJ ; And. Ea
eoniMif^ucnoo, iU bbIo if oflvn ro«ilri<^t«il. To randier it auiublij tor
tliusc purpoAOfl, it required to be broken Into f ioco3 of staaller luicl
WltoTiMror muiLTis Imvu ho^a adapted for tliiR purprMu, iAm nrtioJe ban
boon founil to command a ready «a1o ; and iuntcad of mountama of
coke in ovciy avnUablo eorner of tbo work?, the mritonal 19 cUt%rv\}
Qoi alnuHft aa ^uiokly aa iG U producod.
The labonr and tneonvenlerkce nnd eitormouA wnau attendant 00
aiaekmg &ru tbas avoided, tho proruieeti oao it kept in better order,
and Lhv reveau« U auj^mentodH
Fur brt-bkiu^ Qiv coku by iiand. Mi. Benuutl recomuiviidM a bamm^r
ibe form abown in Fig. Wt, with a cblje] edge at ou& end, and four
'fronK< at Ibo oihijr.
A machine for brcnkinj; ooko 19 made by Measrs- Smitb, Beacock
and TaiKiett, of l*^. This is uaed by Mr, Sellers at Lha York fin*.
Works, tvbo gives the ooat, and dcflcnbos the advantages atbonding
"Tbe OQgiaB in 4'borac verticrhl) and breaker, and fiLLin^ up i>t
«anD9, coat £14S; being, for tliL- engine, £10H, tlip brenki^r, f2S. and
fitting ap, £7- By plucin^ ibe cnffine and hroakcr ufwii one frame,
■o thai botb could be moved upon otiC) set of wiiccl^. the cofil would tw
inaMnaJly roilaced, and Uic working vury murh improved. Tbe
maobine, when at full work, will bn-ak 20 Ujoj* fif coke p^r flay. We
bav<i one txian to look ufior tbo enf^'icio, nnd two to fo«d tbe
machine; but aa tbe fint named ia not fully oeoapi«d witb iht
, lie asaistf tUa other two in hulping oarloni ta pni ibe
rar JE
^K-ooniM!
^Htbuec
bo
CO
H^«o
XSWBlGGatGS SAXDMMft «at
btdkm tokm iota bi^ to^ lb« net coel oi aXX wfakli b^ ftl. ptr Im
lo Ifae fries. Hub ia tuMJiiig ft lew of coke, thtm\ 1 cwL ;rinii
l*"?"C*' Um ftereen, sttd ie void ft« bvweo At li. 0d. par lea, or, mj,
U<pcravt. The rcttl nooUr l^eraTon, of breakmjc om atftoda thtu ;
Vit >vU mir tmbnikvn oiki} At lOa. per lou, uid limhru at IQk. dd.:
Ili9 8d. added b«iDg Sd. nt ion for Uboor,
Bxut Mho converted inlomOBO brbrMkbu.
Iea« ]d> reocmd for brMce per toa of oon
broken. The cost of mAinU'nui^v offm^at
uid broker ve conaider ia toon Ihui re
oCHipod bx> fir^ tho siTiuK of l&bour IbftI
would hsTe beeti emploj^e^ in louHog llu
iwkc if it IliuI Dot been bn^kfin ; w^eWtSfy,
the sftnag of U)« coet ia kboxir ftjod dtpr*-
elation of ?Ucld»g Uio coke if ii were Ml
9old ; ftDcl, Uiir'Iljr. tlie n^vaniage gmiiud In
gvlting rid of tbe ook^, «a u to enalile 110 |o
incuntEUU our price of liH^ per ton, for mm
OUT umuAl make of C4>k« &^r old ft rtdoO'
(iun irf Ifl. pirr Ion would tnllicb n low of
£600 tt ;ru&f."
AjioiLkt oscollont «oko breaker u> UuM
derived hy litsAn, TLoniaa uid Souiurvillou
Fm m '^^^ machine K<|iurcd ^cry Lttl* pow«r lo
drive it, tD'3 the wMto of coke by lU nf» it
icmnrkably smftlK At n trial of LLc mocbiac ut the Old K«at Softd
vorkd, tbe follow mg rcBulla wore obUunvd : —
V.
SOU foot of gw (toc^UDod by & ^-borse iiowor g%e
eucruiCt ftt cost price of g&i delivered m colder .
Oil and ootlon iva«i« ....
Two men supplying nia.duiie with large ookc», and
allOVoUing up Wokon, at 4 b. t>d D
InteTMl «JLd wear &nd tear (sayj
f
I
Total por dny 10
For BO tonj] of colco brckon per duy at tho rate of .
Ad^ foi loBB by dnit lind wnctc, 1 cwt. witli price of
coke tt («ay) 18t4. 4d. iior ti>n OS
CoQt of bruoldng, pur ton
o&a ENOiiJi£uua a«d uanaobrs.
Tht ooko thun monipnUtod hnda it rcftdj taid ooiutaiit market ub
qnieldj u it la pTo^uoea. tlio renult bobg &n average tiot guu of 1b. 4)d«
per tcni of cvka.
Cclu, ImniMUately OIL bulng al^kwl with water, wui^fbi iLbout 15 ptrr
o«ot. more thmi whon ucaiiLhtd ; Ibo bulk of tUu moLBturUi bowewr,
cvoporakH— about 3 per Cfjut, culj b^iiiK retainod,
A ton of (Hike is ftbohib ft cLaldron miH a half.
A oholdroo of coke varies in wdigUl from J 1^ to 15 ewt.
For Che qaonttt^ of ooh« produced by difleroct coaUt aoe tbe tablM
on pages S le 4S.
Co*il Tar,
Tlio jieU of Ur Crom eoal [ler Ion id gas-worba rangflo up to Ifl
gallonfl, W)Cl from uauuel uu to hbout 17 t^lona. The avtrmji: pro-
dtKUot; iu utM'Tvorks tlirou^'li04t thi^^^uimLrj wilJ iiot«ici.-ed 11 ^'ullonft
per ton. The total prodiiutiou of ooal iar in the UdiI^iI Kingdom in
pr^Uhly about :>mj.U(X) tonsp
The iitJli£ftlioii of tbo fc^r for lis producta is not pursued at many
igu-woiks. bhoLisb it b done til a fvw, and If well manit^) it ia ik
■OUToe of proi^t.
Oonfiidorably moro skill and oar« are r«([uiFod ui tb^ diatiliotion of
tor tbftu in \h(i lunntifacturo cf sulphate of amiaoiua; nevertheless, it
\s ^nSv to predict Uiat linforo many years have elapaed, tliis branoh of
pnetiool obomiBtry win be widely praotised on those gas-works whare
there is epoee And eonv4>iiieiiae.
The maaiLfscturc on gas^worka may be wisely restricted to Uie dis-
ttJlation of ths tar for the light and heuvy nila, an<{ tlif production of
pilch >
The principaJ dangers to be apprehended in the process are the
lealdii^ ot boiling over of ilie stiLlg and the firing of vnpuui's, caiuing
«onfiumtion> and the stoppage of the pipe pudSiLg^a with iu>cri^tioiu
of eoAid matter, ciiielly naphthaline, resiUting in cxpksion ; but these
dOAgor^ con bo minimiiod, i^r altogether nvcrted. under proper soper-
rision. imd by the une lA elUL-ient appanUuH.
The HpedfV gravity of tar proda^'ud from ordinary coal rmig«s itotn
Mao to M50 ; that from oannol oo^, from -980 to 1060.
TABLE
Jrt<m iJit Ihsiillatum nf lO^Om ff^WMM f^ Caa I Titr, (f>r, l^lli^>}j.)
AoQmoiilK«Uiqat>r . . 340 Oflalii
Solraqt naphtha * .
o-e^Ua
40 pu ouL bntO'lfl ' ^ 91'4 >.
Lut rufiuinu ^ . .
190 „
M „ „ . > A»'I „
. 3018-1 .>
Pltflb
n u
m
mV&lGOISG^ aAJtPBOOX FOX
TABLE
S k0 ^ Wf Of Amofi Pert^tUayf »/ tAt rr^meU O^tattud from 100 Tvm
4
Uvbl cdU ud carbolic wikd . .
Pitah -
WMarftHlkiii
f-0
ma
000
100
lOO-O 100^
Mr. C. Cterillc Williatnn icniaiks \" King's Tr^tiac/' Vol HI..
p, ^I J thai — ■* The working r«ulU tu \^ oLuined from s eh&Tg* cil
1200 g&tlooa raiv m f^ukUj, ^ccordiiif; to the nature of tfac Car aoI
the CEir« iHtb which th^ difltilUUon boa }>coq mode, that it is exceed
uiglv difljcull to ^\t^ a.u\ am^rngi^ which iviU he ^tigfjicUiry to <liRlUI«ra
111 diffprent parU fif th^i counlry. The following figures ar^ plikocd
Ajdti by aid« ju cxUomij c&ficfi " :—
■Hi 1f<a»f>ilMw_T
157
101
aS0
tda>
3'fla
10
OD
IN
u
I
TbU in ntftdu of Uio hrvu2L% luheSp and diokdr of gwi-Aorkc Afid mill
furnucoa. nloDg vitfa tfliin^lo or oOAnuly-gtound granite, tnii^od wlUi
coal tar.
A r/tku fin; \a Gr»t m&do ciu tlie ground* &uil die Aolid mETt^di^nlH
nddcd rui tliu h4>at ponotr&t«8 througli tli« mu«B, uutil suffiojcoit balk
of the ni&'jcml 16 rcod/H
If |jtcfurrvd> ur if a laij^u <juu]ttl(> uf uiutenul Lilh Lu Lb dru'd vid
liOftUt^. 3l ruiKi^rt flliflf*t--irnn floor mnv hfi nifule, Hiipporteil on brick*,
vith tbo ooko liro ii?id<Tiiefit]i ; or a pcrmarcikt ^rc-briok floor ma; be
cci]«lruct«d. ramiiicd wilb ^uce aiidtim«ftth Icodxnjc to & cLiniaejr. tnd
having a Are ^ctnte ai oite i!]i<l.
In lh& mpATitiTiie, whjkt the oolid ingraditfiita a.ra b«tng dri(»d Uld
liiLiUid, tbo Ur is being boiled, uid, when ready, tho Ivro ai« tAken
OAS BSOIXHBRft AND MAKAOBBS.
m
snd inUod togothtr in smftU heaps (e»y about Ibroc ordiiuiFy barrow
Imwiii^ in tbc proportion by meaiure of I part tor to 7 ports solid*
Tbc wliulc ir* i\ivn LuniHl ovt^r iitimudidlal}' urbilsL hot, and
Chorougbl^ tnii^d, nntll 6very particle of tho £olld iugradiootA hnff
Tccoived a. oofbtiit^ of tor.
The miikt?il uialarinl is tben floHed iuto tLree a^iJamti^ htaiHt of
^B<?ii9,t^d fin^n^Sri, by paadiiig it thmiif^b two «l?vfi4 villi j-iri«b and
|-inch iu««b&9 le^cctn^el}'- It is now r«adjr f^r u^o, and nmy bu laid
Gotm at ouc^r or kept iji stock for n RhoH timo uikbil lui^uii^.
It ia [iT&ferred by Ktme to soti tbir vnbd inifn^liikiit^ before? mi ling
with the tar, us the latter in liable to a]ag t\if ei^x-^a. In thU oaee aa
ordinary screen* j 1110U batwc^ tbs bars, dcd supported at ao angle,
js employ^; and all tbat pctaaos through it in allorAvar^s ndified
thrciigh a {-iuuli sieve,
Tb^ three different grades of material arc ih&n dried and made hot
AS ijesci-ibod, and thorougUy Eoixod with hot tar m these proportions : —
1. Coarse rnalerial
2. Hiddlitiga ,
Sh Fine material
I ) part tar
or 1U gale, tar to 1 ton aolid.
or 80 ,. 1
orfifi
parts solid
] part tar
7 parts solid
( 1 part Ut
{ parts solid
The footpath being properly kcrbod, thp nppcr odge gf the Htones
standing 3 Indies ibova the Bulid bottom at the uiLth, the rough pre-
pttred muteiml, No. 1, i& put down 2 iuohcu thi<-V; then No, '2 ikboui
i iiiob thick, and tinally No. 3 about i inch tbioh- Each layer t.s it Is
put down is rolled with n lO'Cwt. roll«i until thoroughly qotihoII-
dat«d. ComcTB which caitnot h«L reiu4ied by Ut4^ rullvr, muat be con-
HoLdated by puuumg. Derbyshire spar or tiuo granite sprinkled over
(he surface improves the afipeararK^c of the pavement.
Tiiree tons of the rough (No, 1) and IJ tone of the fire [irepntL^J
toaierial (No«. S and ^) will oover CO vqiiare yards, or a lootpatU
2 yards wido and 80 yards long.
Amrrwmiifaf LifU^t
^S^ aTOonnt of liqnor obtained np to tha outlet of the scmbberr.
per ton of coal cnrboninod, vnnos from lA to i& i^^allona of 10-ok-
Htrcng^Lh^ d«pcndin^ on the cln-ttf cf ooal U6cd<and the efficii^acy of the
uppniatny for arrc^ating Uir ammonia*
Tiie product of nmmofii]u?al wntur or Lrjuor, when iroalod with
aotphonc aoid, is sulphate of ammonia ; vrlum treated irith muriatic
<ff fiydrochlom aoid, it ia muriate) of ammonia, or sul amnigniac.
A n S
L
KEWKfiGlSa'S BAXDBOOa POB
Tlw moafaclara ol solplnto of
liqoor ia iMtbMoouDgscncnlui gat-wwtt. >ttd |>t^iriy a» m the
pwiPiM is bodi «i&i|ic ftad proAtobk. Pbftt it mu^l b« more inrafitoUe
lo «M lilt liqaor at llie plM« of prododuxt Uiui a4 & djHiftiice »«&j.
ii avidml, uking inui accooDt the rarmf of tke ttd of tmispon of t.
n« m«r»tii# reqoirtd u neither compliotccl iior GOsUy ; Uw proc«M
it bm mm ^nger ^Uumgb fatal acddeata have occurT«d Uuouyli
oarcJeamcv, or the cm of iniperfFet appBanc**). and an intalligrat
laboimr can Icani it in Jcoi tliao a weed's tuna.
In actDAi pracrtLea (nsitig roomd fiffona) it a hoai tLal
I tOD nf aVfiTagi> gan real jields 28 Ib!^ of eulphate of aflnnania.
100 toon ., ,, J|tJ3D£ » ,,
10} tonH 42201 f^aU.i amino&iacal
liquor* A" TwaJiIoL jidd 1 (on
Tbo atroDgtli, aod oonBaqoGiit voloe, of ouuooniacal liquor* ia oom-
mesif ■aofrtaiLed Iy Tnaddtf]'^ bydnno^taf. and alao hy Uie quuilJli
of raplntric &rld nV t^i^^ apMriAc gnvity IMfi rFMjnirpd to n^ntraliu
tbe unmonia cootaiDcd in one gallon.
Each dtgn« (jf TSvadd^l is eqtial, aa oftarlj afl poeaibloi lo fi oob of
ac£d p«r gaEIoii uf Uur liquor; Lvfice an««« Iho deacripuon of iU
vaJo^: —
WaUr or 5 dcgr&cA Tvoddol ie oolkd 10 ox. liquor.
If O »i It Is If
If I ■• If ^"fl
And BO on, at tb« r&to of fi OTmc-oe for each dc^crco. iio that lO-oa.,
l^'U^M, or 14'OX,, liquor uieana aminonihcal littuor of lucli n Mran^tb
that tO-(W', Ifi'OK-p or M-az. of nnlpburii! acid, of tbv Epudfir f^rav^tj
of tH4£, are required to nctjtralizc tho ammonia contained in a jcallcn
of it.
To oonvctrt d«|[ro(i9i of Twaddd'H hydtcniutor mlo spvciftc Rrmrity,
multiply tUo numbor of d^groos bj 6, and add 1000 to Uii^ proJtict.
Ekaki-li;.— TwaddelCySH-lOOO— lOSOepedfic gmvitj.
To convart epociHo gravity i^to d«gT«0Bo( Ti^dcK daduoC lOCXJ
from tbe «p«oifio gravity, and divide tbe remaindor by G.
ExA»n.v.— SpecUIo ^viiy 10aO-1000'^5=C de^reea of TV^ddel.
To determine the weiglib of a gallon of amiuoijIacriJ liquor of any
9tr«nfith, find tJici specific p-avity hv the above role. This ttiU
roproeont tho numbc^r of ouncoa avoirdupde m weight p&r cable f^^ot.
Drride by 1 G io ajwerlairk t))c number cif poundn per cubic foot, and by
6'ttS (^lon« per cubic foot) for tbo weijfltt of ft ^itoii uf Uie Liquor.
OAfi BKat!irE£Ba AKC UAKAOBRSh
an
(ixA)4-IO00= liyiB, spcciHc gnivitv and weight per oabia foot
in ounces bTgir^u|ioi£>
^^^ = 64068 lbB,por cubic fool-
?!???= 10-26 lbs. weight per gallon of lO-oa. Uqiwr.
Or Itb weight ToAj be found raord expnditioaalj by the luU givan
iniintiliatelj after Uie ncit Ubla on jmge 874-
It in well knonit tbEil LhQ groat4^r Uie prof orlion at iLmmonEncnl ^fi
vontuned in a pure BoluUon^ the Icb£ tUo doneit^ or ^pccitic ^i^vilj of
joch solution- How lljeu, il maj be aekcd. ia Uie appB-reut conlra-
diction tf) ho eKplained, thiLt tlie larger the qR&nUt} of atnmoDift
The «xpJunatioc is to bu foutifL in blic^ circuuistant^ that ^aa liquor
(its not a sohjLiciii of luiimonia piirs and Bimple. but ooiitalna other
faiHjn in aolntion, and in coDibinaHon with the ammoiiifl ir tbe term
tt baIu, which inorotiflo ^ts floooifio gravity ; and th« naore auimonia
lienor oontaiiia, the greater ta itn power of orroatuig and abaorbiitfr
Bneh olb«r ^nea.
tiinby TiMwoQ of this latter meDtone<3 f^t that Twaddel'? hy^m-
WUir 19 tolentod &0 ft g&uge of the etrooj^th and lolue of tbe ammo-
lUftool tiqaor of iTM-worka, At (he boet. however, ite emptoyment
&r thin purpose in very unjutiiafftcfnor^.
Tlie method of teeUn^ by smtnratung the liquor with sulphuric add
is att improvement on the hyirc^niotor ; but even that b iicpcHcct, ar
botf been pointed oi^t by Mr- GravUln. ivhr> ascertained by cxpcrimcutA
ulue different Humpies of liqunr that iLnuvtrnge at'l2H pur ti-iit- uf
MUnoviia preci^nt in oombinalion tvjLs net indicated by lb6 ooid'
_TO» EOode of testing by Mr. Thomfts 'VViUa bicuIs tho dtmoultr.
Hill pliui la to mil with tlie IJquor a caustic alhah for which the acidB
of tbrt jwha contained in the liquor have a atronyer nfTinrty fbnn for
the nTninonia with which they aro combmed. On IJje mixiuro beiB^
fltronjfly beati^d. the falts are decompoHcd La presence of thfi caaatic
ftllnUi : and the ammonia U driven off m the gaseous r^tale, and heiia^
conveyed into a aolntion of anlphurio acid in secured rs sulphate of
JimincDJa. This tiud the other uietboda of tealing are fully detailed
by Ui'> Hartley in his bruckiirs oa " Ammonia Llqi:ior Teatv."
TABLB
JfJUnmff bU S^^ Ontfity, FF^^ ptr CVUc Foot, Wtifht prr (htUm,
S'
OaUul
Tw«4dM
paODMcKa
^0»w
AiObdtvvM.
AfoMipalh
a
1«I0
JO-O
^
Iflt
ioa-«
10-ttS
M
!
jooas
lOOU
I
la
lfl»
10-efi
4i
lOtt
10- u
3
m
lovr^s
10 ^?i
m
u
lOOT-t
10-0t«
1
14
lOTO
10 T
90
a
1010
lO'I
i
144
lora-fl
10 -:2s
M
fti
ioia-«
10' lis
A
iV
]it;»
10 "36
BO
a
lOU
uu
4
M*
lOT7->
10-m
dt
>i
lOU'S
10- m
7
la
ion
10^
sa
«
jaao
lQ-1*
S
1H|
lOtt-fi
iD-ais
St
44
im-a
lOHO
9
17
lOM
10«
H
»
uv
10-»
10
in
U»T-&
10-076
»
H
iitfia
lO'KTt
u
19
ino
10-4
M
4
ica>
10- a
13
1S4
ion-0
10 90S
ar
HI
]tta-«
10' 996
13
ID
low
ID -05
>»
T
lUft
in-sft
U
IB*
ia»7-5
J0^W7S
>»
7*
]ca7«
10-97A
lA
m
1100
ao
40
a
1040
10-4
Id
m
llOtt'O
ii-oas
41
at
tcua-»
10- Hi
17
Q\
IIO(
11 'OB
a
»
10«
10- 4A
IS
ail
iioi-a
u-0/4
4*
fi
lM7-«
lO'tTA
10
St
1110
n-i
44
M
iwo
10- ft
«1
Sft
iiTs-a
fl-lflS
a
m
18£'
10 AAA
u
sa
ILU
U'lB
41
U
lO'li
a
431
lllT-S
a -175
47
H*
lOBTA
10-&TA
fti
M
IIW
a -a
4ft
U
1000
JOS
M
tt
UflC
11 ■»
fi
I
■
^F
^^^H
^^^^^H "^^^^B
Hi^HI^^^I ^^^^^^^^1
^^^ »uATw^ir«3 AUD UAITAOBII. «■ ^^|
[□ BouuiTio'^ Hj'<Irom<?ter> which wa^ IIlv Hmt StiHtrumuul of iti^ V
kiud, tbiidiviJionri ujo tquidmUnt ; and it bualwo moJ-.^aof ^^rjuluatioa ^^H
ftcoordiJig oaib id intcndeil for liquids heaYJer or ti^ULur thaii vater* ^^H
TbiH iiiatfujucttl x\f thb oixo [Jtiiiojpiilly iu n^e on Ibe OnatiutfjiL. ^^^|
/?/uuifi^' I{\/ilrtimptrr I'umjiarfd witti Sp^ijifi (irtirUif, ^^H
^ jiw Li^mdt Htatwf than IVat^r. ^^H
r^tf^m^ f evrdOo
D<«rH«
BfHUa ^^1
BtlUiqi^
^^B
t-ooo
flS t'FOe
A3
1030 ^H
1
IDOT
S7
1 ^m
aa raas ^^H
fl
1-OU
SB
1 SOS
1 CAl ^^H
1
I'OUU
ad
I'Cin
ttTt i-avj ^^B
4
10^
AO
1 Ma
1 oai ^^H
1'0»4
Ul
I'flM
&? ] -fH» ^^H
e
1 041
iU
ruff/
AH l'H17 V
7
1 0*0
aa
lOTT
a]» imu ■
fi
1 OAe
ai
1388
fio I'aaa |
«
t '(ir>.s
»^
l-'MI
Ai i-b7a ■
10
i«70
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fiBWB10<liyO^ BAVnSOOK w
Hr- W. AnoU gh«i th« bUowine Men] dfrieckttf fertbttppBoi-
tacoi of wMbitkb €4 "■*™****» in ■criOBUBn, and ft fiat of the craw lor
fatofcala nf ■mmOWH ia cum of U» raocA powvM fcriHif^n knovn
uneiani BciMtM^ U k cf^cciftllj ri«h m lutragw ; uid vbtn Q0«1
«illMr bjr tudf or is MojoDcfioa with CkrojM oMBon. tia g«e^
•fieeto m vriMea bo fJatolj, b belter qoAliH and Wk«Jj tacreiMd
mil <ir<iani, thai bo fumft who hu om«' uvea k wHI ^tm give it ap,
but will, on dtM toMnrjj uidsaIIt inoreaw its ui^ uoon his &ita.
WImb bonxbt at fint han^ l>oca a £M-worka, wliutc ol amtmfinifc
ia gvfemBiMd to eonUia swra ihan tw$m t$ ptr€tmL ^mtn^a^ Hcccc
its exevlUot ^Betit opon ftU «cnii crops, wfilcb U chUHT «xp«iidnl in
iniiTiiOiiC lli» yidd of ffninv hot not tlic etfsw ; ani iher& s. thf -
for*, mvclt Um nak of *" lodcng '* from hcarr aou. Tlib ie » vecy
hBpoftBfit advwDtafe. Then, manaxe ikb in oiUugei) ittcrcftAee 1d»
propontoti c^f fflutcn in cereals; and thii hicrw Ja ttoled by BotMifal"
»(aaJt to be u ta^ich &a 10 per e^nt. Hith an iBeriMe, tberaConi of
10 ptt cent, lh qtutLit/ aud of 20 per ccsit. In peld. thfi UM ot aulphttte
nf amtiiamiiou^htti) Ijt iii[!rrAiv«3 u^ufnld, to Ilia gnat ailTaota^ ofUw
Kn^iafa fLrmci, for l.>oth m&y be dt^c.
Tno most su^LaUc drcBotD^ ta one of frora 2 to 3 owt. nrMOTi
jmxtd with an o^ual wcigbl of &i« iry HbtLh oi ;&b<l, and applied
aarlj in thn ipricg (-tay Sfarcli or April), id tn<»Ht r:ir »tiow«n/ w«alli«r,
Lt abotild he tborougbly niiiC'i lu i b^ru or drv bLM ; sua, if al all
lunpy. UiAleo with a etove], And paased tliroti^L a l6-m«4h hddk.
Jt vfiuuld be: i-arufijJy Aovia by b&ad . or> li in larve quHuLJUbftp witli a
manuTu drill. If wheat is to b^ grown entirely wilh Aolphate of
ami&oaiii. itis tt^ttcrtoput itonin twodreanDga — one half in atttman*
Eud Uic oilier bilf in spHnK-
Uplaml or id^ow (cntRs, wheat, bwloyp oaU. r^re, colEa. bempi,
mangel wTjn«1, cabbng«fi, hopn, garden produce gcnt^rally. aitd ban-
root (wli«D i^roHii for Aiigftr). are tlie crops most lar^ly benefited by
Uiis iijftuar« ; t^imply bi^CAtiRO uitrogcr, which is iti dommiu:ib c]cnt«nt.
i>nt(T0 Iflfffply into tlifir compo^Uicn- For iiiBtuiiius i-a\'.a, Wilp. uut
bMtroot require &a.ch of them 70 Ibe. per acr« cf itLtrogou lo produ^a a
foU and hcal^y crop ; wheat. !t^ ibar, ai;d barley, outu, and ry«, 95
lbs, pvT acre <tach-
BeUiDK, pftM, aainfoin. or clover, in whidi potaeh fs thedom£^&^tal«'
monti are not bonofitcid by an ippticjLtion of «u]phat« of aiomooia ; bat
^most aJI other oropji IhiLt can be grown wJll richly rq»ay tta iwo.
In rhe num of n crrup Uiinned out by wirewoiin, the ruva^ce of bud»
or i£iiu»ctv. or by u flov«ra u^inkr. thj> application of 'Z cwt, f>f milphst*
of ftiBiaonin oarly in tho ppring, aud li|;blJy harrow«d in, will, in many
UAB KHUIS&RBB AND UAX&6KE8.
srr
I
(MM, Oftnm ft crop tb^t looked only fit to plough up, to tiller froely.
«nd gmw nwAj mUi & full yi<ild of corn for thn district -
Mr. MftgnuK Obr«ii aULei^ t1)4> ci^iLct ^juBntUj' of flulpluto of Ammonia
vhioh h& conaiAiiTe is rvqairtid for di£rcrent orop:i. rvi foUowe : —
For Oran Uimi, — l^cwt- per acve. io bo put on Lho laud in the
mantli of April, befora ur Hfi:er u tihow^r of r^in,
For Whtat, Ofitt, ifnd }iitrlty.^^l cwt. por acre For whoat. in April ;
1 cwt. per acr« for oittft, in April ; 1} cvl. pi^r rtcrc for barley, in April.
For Tiits.^! bushi^I on \he vm« liurdvri Lt;hcly furked in* iu ILq
moDthd of Mftrch> Apri], May, itnrj .S^pt^mber. ThiaqiiaiUitj(l bushel)
to bo for tlie QDunahmeat of foLU' vines.
F*>r Qnujn BcJj'.—A good spnnkJing over tbe b«da two or tLroe
tilDM (luring the growth of Litp outnns.
For Pntatttt. — \\ cwi. per acr^* as a top dreBsing, before th&httiilmfl
ftpMor aboT« ground.
ror ttrtrnhr-iuc Plaaln, — A Urge teacupfil in a bqcbet of wAter, to
wjitnr tilt grt^riihousti pWtH with Iwii^eii weitlc. Not to beuaed, how*
mar, for heaths, rhododendron a. or orchids.
Far I'Mrh, J/'hVoI, Piiaa, L'Hrrantt an4 iioinn^b^rry Trca, — A aimilar
Bolntion to thai given for greenhouse pluita, ia the mocthA of March.
April, u,nd Mny, Rose tretiB and garden pliints genefullj lire benefited
hy the tioe of thd Evolution- C^iUty^ oiLUbugoa* and tiauHdow^rs aUo
grew woU wiien watered with tli* aolution.
For f/«f R'i\m\tj i'f Utti!tliij i'UrUs jrom StrrJ^. — Sprinkle a good
Sutntitf of the Bolphute on the tetd hvAs. an<l then water thorn ll wet^k
Dforj> tiowing iba itmiia, Mcloiie Lind ououmbijr plaota alao iLto much
fc«ncfiU'd by tlie eulpbutc of Jiminonm.
S*oU.—Ml vH^aLniiirn, BAueptina he&thaH rhoJu^leiidruuB, unil oiuhida,
r«Qd«red mor« Iniun&Dt, hoaltnier, and i:one«qi:tentlv fr«er from the
otivo ftttacka of Jn^cuts, by Ibo iiso of sulphAte of ammouia. In
iprin^ of thti yejif vti^etati^n rcqiiir«s a condensed anlidopbic Aud
nshirit' foorl to enable i^ to withet&nd tlm blighting vfTvcts of the
north -^nfli^rh windd, which, being the leaet eleclrioslof^llha winds,
tower iu viuuity, <uid Ibas conduce to disoaae,
SpfiJt tfriif'- t'f froit,
The OiM« of iron used in ga^ puriScAtlon mfty he conatdered m
"spent" when tlie quantity of free auEphur contninod in it rnngoa
between 4£ &nd 55 per ceat> by woighl of the whole hulk of Ilia
materia).
Although by conUnning to nae it the proportion of sulphur can bo
, 1, itia not economical to do tbi^ beyond a cortuin tioml, im the
purifiers would bftve to bo changed more frequently, (vna the 1-^
r^uirftd for that purpose would bo out at proportion to til
derived. If, bowiever (eee anit p. 18€), a email propcrttcoi
m
NBWSIdSlNO'B HANDBOOK VOB
Ogtlgoa LB AtfiLl ihrou^ iba purifiers aIoqj; with the gu, r^Tirilifuktvii]
in «au is eS^eotod, aiw the onde cui be charged with 76 per cc^t. of
&M0dph«r.
In ftddiiion lo tha solphnr, the spent oii<l9 uvq&lly'contiiiQs a aouU
percentage of salt'4 of iinimaTUA» and some ififlolnblfl ojTAnidei of trra,
which are of valuo^
Tho fpenb oiitie ia generally flold at per miii of coaUlned vntphur.
Mr. Andrew SwiphensoD tiae demised n hruidj D|)piu(it(ifi (Fig' 103},
for cstimntiDg the iimoiiTit of solphiir in the oiide. and gives the fol-
lowing InaiructiaDS for u&ing thf same : —
Weigh 100 grama of spent oiide, dry at £13' Pohr,. aijd wd*;:h to
aflGtirtmn tnoiatii™; put th'> ilrird mattrial ia Uie ttst-tobo. A, whlctj
i^ fjoviiled 0.1 tho bottom with a. filter of cotton wool.
Firt, 190.
Disulphido of o&rboii is then Iflown Crom the hoHdrp B, Into lUu t«5t-
ttiW. A, on top of the spent oxide. It percolates tho mfts* gradnoUj,
and diesolvGs out the gi!lphar ; the solution finding its w&y by g^l^rtta'
tion into tho fimak, C, which is placed tn a WAter-baih,
The Bunaeu bitrner 19 then lighted, and th« apjiliotiiua of h«at KWu
Taporizes the bisiilphide of eirbon from tho flask, C The v&pourflodt
Its vfny tlircuf;h the cojinectii]|:-tube into the ooDdtinaori ^nd l»
rt^jovorcd in the receiver, D, under water, r^ady for fiirtlier uae.
The ftulphut is left hi Lhe flii^k ithe weight of whicli htt* been pre-
TJoualy noted}: *Lnd when all the Uieulphide of carbon isdrivonoff, th»
<iuantity of sulphur luay bv ascertained.
OAS ENftrNUBIIS AXD ltANAqfiK.<«.
xn
llj« filter lit tluT l«Bt-tubc vitli c*.r*. If tew tight, it will pre-
Tttni filtmticin ; if &>f> Inojin. it will prrmit fiome cf tL(> axicle Lq puHH
through -
Throe or four times the bullE cf the oxido is i^bout thti iiropoTtiorL of
bSnuIpLiile ofcarbou ti&oes^ar)' to diA»o1v« uut all bljti Huipliur.
Tt nmsL always h& borne in miitd Lliut lusulphidif of oiirboa la very
|pil% mmah]o. &ni) in the gas«ovia LLLat<< wlicn in]t«d with ulr in o«rtAin
propDftkma it is csipfoaivu. Tho biautflndc in thi> holder. B, ahould bo
ooverad with wdier.
Il b k««t to meh the sulphur in the Ha«k before wei^hln^, to Mva
otf all bieulphide of c»rl)oii.
Gtu Urn*:
Li a valEiablo papeT on gM llmL% publUh«d in i\ts Jimmnl c/ Out
LiQhiiT^,^ Pru>fos»or Voolokcr attttoa thut a copious supply of air lA
O60tB0My to trarufbrra the injurious aulphtir compoan^B contmikiHl in
tlie EDftterlttl iiitu furtilizaiLg agerjts-
Wli^n exposed 10 the uir (uid the longer it is kept oipOMud tho
tottor^ ^^ iimo ifi io some rrepecta superior to quick hme an ft
mftnur«.
T^te o^iygitrr of thd &tuiDaph»^re destroys the olT^nslv^ fun^ll* and
ohftDg«a the sulpburvl of cal<iium in it — first into Bulphito. and finally
inbo pulpbato ot lime or ^yp&Mm, w«U known 9,^ a voJuabk fertilising
8iib«tauce-
In ftddiiion to \ti rA\&jmc^\ virtiioti, go^ IJmo cxoroinei^ a hf^nefidiJ
tnechanicat offoot Upon land, by reiidi^rin^ etjfl, bouvy, clayey land more
porous And friable, «.nd by consolidating- litrlit undy sollfl'
Thn crops wLiob uiu purtJcnlnrly luMie^led by ff»^ lime Okre-^over.
nmfoin, hiccrtie, p^aa. beitns, vetnb^g, inrl tnmipa. It is a lueful
fOTtiliitcr for pcrnuuirmt pasture, destroying llio coctr^ar graanes, uid
fivTouring tijo growth of a aweoti^r and more niitritioua berGaf^t.
It kiUa tTuiNS, heiith. feiither gr<i5^, itnd other pkma chjiriLcU^rlatio
of peaty lam], its application to which cannot he too strongly reooui'
Afl A goiiecal rulo, two tuns per acre is the quiuiLity of gaa lime
nhioli ou^lit to bi.1 put on Uiid-
Thd propijr timu fur its iLpplioation is ia ths autumn or winter,
I>arin^ tho period of storage, tlie heap should bo bonii^ over onoo
or (vice ti) Kuaun? itd complete expoBuru to the air.
* B»Vd.Xiy.,p.lJia
SID
HBWfiiaOI»0*S HAKDS007C FOB
The following is nn Knjtl^atB by Professor Vot-lclcer of a ^impla of
VUiT ef fnublrmtlf^n ftqd K hlt)« DFjiiirilfliniitlar ...... T'M
Salplitiv i>r liDiB ...,......,.,.,.. U'"
CAjti'iiPAii-ct lima ,1*. ■•«'■■ •,«<■■ 41'
IijaKilul]l*iiilict>utJji U]iitl«r .............. O'flS
lofrHbgu lima TAB pnpartian at wBt«r vkrisB Daniilf Inun flQ to 40 per dealt
TABLE
to lAiuti. {Mr. \yHfiim» qf Liiri/n.)
Maanr«.
Piodoov 1 PavitU of
fltlbaLat tUj
AdnotVFUlM
Laft uctoaahrd. • < ■ . . , * .
1 Ion nt limt tifun pna vnrkfi
4i ewt^af W'Cid clikruGiU povdv . ,
fl bnabvlt af boae dast , , . . ,
IB ItiA' of iiirr»i4 ai iioiul) . . . .
10 bniliali (<r Bo^e --.,.-
98 llM,(]f7 iiij|ph4'#af amniMiia ■ . .
4»
mis
7ltt
7B4
Big
IT74
0860
4610
G£41
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UMS
3676
Mie s
The (n-nit noH a piece of three jcuja* old pasturot of iinifoVm quality,
divided into 10 lots of SO perches each. All the lota wererafj-nm-ed al
tLo same timr^ with the iirticlcs givtMi in the tahle, and the gn>e^ «Qt
and mAc!e inici ha^ in Ju!j. Eiu*!) apflicalion coat the aaiue.
,\mmoniiicftI luiuur i^ bewt applied at the following strength : —
ArEiEDCJiltaii] lli^ufir tfl° Twaddpll ,,.,»,.,. 1 pkrL
W4Kr 7 puiL
Tho proper time for its appbc&tion is iit tbc spring, ehflor tbo ffrws
hftM commencod growlugp aiid i^Liiing do\td,v weather. It m^y l>fi
»prinkltid on the taod as water i^ apphed lo the streota of lowna to IftJ
the dual.
i sj= i^s £^3
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NBWBIQGIKO'S HAia>fiOOK FOR
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HEWBIGGINO'S HAia>B0OK FOR
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TfEWBlOatKO'9 HANDBOOK FOB
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»^ CHEMICAL AMD OTHKR MEMOKANDA.
Tho compound* of the noiviuotftllic okmcntA with t)jo metKlfl aoid
vitti vhcIl »Uirr liiLYn namnn rriHtiiE in " itb" or "iin^C ;" ng Pa S.
Hulpbido or i^lphurwt of ircm-
IWhpD two or nioiu Atomii or BfiuiviiIiinU of thu naD'mntAlllc uIl^-
inuiu tuW into uombinntjoti, xhir iiuiiLbiT of utOiuH cr ci^iuv&lcnU U
Moo . - ^ m«ftna J atom, u N^ 0. nUroffen mon^osido,
Du bio, or bi meftua 2 n.taui0, qh N, 0„nilroi^^ i1i oxido, or bln-o^idt'
of nicroscD . OS., bt-jinJpkide oi di'^idplilUe of cubou.
Tii fir tar . tneniu 8 ntoms, ofl S, O^, tii(nig«<n tri^oiii^e ; Sbj 8 ', t«r'
milphide of antimony.
Tctr , . . maanj 4 Atnms. ob K^ O^i nitrof^on tctr^oxido.
Tctil or prnU menjiFt Ti uLouia, n& N^ O^i niLrogeu pent'O^tde ; VCl^^
piiDU'Olilcindrt of phosplionis-
SuKqui , moonis 1^ nlonia » =2 to::(), oa Fe,0,, soaqoi-oxidc of iron.
I'rolo orprot iiieans fir^t. &a Fe 0, prot'Oiide of iron,
hub, , . meanK imdm\ hj <."i, O, anb-uxidii of copper.
I'ae . . . m«iin«tbe higl^eat. us H CI 0^, per^chloric noid-
Tbe UTminatinaa ■■ ip " and " nue " &ic used for acids ; tho formor-
rcpr^'souting n highor stiite af oiiilritbn than tbe Ubter.
Wlicn iL aQl«i£ani.'& forms morp Llinn two BfiEl irornponnda. tbe pre-
fixe* *' hypo," uufi^y. and "Jiypbtr " w'^-vr, ure uacJ.
Tlic smollor numb&r. na H,, placud to tlio ri^bt of. cind slightly
bciuw a Kyntlml ih chlleJ tlif fc>poin!at, uml icditatas tin? nmuW of
(iKOMlbai iLq uoinbinln^ vivight or tit? fi(i1)«tftiitti hn'i to l>o tak^ii,
Wboc tlio Bjmbol Lf wjlhout ii uutubtt—tLue, H— the immbor otti' is
ui)d«r«tood. The nmall nttniborr* modify only Uje ayinbol iinmodklely
prooeding. tml )tti-^Br iiLimbi^i''< fnfihrfl Ilj tlie symbol modify all tlifti
follow a» t&r LB tbo E>e>;l conimn or + sign ^ tbns 2H, SO, signifies
that four of hydroffc-u, two of eolphiir, nnd oight of oxyKcn, or. moTC
oorreclly, thai two of «ulpbiirJc acid (H^^ BO^ beiji)£ tLti rormda for
I4i)1nhiiHn nrid | am to lie taken.
A btLRe i9n oon'k pound which will ch«Tnically corabine with an ftctd.
A ealt IB A Gompoutid of an ndd nnd n baao.
Wl^ctj wat«r j» in ooinbiuAition with acids or bMO». they are Mid
tolio hydmtcd.
Alluih«B noatmhze ^cide, forming aalli^.
A1knli>*d turn v^getiible ri^ds to blue, and yellows to brovn.
Addg Ejuni vo^elublo blutti to red. and hcDWiis to jellaw,
A ftiiiif'h or •■Ui'miffifif BuhsiB-iiii*^ is a body that cciinot hi* n-solvt'fl
orwipuinled into wiy aimpler aubatuiwee — aa oxyggn, CEnbon, irtm.
A <\fiN/ii'viul fahiio,ucA in ono con^lHting of two or more constitncbta
— HM water, v&rboiiic aoid gju. ctu^nl ^av.
»w>
r^QWaifrCtlXU'fl HA9n)R0CJK FOR
"HiB t^olvaJenl i^oi&bar m ntoiuic or i iimhiiiiim iirijilil i nirnmiM llu
roUtioii l&ftt nbsistfi between the diETarvEit pi'oporuou^ bj wriglit Su
vhieh tubstoaooa unite obcimcally viU) ^.nch otttcr.
The equivalent or t^oktibinms wel^iUt i>f ft compoiinrl ia the sum of
the combinitig weight of its ^ml:^tit^l*1llts-
Spodlic p'anty oxpffJaflt-E tIiL> digTopoiicp that tubfiinU bttwoco the
wdi-'hts ofcqimi vciiimicsof bodiefl- Ciuju^n nr<! usunUy (^rap^rtd wiili
air as I'tyOO. liituiils iiriJ adIuIs ^^jlIj wuUt om I WO,
So Ihr 03 irJi^mmtfi havo he^^n iibt*? tu iliKi^ovor. tliert* tvre ttbout <I&
ol^irLDDtury or BiiuptQ nubfltaEiocf,
Nil ocrtnpouod boti)' i^cntams vM the clcmpul*wry subitiincea. M«t
mwijpoiiDdH ftnr coiupoaed of two. ibuw. w fuui elnmenls.
TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SUBSTANCES,
)lbB«> o' BlomMtib
6jrBlHlBi
BCuncd 4f aUttwHi
ajBkglt.
Al«&l«
WalfthU,
AlQmfDfnm
Al
tf7'ft
_^
B<
flOO
AuiiDioay (niibiuibj
f^b
m
UolvtiltDQUUl r ,
Mo
M
AnicDke . . , >
As
7S
Nlfrk«1 . . , . ,
Hi
eg
ftarlnm. ....
b«
in?
NiilMtim ■
fth
«
Bietaubh ....
Bl
aOl3
NUfCf^eu ....
»
11
Bmu
B
11
Ovinium ....
Qt
IB
Rromlna . . ,
Hr
80
Uivnn ....
O
»
Ciidmlaai , . . .
Cd
lU
Pd
U»
(^valiiui , , 4 .
C*
lUM
Pbuapljorai
P
31
I'llrtiiin
Lft
4a
I'UtiEinrn -
Ft
Win
L^BlLuEt . , . ,
C
la
PuliMiBiuuj (KltlJUlD^
K
60
L'pfiun .
Ct
14043
Ubodlna • - . <
nh
lot
Cliltfirkaa . ^ . .
LI
3A'A
Rabldmra. ^ - ,
Hb
flfi
CUrumiaaiM * .
Ct
Gi
UutbDIjIUiD .
litt
104
Cithnh , - - , ,
Co
50
RplvoiaTB . , - ,
Sm
W
IMavmittui . . ,
Co
e.-**
HUlcinni or Kllloau ^
fil
M
D
1716"
9l]wriAr4Eriitnai]
A«
1<B
B
IliG'WO
daJiuui (Nilriiifn) .
>«
Of
KlflDrtoH , . ,
1'
lit
SLrDnUiim.
Hr
87 -a
UlncliiDio vr Bvyl-i
01
V-l
8ulpbar . - .
S
03
liviD - , . . '
TuiUluu «r Colam^ \
T*
ll«
fkiM (Anrnio) , ,
Ait
lOT
Mum , - . . 1
rifilrikiEOD . . . ,
H
1 1
TeLlailDia . . •
Xb
ia»
luiliiim - , . ,
1^1
T13'4
Thcllimii . . , .
n
flOA
lodliw . t , , .
t
rjT
'Eliorliifn ....
Tb
1DHIM1
JxiAloBi. . , .
Ir
1(K
Tia <8uijaDiD) , .
3a
iia
Ik]|] iF«mm) , .
F*
ne
TiUclDui ....
Tl
n
Lt Ji LUumm > *
L*
1» ra
TnaRBifi] (WoUrftmi
W
ia«
]>^ It^MtBlmm}
rb
tor
Ur«ultLui . - . 4
U
WB-t^
UEbinrt . - , .
Lt
7
VuiBdluia. . . ,
V
61 'M
UBjiDHLnni , . »
Mff
Si
Vttrtnm . . . .
T
l7a'1A
MAomiisn IllUNCi' f
Mo
A9
ZElLQ . , , . ,
Zu
OS
Ilium) ,. . . . *
ZtrcoDJBEn , . ,
l!p
OO
(IA» l^'tllXUKHS AMI uajcaorua,
>iT
UHT OF SimSTANCES.
tSViKj*/!* imil ComfNniTiJ, /rfifUfntift infitthfitd i« i''jnniv'tum u-tfJi th"
}tlniiuf<t(-tui'< ''ml I'lii-iiifrti'ti '•/ t*iuii (ta* <}i\tl thf t'fniilit<tf
Pri^UiiCt ifAiildtiii ihfti'fffwi.
N*(n« t>t 9ub>uua«> Symbol,
Ammonin ...... NU^
Anilbie C^,HtN
Aqu^uM npoiir .... H,0
Ft*nKoU C,Ha
Bisulphide of oarboD . . CS,
Disulplndc of iioa . , . Fc 6,
Bnivlotifl C,H,
Cnibon C
Cikibotio aoM OifHfO,
riulionntc of ammonia , . 2 NH. U 00, + 2 ll(»
Corbotiiii^ of liitie , . . Ca CO,
Cftrbonic ociii CO^
Carbonia oxide .... CO
rviinogDO ^1 N,
llfdroi^oH H
liytlroclilono or muiiiilic 'ocvi HCI
Light carburet t**cl lijJroiyeii . CII4
MiiriaK? nf amiiKniia . . . NH^HCl, or NH,CI
NikphtUiUiii^ C,B H,
Nitrogen N
Nitric ucid UNO,
OluAont ^ . . . . C,n.
UXJROII ...... O
OxiJtoftiUdmii icftualit'iimei C(t
Oxi(]h of jjotHSsimii K-ftusUrf vr\
[joimIi; I ^
Oxide of aocliuiii ii;auatic8oda| No,
feruxMloorirau .... Pe, 0|
Protoxide of Iron . » . . Fo O
ProtOBdlpbidoofiron. . , F9S
Protochlorid^ of maopniicso. Ma Ct,
PioijjleiR' ..... C. H,
Se»iiiiUu1p]iiil(3 of iron . Fe^S.
SiilpJiiir S
Bvilpimte of ammoma . . 2 ( NH,| SO.
Hu1[>liiiti> of riiloiiiiu- . Ce. B
Sdlphuiottad hj'di'ogcn . - H, 6
Bulplu^ric ncid .... H,SOt
Sulpliur (lii^xiib .... SO,
W»Wf H,0
^^^^^ mt m'KMQQTSQ'S itAim&ooK rom ^^^H
^^H TonaccrUm the proportion, b^ wui/it, of tlio difforetit nobetAiiccti ^H
^^m m A uotniKTiUKJ, iuulti)]|y tlie iihimiit weiffliL of bju^i suluUuitfe by thr ^H
^^B expOD«ni- ^H
^^m For ccuunple : Take olcfiuit gaa, C, H^* wJuch, fts ita formula in ^H
^^1 diobkja, conni^tp, bj weigbti of ivto tLtome of carbon combined vriili ^H
^^1 Tour ftlunia of liyclTiigen — ^H
^^^ Al«nieW.iBLt. E.p™BE, ^T^ghi. H
^^^B 12 X S = 34 or es-7]l&perc«nl. ^|
^^^^ H ] X 1 - -1 or H-28ri H
^^V So Llitit. ^4 vrniiijs, or 24 uuuce», ur2u poundaof caibuu. coiiibim; witli ^V
r 1 eT&in», or 4 otiriwd, or 4 ponmli ">f hjilroB^n lo forra ati grains, oa
k . '2H ouiicoB, 01* ::8 poatKle, snd so on, o£ oIa^ul; g&s. ^^
^^ COMMON NAMES OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL 8UUSTANCES. H
^^P Aijuarbgia A mii^ture of mtric uid Jjydrocblonr ^|
^^ ftcids, ao o&lled from its t>ro[>«j't>' of ^|
1 JifiHolvit]^ gold. ^H
1 Blnotione, or blu« vitriol Hnlpliate or coppor- ^|
LliJoridu of mcrfury, ^^^^B
I Chlotoforuj . .
Cblondtf of foiTu^Ie. ^^^^H
^^^ L'hohc-dujiifi ,
AT'hon ^^^^^1
^^ft ComDDn bull.
L:hloriilo ofsoiHum. ^^^^H
^H C'Opperu, or £re«iri vitric
I
8ulpLat« cf ivoD- ^^^^H
^^1 Ciirrufive sublimate .
DIcIjlond« of in«tcuij> ^^P
^^1 Dry iLlum
lS»lp1jAi*' of AliiminH lUic^ |iotA»)]. ^H
^^H tCpEKitn Hulte .
Sulpljatf* of maAT^o^io. ^^P
^^1 Etbiops uiiueral
^^1 FIrtt-itamp -
Lllnck flolphaCo of morcury. ^^^^|
Liffbt carbrirettod liy jrogmi. ^^^^H
^H ilalona . .
Sulphide of knd. ^^^^H
^^P <iUub<r'd ealta
^itJpJiiLtG of aodn, ^^^^^P
^^^ Otjuldi'd wuUir
I^Anc aoetftte of lead. ^^^^^P
L Iron jiyritpft .
BiHi>tphifle {kf i:'on. ^^^^H
^^^^H
^^P Kind's yvfl>w
Sutpliid^ of ortieiuc. ^^^^H
W Iiau^'hing (;»«
L^iotoAite c( uitrogen. ^^^^^P
L LinKi ,
Oxidt^ of ^^^^H
^^ft Lunar caii^ic
Nitrate Bilvor* ^^^^H
I^^P Mufettiu cold -
BitfTilphtde of Ud, ^^^^H
P Muriate of lime
(llilLnid^ nrt'u|L*imu- ^^^^H
^■^^^ Nitre, or snltp«tr«
Nitrate of potash, ^^^^H
GAB ENGlNflBRS AND UANAOEB8.
330
CHEMIOAL SUBSTANCES— Ct'ntwwftrf,
Oil of vitriol Sulphuric ft<nd.
Fotuh Oxida of potoBainm.
Beftlgar Sulphide of araemc
Bed lead Oxide of le&d.
Buatofiron Oxide of iron.
Sal unmoniac .... Hnriate of ammonia.
Soda Oxide of sodium.
Spirits of hartshorn . , . AmmoniiL,
Spirit of salt Hjdrochlorio or muriatio acid.
Stucco, orplaater of Paris . Kulphate of lime.
Sugar of lead .... Acetate of lead,
Tincal Crude boras.
Verdigris Basic acetate of copper.
Vermihon Sulphide of mercury.
Vinegar Acetic acid.
Volatile alkali .... Ammonia.
Wad Black oxide of manganese.
Water Oxide of hydrogen.
White vitriol Sulphate of zinc.
TABLE OF VARIOUS GASES.
Tit{ir Sftriifiv iii-ntUif, Wi-v/htt iiiut .^vlubUiti/ iit WnUr.
G0° Fahr. 80 in. Barometer.
Nfeme.
SpoDlAd W«i«bt of 4
Gnvlij. ,CabloF(Wtlii
Air Biuftll Paujida
1-000 AfOlrdopolB.
Q^drDgan .......
Lighl oarbnrettfid hydrogcD
Amm nnifc
Cb-bonia oiid«
OlfltUat gu
NitnJf:«D .,.....,
Air '.,'..-., 1
KJtrioQiide. . .| 1
Ok*^D ........ 1
SiifpiiQretted hydrogva , . . 1
KitroaB oxide 1
Cu-boDio aoid - .' 1
8rJlpban>aB acid ..... 2
Cbloiioe 2
I
BinJpbide of (urbon . .2
Otifll
659
590
967
968
97ia
000
039
10!»
1747
S27
629
217
470
640
■00539997
■04!»763
in4itiao
0713456
■07449971
■0767
'0796918
■06479963
09009949
'1171209
1172748
172^449
' J 89449
9f«CDbJd
Foot fa
»7-09
aoo-12
816-77
G19^ 18
619^ 71
fiai'49
636^90
667-83
698-69
630 e^
819 84
820^92
1206' 41
1826 14
NumbflT
of Gublo
to lib.
10B^68
22-09
13 46
1846
18-42
1303
12-64
1179
li09
a-B8
6 52
6^80
627
'202468 |]417'4i
SolabtUij,
100 VolH. i>f
WLl«rabiiorb'
1-98 Villi
891 „ ■
72,720- >.
2-43 „
16-16 ,,
1'46 „
I 70 „
r Hotaoliib]«
' ia WLter.
2 '99 Volt
32326 ,.
7776 ..
100^ 30 .,
4276-60 „
286-80 ..
400
VBWlQGlKfi-S UAKDiOOiE fOV
To mine* » volrjme of gas uf any iipncili« gravitj lo poiiiida ftToir-
dnpoii, multiply the volauw by iho M[>. gr. &Ttd by '0707-
Ex^^pLt-— K^^fjuirod iLo WL^i^'^lt cf I5U0 cubic feet of |pu vLo<«
specific ^n^tity ia -6fiQ.
IGOO X -GSO X -0707 - 50-826 lb*,
To hnd the weight in pouuda avoitdnpoU of a outic foot of air a1
dllFereiit leiupetntuvea, niid aiukr diETereiLt prasatiran.
~ *5» + T
ExAXTLz* — Bcduired tlie wi'igLt of u uobic foot of air, tlifi barometer
beins; &t 20^ 5 inde^. and tLe temperature t^-f- t'lilir.
4fiO + 8i
= 072 lb.
Lviitt^t /or E.riirritHCHi'i in Ckrmii'ttij,
Yot tompomrUj sacimng lias joints of ebembal vnsinlB, ^lu*
Htoppcru, &e,, utre equal pafte by weight of liiisocd uioal aiiil vhiting
iiifliUe into ft utift paste with water. TUe two aubBtanccn ^bouH b«
well ti-itur&ttHl in a mortBr. bju! Ujt" wiitc^r added till of llio prop«f
oonsiaiency.
Pit»c*^s of \'ulcanij:ed inditt-rMbbcr liabjnK are very aoitabk' for join'
lunj bbo onda of [s*]iL«H and eiL:t]Lt-iiwuit IuWh. TL« iiidifk-iiibbcr 15
slipped over ibc eirda, und seoared witli pecV-lhreftd,
India i^bbor c&pdnlvfl for botUo nooks, bAvins n boL« tliroujcb tbom
L(>L' tbe iuj^crtioii of glus tubman liandi?r, Ehna more bkcly to be i;im-
li^t tboii tbif ordinary ootIcb.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF LONDON GAS BY VOLOME-
plaaut«u -
c«rboi^ oiida
t'trbonle MJd
AqDMQI TtpdUf
4G'0 .
7* .
0-7 .
6 ,
100*0
100-0
OAS BN0mHBB3 AND UAKJkOEBS.
»
ptfBcdt-
..•sssi
Oum^fiH > . ^
4fHt.
1»07
a f«u
Ctelcu . - . .
ii .,
1100
s »
lieniCfilfl . . r .
301 Rn.
4-91
Bfi7 (T*,
ruitffiD cij] • . .
au ..
T 11
fi^a M
Speno ^1 • . i
004 .1
laoo
WM) „
Coin Oil . . . .
5M «
401
UNIH ..
r^rvffia cadiUm > •
1^ tr
1 40
IITI „
?r«™ :; : :
m n
i-U
I4U3 ..
laa „
1 4ii
ia>i ..
StOftFJO „ . .
110 ,.
1-18
irja „
CODpOfllU M - -
lU „
t-oe
ia&« M
T*Uoir „ , .
m :;
o-aa
VW) ..
TABLE.
Vomparing iJa9 vUh the oOur OnUmty U^ht-ifinng Mf^&rialt.
{Dr. LeiJichy,)
S cabio foot of ^uufiou gao (nt ii. p«r 1000 oubio foe() givo ft iif[bt
tqo&l to —
2'G Ar)fftQd Ijunpfl. burutTig tliti bent «iwrm oil At the rmU of ]>S&
gnuTTia pffT hour (pnoo of ipcrru. 9a. per gallon) ; or,
23 mould tftJIow 0Aiidl«B or Aix to tbo pound, efrch burning at tbo
nte of 145 gTftinfl pvr Lour<prio« dd. t>er lb.) ; or,
tA common oil lanipB, hcirning l\\& best sperm oil at tbo rata of tBft
grftinfi per hour (pnce of uperm, 8b. per ^llon] ; or,
IS nperm cuidlc'i, aii to tb« pouna, «aoU bixnilng at tba rate of I^
gnuTix per bour (price 2b. per lb»f ; or^
lA cotnposition cnndke, elr to the pound, «&ch boming at the rata
Of 196 grainn pi^r hour Ipriee tie. por lb,) ; cr,
10'25 T-at caadlcn, rux U> tlit^ pound l2«. per \h,)
Etftiiublirig 1^11 tfDHt of tbe gBs and other ligbt-giTingiaatenale a
tb« priao affiiod. wo hiLVO the n«xc
TABLE,
Om . > - -
Sporm oQ bcmtlu Arfsoil* . . ^ .
M«d<l Ullow WD>]t»ir lU U> th« pound .
Sp«ra cJ burnt id tn op^u L&nfi ^ .
Sjwrm ChudttSt all bo t^ii? p^^und . ■
noting A^enU*
a
o »i
NBWBIGOUlfQ^ lUlfD&OOK FOB
In other worda, la. wcrlU of gM will |[o «a W m Ibe prodnc-
tion of tight us Si. wortli of sperm ofl burni in ui Argtod Ump. cir
1^. vfotrih of oniinur^ monJd cftudlefi, Or 178. vorlh of aperm oU Uimt
111 &I1 upvn iunp, or 24e, woTtli of »pcTm caadlM, Dt S8v* WOHh «lf
4XJiupQSjlioi^ caiidlefi. OS 80b. wciLL uf wax caikdJ«e.
TABLE.
SAoioing thd lUlatim !^rrpfirtiont lekifh the fM^'iwry JMfhi-i^hm}
MttCritoh intii tu 1000 Cuific I'tft of l^Cundir (atiM, lu t^timaUd h^
lUOO oqMo i*«t a! iwmrani] gfe« van
foEiad vquAl to lUe Ufbi ot
44* th«,o( l|irrm OUtdlal
■■ " " * oido HrttJtjF, M»i;-,
I ^V Rklliru* of BinriD <id1, SHcUairi'
1 tUth W8.
The compftTfttive vaiu€3 of tlio diOervnt li^Lt-giriitg matetimls nMj
b« ruulily e'^LimaLenj frcrm Uif! forc^goiiig tabtibr ^Lat^nient of relAtiva
proportioDs. Tboa, for insurifc. if the ccst of gus bt^ 1?. Cld- per lOOU
cubio fi>ct, Uji? coat cf wivx owKlka lliat yidd tui ciiuol qu&ntitj of hghi,
ai '^s. 4*^^ per lb., wool^ be £u He,
RELATIVE VALUES OF ILLUMINATING AGENTS,
In ipijt*et of their Ugating and Vjtuitiruf KjffciH -» iti^ Atifio^h^i^, uhm
tiii.mittfi 16 itt til Giff tfw iJ'ifU 'if It Suiruf'tttt ^perm (^itTtdia,
{Dr. iJrtiuhy.)
^V•I DftodivA -
Siuario a4i>d]at
PoLiai^ial
- 1050 .
. aTsa .
30 19
BfllT
mil
T«llatt UDdln OOM
(Ouditi fMlj.
. n-sa .
. *'« .
, 4-7S .
. 4'4a .
, s el .
. 7-fi7 ^
* e-41 .
. IS'OO .
- S'Ol .
fl-N
4-M
4-77
ff-se
. 40-9
, Ut-6
4
4
GAS B^IGIMS&RS XSV UATI&OBQfi.
TABLE,
Intiifaiin^ the Ccmprtrtitirf Stduhrity of Iht Srreraf Illiiminatintj
ITh« flame of coal ^. anii the flames of ti^vernl comlmttihtn bojIioH
'ihnt fE*^9 <^Ei amount of li^lkt equal to it. warE* burned Koparntoly iti
xircn <)uantiti$s of ntmoHphenc air. ruid tho timeavero noMa nt which
thfl Saiqca vtiTe eximguisbed bj ttje contnmiTiatiioii of tbn air. The
foUowing were Um reaulla
ColHoll ...
Ollvaoil ....
Knulftn tJillow , ,
E^fiii-rEi] uiJ . . . ■
Wu f«<'t]]» - , .
From vliirh it upp^ara tbat (tie ilmoBpliera of a confin^ room lighted
by CLucicl gna viLl aripport lifo twico nn loo^ ^s the atuiQaplioJC of th<
■iflU room lighted ei^ually by talloir candles.
•itfatfDlabcd In 1\ miimMit
Tfl
,p
N
7fl
H
»
?6
11
H
TT
7ff
n
Bll
If
■'
1
U3
»■
Rttaliffi Clint. i>f Otf ^ImjtujAiim T/ifjhz, f^ar(ne CuniUfn. nntl f*vmmott
n
^ nv, of mi4n*'ifii^ win, lit ^U par (ie- - . .
to IIa, of iLB&iiiiv CAQdlv*, Ablt. . , . - ,
404 oobio futt oE ll^iuidJ* gat. ftt 4j. fld, p«- tOOO .
£3 19
1
1
I
TABLE.
C^lorifi*: Potf^r of Variom Phob>i/ciiic C*^mp^tndi, it-'. -J. l-h™^).
^IwuBufOaB, 4a*
UfdrOfftn < ^
?l«niMtUooUffM.ip^Vr. <4I0
Caanfil cu, ip. or JuO ■ .
Oii *:■* >p. ffT- 686 . , . .
gfiwi dl| bornl la a lamp
14
3ft'4 .
Ifi'OD .
, . 100 - .
. . E400 . .
I QCmuioilov 0^
1 lb. id JUB,
. »U40
. BO,OM
m
VBVBIGOnrffd SA5DBO0S FOB
GAS SNaiHBBBS AND UAHAGAfiS.
406
TABLE,
HtaU of Ctminution wUh Oxygen.
B^MtUOL
Britiib Tbuvtl
UdLh of HH4.
Pnndi of Wkttf
MBlVFUu.
Ef HKtrmtad par
FDDAd of a->T*-"*-
Bvumiu . . ^ . , - - - > - .
Cuboa bJ«atplilde .......
OarboD bDTaiDf to orboDlo uld .
Gftrbon banuD^ to carboaio otide . ^
Cubdaio otld* bnmiaK to oarbonio uld .
Ohuooal, irood -
Oo&l, uibhndk* - -
Coftl, b«it Unaainoiu
C<^,prodDovd from ditto .....
Onl, ann^ qiuJit/
Ook*, pndiued from ditto , . , . .
EtbjWo
Ortf^tv
Idghl cwrbqntted fajdrOfCBiii or mHnh gu
Idiniito
CHcAuit gH
OUn oU
P"t*dr7
Ffltrolaam ..-.'..'-.
PtoptIboo p .-.'-,'. .
Salpbnr . . . . . ^ , ^ . - .
Solpburifl flthflr ....*,-.
To^HDtiDB
Tood^dry
Cnbld F«« par lb.
Cob] iput 17 oandle*
WftlAT ffU . . .
Produon jiu . ,
ProdnoervAlBT Ku
fll.fiOO
13,968
18,S0O
19,806
4,47B
Ifl^UA
16,600
l£p604
14,S7«
13,000
ia,eoo
91,A00
14,067
24,030
11,710
fll»87G
17,784
90,373
31.900
4,103
16,383
10,560
7334
91,096
6,649
1397
MS
IB^43
IB-BB
6'ff?
iB-ao
a-66
4-SB
la- 90
16 14
10-06
14-88
H-oe
16^96
3330
14-60
34-06
12-13
99-13
18 41
10- SS
90^96
31-94
A2&
16-85
90 -W
8' ID
93-40
6-68
1-M
1-03
The Biitish standard unit of beat (thermal unit) is the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 Ih. avoirdupoie of water
I'' Fahrenheit,
Tho Frenoh Btandord unit of heat (calorie) ia the amount of heat
required to rwe the temperature of 1 kilogramme of water 1*
G^Ugndfl.
The number of British nnite of heat reqiiired to evaporate 1 lb. of
water at boiling point, 212° Fahr., ia 966 ; and at OZ^Fahr., 1116.
The number erf Fr^ioh units of heat roquired to evaporate 1 Jdlo. of
water at boiling point, 100^ Cent., is 536-7 ; and at 16 ■ r Gent,, 620'1.
One Bntiah unit of heat = '0251996 French unita.
One French vmit of heat = 8-96862 British auita.
K&WfilUGlKiJ S 0AtfODOOX POfi
Th« (oUl halting power of aut fiiel. cxprcMe*! iu Britiih umU,
4- D66 = iht. o1 ynUsr ai 2lSr= t'lUir, tn^porfttcd per lb, offutL
fixAjirLi : — 1 lb* of bydrogoD jieiiii in comboatioQ 61|600 luutg gf
Theo :— ^^ - B»-63 lbs. of wAtcr at 212= Fahr. cvoporfttoi
per Ib» of hjdKf^ec.
DISTILLED WATEB,
1 piiLt = 91 0^ cubic iucJxes. or 1*25 lbs.
1 Sbl. c 277-274 cubic Ini^hea. or 10 lbs,
U'imlt,,orl79^c. ft. = 1 owl,
291 gob., or 85'84 o. ftn = 1 toE).
1 cuLlo xDcli ^ 252-4d ffis. oi -OOtiOTG lbs.
It „ incbea = -434 Iba.
1 „ fool = 6!i5gilfl., or lOOOOJts. or 62-6 Ib«-
1-6,. „ - 1 cwt.
8ft-&4 ciibju f«et r^ ] lOD,
I cyliDdriofll inch = '02942 lb«.
12 ., moboe ^ 'b^l Ibe.
I ,. f oot = 5«ft^8., or40-l Jb0.
:£-S8ft „ feet - 1 evi.
45-04 „ ., = 1 toil.
CoQlro of prcsDure ^ depth from Ptirfocc,
Wftl«r UAtitamD^mumdenBitjot 89'2°F&br. (4°C0.an^ oxpttdfl
1-iOlb port of ttfl bulk on freezing.
SPECIFIC HEAT OP SUD8TAKCES.
Tbo mOantiig implied in the t^rm " flp«dfic heut/' or more eorrootf^r
" oDiorific «ipftflit//" id Ibo quiiutily of boat wquxrod to r»iw Ibo iota
poratisreof a riubeUacul" (in^Icpondanllj of iho ouitof mMAftiiJ »c«le
of usiup^rulurt^f : VAltr hvit\^ likvu na ihtf> sUmkiil of oomMriBOii.
For «x«rkp)0 : tlie sp^ciOc b«at of rodrcury is *0£Ut31, by vliiob it
to be nndoretood tjiftt thirty limvfi &a tnuoh b«at 10 roqoin>d to niM
Wtttur to a iciT«nt«mperati]r4?ae ^a equal wtliEiit^i uiurouo. In oihtt
worda< Uin fjurLiitily of liEint wbirl) woiilt) rniaa tlie Ump«initiirft of any
givoD weigbt of moroiary tliroisgh l ', would only rvesf u^tt iamp«rala>4
offtlikewoighiolntotbrougL -038»2\
OA9 BHQI1IBBB8 AFD UAMA0BB8.
40T
SPECIFIC UKAT OF SOLIDS AND UQUIDS,
WftUr» 1,|
A»Uo HUd
AMmI (tp, |r,
Alttmiojuo .
AoeUEioiiy, out
Annfff . .
TVai
BtntlM
BbBOlL
Prui . ...
Br^flk, oautuuii >
Hrlck^Sr*
QidDlafn
ObAU,irbll«
QhaMH], MiEmil. «J»Ji)ai
GbAnHl, muHt . .
C&»> v^iU, burofd . .
Odd .
Onpfall*
I«* . .
[tod. CMl -
oAon
u
awa
IB
OIOH
DVMt
A
onoQ
U4tt
fldots
ISA
lonQ
OMU
0A4lfl
L-ftd
l*lru*,buni«d. < •
LkttiUm . , ,
llll^(uaai^U| . , ,
UiinntiKfw . . .
Uu&lff. wbiba ■ .
U-r«vn ....
Vlek«I. . . . .
on, oJt«« ....
Oil, iWHl . . .
OJLof turpeabUW .
P^CMiibftroLw . - .
Pim . - . , -
PLfttiuara , • . •
P^EjuHtnm . . .
9«loaiaia ■ > < * .
BiUeon, oryttalix*! .
fllT
MS
ftt»
mi
Ufia»
Sodium
SptnnuttI ,
8»a . .
S||||i1lU - .
Sdlfifaqrid meld
TolJuriutn
Tin ...
sm
jn
ong»
\fiim
oeMs
OTfllO
m*
06701
ttom
u>
W78T
0U6
oanvp
SPECIFIC HEAT OF QASEB AND VAPOUBB.
IAif . o■K>7^ ,
Ongn, , ^ , , a'ai7a ,
nooftt . i^tius ,
nrdto^a • > B-4iffO p
cBiDrina O'lfllD .
UromlDfl >....,,«. O'OMS -
Bifioiiila cf nitrouM . . . . ^ O'BSIS -
Cirhnrikrimi/IiT . . . , , O'lUHQ .
CvtbufjJCiVlil, , ..,.., O'fllOB .
SaJt^hbnllal bjdruifDa > > • . O'ft^ ^
SuJtalmmiia Anliyrmdt , . . . . O'tbU
lltdrMtilutiu uld ...... 0' IMA -
Hilroua 0>tdfl D'ttQQ .
NUrtcoitd* O-niT .
AibD.4jijift , , . I O'AOfia ,
hitnUjiu ........ O'ArtB .
i;lfl1irtfi« IrtdflvntJ 0^4040 -
Wtivr iitritJaj ....... O'WOfi -
BlbtT . , QmC .
CMr>r(ifrflTii O'lWI .
YBUim. ) Alcubv) O'lAM .
* l^rptdUn* - O'Mei .
Iliiuliilild* of urbon O'lSTO ^
DcuuL fi-aru .
AeolAbfi 0^41» .
Tttpcnr.
Cumfouuil
EVM.
, 0-flAT4
D-MOi
. o^aan
, 0'9M
. 0-
. 6-
. o-asTD
- o-oavT
. 0-M14
. o-om
. O'SBffT
. OHM
. o-anai
. 7171
«B
HSWBia0£lfO*S HANDBOOK FOB
TABLE,
Shoving t3t4 Erpatuion of Liqvidt in Voliua^ from 82° to 212** Fahr.
1000 pftH« of wibff becHmu 1046
oil .. low
,. mtnnrj ..,....,. .. 1019
•pHU of wine , 1110
•Ir „ 1978 to 1ST&
TABLE,
Shoicaig the Lirual Eitpamum qf MttaU productd by Raiting their
Te^ipffratu^tA from ^^ to %\7? Fahr.
Zina
1 pvt Id Sfla
Pktfunm ....
T »i
Tin pntfl) . . .
Tin [mpnn) - . .
,. 4oe
wo
8UT«t
6fl4
£61
Bnu
£64
Gold ....
. 1 p*rtta*aaa
Blamoth . . . .
™
Inn . . . . .
aifl
AotlEDODT . . . .
«S8
PftlUdinm . . . .
u lOOQ
PlatlDam . . . ,
1100
Flint glui . . .
IMS
TABLE,
Shovmg the Relative Power of MeUUa for Canductiriff Heat,
Ooia 1000
8Uv«r 078
oopwr eoea
FlftUAUn 381
Iron
Zino
Tin
Lfl>d
aea
soev
179-e
TABLE,
/fAoiPtn^ eA< &^fi» iWfr of Metah for lUfiecHvg HfaU
Inteiuitj of Diieot Radiation, 100.
fiUnrpUto -07
QtAA -M
Bnm -98
&p«oitlwn m»Ul ...... -B6
3^ -86
Potifthfld plAtinam
Sl«a] ....
Ziufl
Jno . - . - .
GAB B3EatK£EB« XSh MANAGERS,
41
TABLE
Melting I'uiiUi.
AbUniMV .-..-. fllO
Rl«miub iMi
Ur^uB lA&a
htilT-r ....... fll
cwiftT aiw
oJr - aiMfl
lilttc. minvil . . - , - aiMi
lo« S3
lodiofi 33S
ItiiMi, wrouiJil . . 2799 bo 3313
L«a e^
Fficaphonat ..... Ml
FdIuiI&bi
Sodium .
su«t ^ru tci aivnv
Sulphar 9^
TLq M
Wu, whItA IM
Dlilv,>dtijw 144
Ziae <B0
THE GAS INDUSTRY OF T1IF> UNITED KLNODOM.
The luixruJttoturo and dietributton o! cool gtis may be j asLly dosonbod
u one of tliD injpnrtetQt lodu^triee erf the wi^rld' Like roi^wnya and
tbn iibctiii! tcIi:gru^Jip iL is a pruduct of the IDtli century; fifn though
coft] gai u'^LB ikcLutillj U9ad for ilLuimnatiD^ purposes by WiUmm
Murdocli, tin? iQvct;tot oi ^"^9 liffbtin;^, m early aa 171*2, at Hcdiiitb.
ill Cornrtull, and Ui ll'Jl ill bin bouse at Old Cumnot-'k, Ajmliire, it
WBM tioi oTitil well iiiLo Llie fir^t d»ade of ibe presecL {.'fXrtary Ih&t
gihK bugati to bo gtfuorally applied in tb« ligbtiug of etrouta. lactorioa,
Tb« illutuiiifttjou uf Sobo Wotke, Dirmingli&iQ, to celebriktv tlift
Peace of Amiftiisi, took pltLoe in 11*02- These works belonged to
BouJtor frud \VfkU, luid Mirdocli was employ«^d aa luaoAgor to tht
firm. Tbe firal ftppbcAtion of ^as to the interior li^blLti;^ of Jar^
premi^TA wnn iiiodt^ by Murdoch in Balfordn in ItlOfi* at tlj^ cotton
miDiifaotory of PliiUipa und Lee ; and ilie fret atreot lighted with gaa
vfftji Puil Mall, Loadort, m 1807- Tbe l^rel g>8 Company inoorpiirated
by Act of Padianieiil «*■ tbe '* Cliarterud " (now Lha Gnsligbt oad
Ccke^ LoiiJan, m 18:2,
AUiiotijjb ill it3 earlkflt me coal gufl wa^ restricted to tb« purpose
of ftffordiuf^ artifici&l light* do long Urae eUpaad before ltd raluc as a
beating aedJuui bcj^u]] to bu realised. WJimor. one of tbe pioueers of
gM ligblirjg, ci&iioiyl ilh jlh tniportflTit advanugi! of Lbs new irivbiiljou
orditoOTory that ga.6, besides Ua bght giving qualitiee. ooultl be uaed
|)Clb for coobu^' food and nnTming dwellings, and as curly as W1&
AlteiinptB wiriv ma'Ib tn apply it for Ihe-Hi- piir^>Hti^. U woh Liot. btji^'
cv«r. tiU later on in the c«nt;iry thut anything like a pra^^lirAl iLnnli-
catioa of gAB vav naado to liie cooking of food, Ur. J
410
NBw6io<fnto*0 kakddook fob
Boulhumpton, about llifi ycEu- 1S40, bmii to oonBlniol ovens hMt«d
by f^a for oookmg ftiid bakinir* uikI tlitMt« li« uu^d fgr many y«ftTfl,
^nn^ public leolar«8, iu the cciurae uf aLIcL lie (viacticftlly detuoii-
Atrftted their uc«fr]ln«j» And %'alui?.
Ou. tiowe^'Gr, ill thone (l«yi was higber m pric« Uiaii now; &ad,
Altljou^l] It WEWi evitJ^nt tl^aL h »rrr«d taosl pD^cicnllr for culinary
i^ipcratLona, iU cost miljtalf^d o^^tinnt \l» tin teJiMva Adoption in IhU
direotJon, The projudice ngninBi it was Blroiig, aleo, oniiccount of Lb«
Buppofied haliUity of any food eonUod by itj moans to be Uictod with
tlio tlcivoiLr of the ^%9 itaolf. This operated Jigatnsl iis use : and tbougli
the prejuiiic* was foutidcid on jgnorftin^e of the fikcls, it is not ik uialltir
uf wciicdnr thRt«iioh an id«a was enterttinvd, aeeiog that, ^van at thi>
preaunt day, id apiie of tJio itroni^st evidence to tbo contrtty, tb«
SMna belief h siill widely ciowjpled. and etiU operaLoa with mvay W »
bar to tla adoption.
Oaa hu won for ii4«lf an important plioo as an a^eot for obtaining
motiv« powci. It vas from tLo very firat a mattor <»f obficrratioii.
and not unfn>qiieiitly of dirb uud uiiaouj^hl «3Lp^nviio«p that wh^^D ga*
and ftluioBphertc air were m'i\t»i\ In nwtain pTopnrtirinB, anrl thn miS'
turfl fipcd, an eiplosioo waft tho rosTilt. Atttiaiila wore soou m&do to
oiiliai* ilio foroo thna exerted by coidiiiuw: the explosive comt>ound in
n snhMv cylinder, and exploding it to obtain prinje movojiu»iit as b
the steam engine. Aft^r raany mora or («r« flni^c^flfifiil aitampu bjr
Eliflerant invemors, nnd tLo oxpcndituro of miioJi inffftniiity, th*
"Lenoir" goa <inpne, bo naraei after it« invctntor, wni prodao*d
(iBfiO], »Uid bfjLis wns 'iolved tlie rpnnoinlt^nl pioblein of bow t^ niihitt
an ciplodvo miitura of ffaa and air as o prime motor. From Uial
limo down to the prcflenl the patent reoords contain the dceonption of
uijiny invenLioiis of thin chjiracier* and ^na engines of grcul power and
efliDirnny arv now priMliieed.
In Kn^Zard, Watefln iiQd Ireland ihs gas Actually suppliml to con-
9umvrrivario8 in lU iim:natiT]|; power from 14 to ^3 atdnclard ouiicIIm,
acoording to the <^uaiity of the coal astvX ; the hiphcr fi^jarw above 17
candlre being ohtairwi by an adui^xtnre of oannol. or sliale. with th^
ordinary bituminous coiil. in bootland the rang^ t>i ilhtmi&atinp
VftJiio IB from Sa to 30 candlaan
Tiie txlhng price of ifa^ pur IDOO cubic feet raneoa ibrou^bocit
Eiif^land. VVal«fi, atid Ir^tltind from Id. ^1. to tii. ^.. and In ^ootlimJ
from 8fl. to Ha. Id., witlj a Riw of the flmallcnt ooooomi eharginff as
much 06 lOai. per 1000 cnbio feet. Taking into conrnd«raHon, how-
«*vKr, tbiit in Sootl&nd g4H of a higher illuminating power is luppliod
than in tha other potuona of the kmgdi^ini. that a «mullur cod-
outnptioa per eon^ciraer lb the conflDqut>aQL\ and calculating Uie pHee
at prr unit nf h^^hi, the actual difTcrenc^ in prit^ is not 00 grtai ai
upptiari at firab si^ht.
GAS BN0t?«KBB8 ASD UATVA0BR5,
411
I
I
I
^» wmtat cost of producing and <li»tributing ilkmiii&tuig gM in
dglud i* about two-tliirda of tbe eolling prici?- T^km^ » sctlUng
prfw of, lay, ^K. Bd, p«r 10(10 cubic fast, ttie cost of producing and
aUtrtbutinff tbo ri^ei, iaDludinq the not oxpciiditurc on co^ |&fl«r
d«duotiiig tlic iuoumc frum rchidunbl and warkitig tuptsxinva. will Id
1ft. ik\. pur 1000 nibtc feet. AniLljitnf^ lIiIji (igurif. lliu 4':(|H<zidittiTV
on coal vrilj b« ifl. 3d., imd deducting tho vaJuv of tti« roaidtiaH f>-t
pre^cut prioM. whiob iti cqudJ to SA., tW& ia Itfl Td. oe Ibe not t^oAt
of llitf cuoJ. TLb Iblttiiui: uf 1a. Id. IB EUiiJtf up b; tL« worhiiifi
fapene^fl, wbJn.h include v»j^e<a. (MlArL«>a, piinfyinii; mnt^rifLln. rApEkirtt
waa roii««sJs, ratftB ftnd taxo^, tLud inoid<knul L>xr«iiseH. Tlie di0cr«rce
Vf lOd. bMweoD the priuu* CL^nt of tbo j^. Is- ttdn, Jind its atUin^ pncc
ol d*> thi. ia Abfu~ii'l;<id lq tbv pit^viiiVQ]i of tbu ijit«ierii utd divicittitd oti
tbo iDVPStod c&pitnl in Uic cEt99 of n Compi^ny, juiil in tJi« mstance of
Uio undertaking bciloD^m^ urn J^f^U Authority, in thodiaclmtife of tb«
isLurcit OD the [umuiliea anil boirovrcd capita! (if anyj, and the pro-
vJHiciu of a ttiiiking fuiid.
Awordiug to tlio PorliaincntiVTy BoluniB last iiBued ^1888) Iho
ttumbur c»f ^oa-v^orkn in Groat Bntam and Irciuitd boloiigiog to
Com poaicfl under statuCorv paucm and restrictions is SS'l; jmd of
tljtuioui biie lianclu of Lncnl AutboriLiciH. the numbtria 168. No uccouiit
U lakAii in tlia fl^tunm of iLoao gas works belonging to coinpanio*
wbicli arc supplying ^u.t without atalLitorj powers. Of tbcM tbore
are about 060 m the Uitited Kbfdom, NeitWdotliclWuirusiucIuile
the lATgfi iidrubor uf ^mall gHH-wor(iB ohtl«^ liy jinvale itiLlividiiaU
md tirma throughoat Ibo ooublry, and wbicb liave been erected for
Ibo supply of Jaolated liouauSH workabope* and focLorios.
Dy d^/Uiruiimug. ai4 aeitt ah m^y hv. tbu uuuibtif of tcm* of coal
carbaniEeil. the'jiinni.ity of gtks produced to one ye&r, and bhs capital
OtQployed in gas works, wo almll be able to form a good idea of tbe
ntoAtoflLia imporUktLt UraQtjb of industry jia it adeota the United
fLiiigdom, Taking, tbvrtforu, tbt; ligiiriiJi Jis tbuy appear in the
rarliiimcntiirj- Betums, and tupplem^ntitig thes*. where they are
deficient, by an estimate based larp^ely on pcraonol knowLedgo> wc
bate the roBultn giT«n in the following tabic . —
Lii lew.
GB«-Workii la tha Umt'Hl KinRdom btlciDff-
iUK t** l^Dnl AuL.SoEiltri . . . . .
DiiKr bcKiiJirirhi^ h> DDii^STBtutur> Com-
hIIojaM}
tD 1>4!K
a7.BM.&80
].tKioj}w .. ft,ooo,aoo<ooo
n,;ion,{)in
Total e.9Qi^L .. OO^L.fiia^lV ,. eft.77»^I&
m
NEWBIGOINO'S HJtf^DBOOK ?0B
Thb capiUl or£GSiT7B,0lCt hawov«r, repreaenta only Uie eipdo^i-
inTG upon tlie iiiidef£al<ii]g« ; iijid if the premium QiDQuiit.vhicb ruigM
from GO Ln GO percent,, be mlfkd, ibcocluj^I commurcutl valouuiouild
io be about 100 inilliDti poundt sterling.
Of ILv quantity of ^ ae unnuoily produced tbci-c ia cm BTtra^ loM
by leuk&go aiil fium other cauaes of aeurly AOfJO luilliun cuVic Mat, or
8 per t^ui. of the whole nrnke.
xbe toul Annuul r^nUl muy be set down at ^11,900,000, and th»
profits at £4 >70U,000—«qua] toT^ per cent. on tiie e & ponded caiHlal. nibd
l'8& por cent. Oil tbn c&piLiil aa euliant:Bd by Lhe premiuui vaIhC'
The nainh^r ol banrls umj)loj«d ic ^-us^norke in the Unilod King-
dom IB abont ^,000. and tliu wi^ob pud sTLnually amoumt lo
£1,000.000. But, if &<;couut is tiiken of tb*^ differertt truica whioli
ba\fc bwij called into eiretenoe for lb« producLicn cf the appliancus of
ga^ tnnntLfafture, diBtnbutioD, anil couaumptioiit and of lUe miii^n
who tktG etnplayud in raising HiQ oojil, tUe figures in the two latltt
items iQAy be safely 4.|uadruj)led, P'or tbe diftiibutiou of tli« ^'aa io
the t>ublic. tlmre isi n tengtb of about SO,(KlO niiltMJ of muiiis Iai<l. not
rcckoQiTig cim fier\'ic9 pi|i«B- The number of coriGumers is 2,400,000.
and tbe public lamps 430.000,
it is occAaionalij a acibJBct of rvniark by uBinfmined or hc^tilfi
erJtioBp that ilo important improv^meBtB have been eJT^L-ted iti gu
BMDufiuturo aincG the eikrlicr dave of its inlroductJan. If line wero
BD, it would eitber opeak w«ll for llie inventors of this art. or badly
for their anoccBBorH m the mdustry. The ntateomitt. bmrcver. is
altogether wide of the trutli, Tni^, tbe method of produoin^ (he gat,
^3 in the «arher daya, is by distillation of tb« cod in closed relorU,
and tbe pnriti cation, storage, ajid distribution of gas are eSeotecl ID
appamtns Jind pliiTit whiob, in lh«ir mnin fi'iitLires, do rtot grealb
dider from the eaHier fomis. But it is obviout! that a aiiailfir in^-
dioiiB oonipanH''n nii<^bt be made in rep;ard to all tbe most noloble
tnTeutiuna- Tbe ch\e£ ii\iaiixi:ienv\ic9 ot im iuduatry ar« ntai&cdi
whilst ibe proceeaee rnidepgo improvement and modiiiotttioii- As ■
matter of fact, t^*reat iniiuoveineiils have Icon effected in the plant
and apparutas for thv maimfaoLare of LUinninatrng gn&, vh\h% tbo
tuel:lianil^al and cheiuii^l principle's involved iu i\6 prodiiction ■!•
now carefully mveatigat^l by gM engin&ers, and aie yearly beconaiiig
better luidoratood.
I
THR CAPITAL EMPLOYED IN QAS-WoRKS,
Tbe Capital of a Qm Undertaking repi^eeats or inclu<)oA (It tl»
amountr of monsy that has b«eu expendt'd on obtainmff an Act of
Inc^rf onittoQt if it be a titntutoQ' Company ; [2j iht uovt of tb« land
GAS Bf^OtSEHIlS AKD UA2«AOBEl3-
411
for th« 8it« of the works, uid Ibo engineering expensoa iDontted;
(8) th« cofll of tho gon^rnl manuf&otunt)^* purifying, 4Dd Blorwg
plaut ; ftji<l (4) tLe covl of bbi) distributing pipes and ncGfldsori^e ; with
(C) ftn add9d aiim el§ a Boating ur wurkiii|f capitiil to raeei currtikt
outlay befi>re the rav<iLa« bcgina to Aceme,
The DTUDunt of iha various iteiu^ rocking up ihe a;;^i^t?, naoee-
Buily varies uiidei di^^n'Ut conditions. For «i.anipl<', Uiko ihe J9rs^-
tlifi money eipcnded on obtaJTiing Jiii Act of Ini.'oqK»riitinn, When a
CoEni>[tn\ have L&d to coatezid witb and overooom pt'tsiatont nad
strong oppoailioD, lh« ooal of tlieir Act will exoeed the oust of one
uhtuinEd under moie f&vaarable conditional to tlie eiteiiL of 100, 900,
orevcriidOO percent, AgaiQ, tbecont of land is a varying ^tor,
ukd tho titponao of tlui erection of vortta is often incroasod by the
cliar&cter of the site and its subsoil. It is true Ch^b ia tlL« cnne of &
lari^ Companyp these s^vemJ itemn, Eiven wlien );;re)Lt]y in e](ui.^>tit of a
nornial amoimt, do not increase tbn total capital outlay by any
iDateiial per«i>ntajrd ; but on small and modarato-aked undertakinse
ibvyare often peciiliarly burdensome.
lint there ara other circumsban'^eFi mors distinctly marked tliUi
lh«m» y^hicb oontribntik to the variationa in tba relative amoiuit of
e^pitoJ eiponded by di9er(intCompanioa. The charactei' of the dbtriot
of supply is one of tbtim. Tfie Llistiiot of some Cuiu^iunieH ia thiekly
popiJftted with a hi^li claaa of eonsnmers throughout, OtJiers.
againn haro a scanty popiUation, and of a poorer olaAS; and nhboLi^h
xhti plant nnd mains of this latter may bo less cxt«nni\e, yet the prO'
(inrtiiin of its capital lo thn ifruJnctioa anil retiUil will [lanally he
in excess of the otbvr» whiLdt iburij ii Uiis pank/^uiical result 'm the
malanoctf roferrod to, that tboflu who aru lemt aUu to tifTotd it bavo
often neceflaarily to pay n hisUer pnoe for the g^.
In nianv inntMncoit, f'oriipanie^ hfbve wid& e^ijumi^'s of oonrttry to
uanaliee ^th luilee of mains, on some of which, except at the terminus,
there ts aoareuly a aonaum^r- Acain, the dtstriet may be a miuiuJao-
turing one, with mills and workshops consuming gas only during four
or five mondiH in the year. The proporiiion of caprlal In tmch ^•a.tff
hefl frec^uentlf to be Urge to provide plant to meet the priuotpal gas
demands vithiu a limited period of time. It is no imuaual tliing,
uuder sacb o^rcum^tAinces, to 5»d that during nearly oue half uf the
year, «even-tentbs of the whole plant ifl HtiLndfng improditotive.
Id oontrast to these, there ciro towna whoBO gas connumplioQ is
comparatively s^ody all the year round. Take, as an ^laioplc. the
inland nauring-placei!! and fashionable aea-side towns. To these,
there is during the Hummer and autumn season, a flow of visitcra
wbo consume a lar^e quantity of gas, Snob ia proved by the foot
Uiat the hcarieet daily make in these placeti is generally in tbemontlis
of September or October, This tends to c<^ualiaa thu (3onsunj£>tioD
Ln (be dilTerent aaasons. because tbe resileat iiihubitmils cmuiiciie
iliefr propnnl<^fi of gae during the winter n^nii earl v ■prin^ moDihi,
when tii€ visitors are abfi(>Dt, U [« foir to Qocchiae th&t, ovrng to
this rogaloT n,nd eteivly consumption, tbo plant \s almo&i ccntinuouAly
ecQployepd, jtnJ tJi^r*?fotp a snirtllrtr capital ill proponlan U> t\i& yaurf}
ptvidn lotion ie r«qiiirerl ihaji in \hos& ptEices where the he«vy cctinimp-
tLon ie apasnt'^dic ani bri^f.
But although this apasmDdic con^mption appeftrs, ot JirGtsIghti, n
eerioa'i drawtnck. in prActi(» it does not aJwujc ner^sititate n higbaz
pric3 for tba g«9H Bcd a mttob Urger ciipitol outlay than id roqmr«i br
tboso conotrns whoso comsumption or sAkof gita is at«iuii«r; for in
flOiae of ihe Urire meLTtufu^turin^ towaa tb« mul conaumption is lO
erormooB ih&ti, by 8tra,ming tlie plant for limilvd periods* ^Ihe iIih'
tdvantfLge ia ooiujtcrbftlanoed,
Thera oau bo no 'luc^tiou tbat otp(^ve «n^LQ«anii^t<&dA to an
nndtie infioitioii of the cjLpital ru^coimt- A want of ongtnavrin^ eUIl
in the cod i^IpTuc linn of works lias preciduly tXm aitme effect; Jbr Itaro.
as in otb«r matUrs, 9\tr«iLieE moel^
Considerable thought will alivayB be givon l}y a capable and coi\-
scienliou8 eugineei- to lh« pioper arrangemeDt of worha. He will w
perfect his deaigna that the works nlin-ll not ho B^jnanclnrod or spniwl-
ing over iho eito, occnpyin;^ unneoesflnry epaoe, but compact and
Larroonioua, so that the different prot'taaos in j^as miLicirig amy bo
coiiTiinieutly carried on. anil BoonuEoicai in the working.
WLitst it 19 not n4?c4^sss.ry or dosimble tbut the baildings of a gaa-
worktf eliculd he hb atron^^ au u onetit^, it is typially objootionable ts act
up nn&table and flinaay ebnicturAa tliat tiiitail Zbu annual heavy fiipi^ndj-
lare for repaafSi oooatituting & perpeliial Las, unhzuicisg the cost of
working.
Evco^T« and tmnoceasary ornamontatian is to be oechowed in all
workA of ihia kind. AU cmiuneniaiion, however, i« t^ot neeloan-
Blank thick walls, for eiamplo. are nob ueoes^rJy stronger than
others well proportioned — thinner and lighter in purls, InU
atrcn^fbhcnod by suitable projectionB thiLt add to tho bvauty of %
boilding by breaking ihs dall uniformity. The aamu arKUment hold*
goofl a» u^fippcts design in Mppiiiniliis, TaF4t« should tiol im Eioj^ilected :
and thdre ia ample e<.v}pe for th^ oxercifi^ of good taste in most di'part-
menta of a f^afi-woi'k^.
On a uloEer examination of tho question, it will be apparent that
thvre occur times in the hititL>ry of moA^ gH>i iiiid^rlakinga when Uip
capital exponditare ia either bdow or in oxc^sa of the av«ri^, via. —
when the tnaricin of ite prodncinK, etorinR, aii<i distnbuiing re^onroc*
ie i^loAvly worked up, elikI vnlbrgtiiiietit U requited, then the capital
compared with the pmdoction ia low. But eihtt-nmouB havu to bo
carried out. These muat TiecesBanljr be of snch extent as u> pioride a
I
OAS KNtiOfKKllS ANP SitA^AGERfl.
lie
curgin Cor IUn» iaor«a o cd cooAimptiod. and, being I&rger tbim the
iinm«<1mte rviTuiremetits t;f lEii- JiAtrict, Ibu ca^ilul i» awull«il uat of
propurttoii- TJkia in fkflperiAlEy true nf tiine^ when trsjia ia brisk, and
lAt<;iur uid mAti>rraU are <](mr. Then 4ixt«QftioDs utt eoali^* ati4i
HiQinJar t<J ^ft^. it l^ at aucIi tim^^s timt tliny o.ro XXiOSt froqnaDtly ma^.
Utiatf sucb ciiouritihULDced, niiic^s report can Im lijn) ti^ ;& ruHtuvu fiukd
to laftinUin tho dividdndR, n siu:.n^e& at n portkm of the statuiorj
btrront lia« to ha nubmUted Lo or tb« prma of tha ^-m« uicraRSod.
&ut iLiA ocuditioii of tbjdga is by no mcond uicv;tiitile. One of
thA |tvid4tnci!ii t^ cood itdziiiiiifiLrabi^e akill in Lliis outiOuut or ngu-
workniit the onvnHri^- thai vitenidona ar^ CAtrifid out syBUmAticaJly
tJid witli foruAi^ht, and in lu gradud a manucr aa m&y bu, iiot poait-
poning tbeia lo tbe \erj last «iilrAmity ; in oth*r woi'dii. stirring th#
corii^am — wyarin^' il lbr<*K(H»ar(i^wlii(?li in ibn worst pulley |i<»iHiblA
for tbi> uad«rtakiDg aud nil siAHocint»d with it, inoJudmg both aluro-
holdi^rs and coiuucDorfl.
Thcj capit&l of ^s-vork» in Ibo hcuidA of Oorpomtioni and otber
lA Aiitlioritiea ta, a» Ji rub. in ncoHH of tbjit i>f Cnnif nnii^ri ; bnt
'tiitH ftrisea from cniifles w«Il unileriitood. Many ToTvna Auihonlti>e
'^Imit irithiu comparatively rccont yrars boflomc poeeceaod of trM-
woika l> puicliHAe ffoin tli« Companies vrbo prti^ioualy uwiiud ibvin ;
and, ad in raaat cdags tlicy bavo Imd to pay t3i« full mar^nt pric<' for
th4 O0Dc«iT]» amounting to from twenty to twenty-dght yoare' pur-
cfafMO of the oinTUal prutita. acd crcn more in sam& inntancofl, Uid
?Bsalt JE that the cupital outliLV h large — wibb tUl^ ounjiwniaatory
F^AdvanUkge, Uovov^r, that ttiL> piiroviita^« of l'iti*ruJt to be puid on
atitfb capital in net morLs but Uhu&liy loaa, lltari that paid by Qia
Company on tlxo Binall^r CApit^l. Ah time ^oue on, and axtension^
of ihiT Corporatiojj workd uro modt?, tbmw are carrivd out with mi
■ «ip«&diltiiij| though not nec«H«arily Inu than lljat of a Companyp
jct bourinjf a lowor ra(« of intoront, and conao<Lnoatly proaaicg ioaa
LeAvUy oD tlio re»uurc«0 of the iindertakinj;.
Th« iniminliflt*? vfTect of an eiLcesAJvely large capibaJ outlay by a Gas
t Company i«, an ban btt^a already I'timarked, either a eacnnco by tlic
flb^rttbofdcrit of a proportion of tio atatiitorydividond^t or an auf^tiirn'
tetioQ in th« selling piice of the gaa; and not nnfrequently. Avbun Cph«
<apitji1 LH gruatly in nicuNfi, hotb ibtiae opdeHimbte rennltH urA ei'
poricncod-
Onc of the boat, perhaps ibe very beet motbod of roducini^ the pro-
Srtioti wLicb capital exi^nditui^ bears to r^voiiue, ia to cnliivar'fl a
y coniumptio?! of \^wi, by HlTordjM^ fnck]ttL«H for^ and enuuuragm^ in
• every )Cf^tiiiial<i >^uy tho ouc' of gne for cooking, hauling, and tnotivo
pow«r. Thid (Kdicy. if purau«id to a sticotii^irfd iseuo, t^ virtiiaily to re-
duel! Iber poroviiifi^« of cai^iLal in the proportion of aucb oousutciption.
Wc
4J<
yKWBl&GJNO'S EAl^DdOOX FOB
tecauBB the plnJit ia brongbt to bear in earning profit during tlw
daylight as vdJ o^ m the Itghiiii^ Ldni-^,
Tho " Auction Cla.visea/' ddvf mtrodacod into iJio Bill of every Gm
Oomptkny m&kmg applii^atiou to Parliaji^cut for money powers. ar«,
wiUiouE. doubt, iLEi inijenioiua and fairly satisfflcLory devii^e for at^pucing
the limitation of octpitaJ ; whilst, at iho same time, thoy t^nd to giv«
staljility to tlio utidertabing, and provide a gtuunntce for the ^te^uaI
reduction of Ujc prico of the gjis.
The *■ 8lidirig Srale " (whit^b ia not inserted corapulBorily a* are the
" Aui^Lion ClanfiDfl ''} op^^rat&o in tho eanic direction, though it ia ouon
tORnvve ol^jectioo on other grounds^ The subject bb oii« cf nuch \itiil
iiu{>urLiLU[;K that It ^hi^uld be looked at from etery puicil of vii:ii4. No
doubt the Compauiofi wLo u'ere enabled to adopt tho ^lirling g^nTe
in th« early dftys of its inoeption. ate to bo cocpratulalDtl on thft
rtiflultA thiiy LavT? achieved iu the way of enhuicod dlvidfiikdi by ita
apphcatJDiL ftiul wcrkiu^; bat tJi^re nill proliably bo lets room for
ocm^ratulatiOD to onv who mfty adopt it in future, with tho pIm^t
limitations which wiU provoil in Q^dng the initial or jtnndurd price.
It ia clear, nlao, that Coin^auips seuking powers at » timo vlua
coal and matenab gerprally are low in pricp, ar*- placed at & dis-
advftJiUge as compared with other ConijfftuJe* applying to rirUament
iu a tiniG of inl^&ted prices. NotwitliBtaaiing all cipemnoe. oueof
the mling charaoti^n^tics of average huiimii nature is to oonclndo
thai that vh^ch aniinlk eimts will scarcely ever again be ntodiBed to
Bny largo extent. InjustLce may, therefore, anintentionally. bo m«tod
onti to one Company , and moie than jantice to another ; ajid so, vhcn
die reaction (wmes, t}ie circumbtiincei of Ihe first nufTor impair nieiib,
wJiilst the other is glutted with a run of good fortune. This want of
equal justice in the incidonce of the slidmg BC&lc. whiUt inevit0kbl«» JS
Bulficieut to coniince any disiuterestet) uhHervertlmt ita iiidisciimiiuibfl
lulvai^iLcy is a n^istpike. It h. moreover^ a cnrinns and iiitertijtting
commcjitary on tho action of the gliding scale that, m apito of the
inducement irbich it o^ra for a low aclling price, there arc both
Ghs CcmpauiesandlxJoalAutliodLieB who. without it, can pruduue uid
Bt'll gaH at a (iri^^e as low a@. or even lower IhiiD.tliOB^wno boatt Its
pcAseBBion.
It ifl unreasonable to expect that tlie capital of Cae Companies, aod
the Helling price of gas. can ever be imifcinii throughout tliv country.
It wonld be jitat as reasonable to <0[p4fct thiLt u\e geoGrflJ rates of
dJffc'Knt distncta can ha equalieod. All the caueca above pointed oat.
ajkd olhera not touched upon. miUtEitti a^faiiutt ftuch a result-
GkS EHGtKKBRB AKD 1£A»A0£H3.
«LT
It
SUNOftV USEFUL NOTES-
Id choosing tli« site for u gtia-worke, coiKiduntiou thotiM be hud
\o ltd iMifliLioQt wbiab ebuiitd be at tlio towent. or ccuriy tbe lo^vest
part of bbo ilistrtot, to obLaiu iIjc Ddvontftirc of th« uatum tnoreiui; in
thb prL*»urtt of tfiu Ktttf III triivellin^ to tLiu lii;{hi.T IbvelH.
It HhouIJ. if poastbl«> be utongaliJu & i^llway, iiavignblo river, or
OfUiJil, for ooDVorttODCC in tlio dolivury of ooal ft&d other matt^nEild, und
the iliapo^ial of uucii of th« rrf»ii{uAla »« ftro desp&tohe^ to n tUDt^mc^.
The hiiillln^ nn^l pljLnt nhoulrl hn ho 8fit mil on the Und sb to
admit of future AxtoniHoEiit b^iag mad^ with eM« and economy-
ThS d«aisD of a atnictitro niioiitri be in kooping wib!i the purpose for
blob tbo nructare i^ mtcndcil.
Cuplia] i^ li^^t qpent fin substnntiLLL timhs and nppitriituR- Mere
omiiiQcCLl aliould be ti locondory GansidcriLtioTK
Tho average cost of gJia worka in provijioial towns ia ahoiit iJl per
tiood of tLc iKipuIntiua- hi very htr^ Uiwim it will Aiuoiiiil to more,
imd in very iim;LLI towim ft will *iCUF(.'oly ruuc'li Cbat fiuin.
The avcriL^^t^ oowl of guB works por tiiiUnjn cubio foot of gaa pro
ctitood per luinnm U from £rjUO to £700 ; or at itjc r&be of about lis.
^t lOOOiubit: UicU
Tlie cjupilA] of a wcUmftn&god t-^s compar; of uv«Tfttfo alxe, doa^
Dot luujuJ^F uinouDt to moro ihttn four ttmee the iLnnuftT gud rortdl-
rjDff vfful. ih« jj:aa rental sliijuld b« Jnt Icuat oiio-fijitith tif the capilaJ.
Book I) nil I Dtj UiC' ffmfiiriti"* pmrTiiotioii of l'^^-i ill '24 IkijEir^. tht? uftpibal
vill amount to about Ue, l^d, por i;ubic foot, or, i^y, 4*112 por lOUO
iTUliio feet.
Tbv gxipiibition per mile of uuLiii h u«n4lly uItouI 2000 people. lu
denfloly pnpiilai^ towns tt will rise to 3000 ; bnt in fasliiacabk r^^^
■itntitil plftfcp, where the houstJ^ Htand more apart, the population ]>er
niik of noftio will fall bolow lOOO.
Tfae OsUaI CGDsniDplrioti uf gjis per mile of main in Urge toWU)^ in
from 2^ to 4 tniltbON of onbif feet per annum; »nd In small tovm»
from ft to B milLicna.
The ffv rental per mile of moiu U9urUly ranges from £iOO to £(iOO
|Mir aiiuum-
Thc avcmgu coniumptioo ptT head of the populutioo iti large towns
in abotit 2000 enbic foot per armum ; in atuall moiiufDctuiing Iowel^i
nliout lIlOO cubic fiwtp and iu itgrit^ultntul towns abuut 1000 to 1200
mbic (titi |ier annum.
Tfav uuuttt annual luerea^o in Ibu con«umpttoii of gae J9 from 5 to
10 per cent. In mpidly i;rowiae diiflriota il will ranee higher.
The Urni "Birueluiul Valuu " Lun rufurtinuti Lo tho amount of
t'jipil-il *ipeuded npon wrirk* In their crjiiHtrnotion ,
*' Commoreiol Vahie ^ in thn value of thi^ n^t antiu&l profits wbio~
Brm or eompaoj con maJte by the u^^ of tht^ir Tforbs,
I
4K
KKWaifiGING S HAKDSOOK FOB
TABLE.
8hvwm*t 'A<* Time in ithi<h thr Vnu-ly '.'"nvwHpiioH *>f Gam mill h€
041* par
i
Tli» La mWffh
(lie C«ruan»livii
!l7y«rt,VI'iriay«.
[nOMKH
ConjUDilrUQD
U-K
InrrMiH
I per un.
10
lot
II
111
13
T\mt la nftldh lU
cvBADMlaa
) ye4n. IS A%y%
liypKnHlU4<lft|i
^Tiura,IMd*vv
I
Httrui^ ICule/or * 'i>nverHn*/ Capital prr J^ilUoa i^Me Kw* into
t'itpiial pn Thi>U9ond (Mi< Ft^,
Point off all tht^ tiguix^n jtfter Ihe hun<lre(l» fle dcdm&ls, ud
multiply by )&.
Eju»L'i-t^. — TliO capiL&I of n gn.3 uudortjikitig U ilT^i*! p<'r milUoir
cubic fvet of gaa vulrl (or [Jtxk1uire<lj pt^r EnniEni. ^'hni in tljc oftpiui
j>«r 1000c(ibJof««t?
Tii£)<,— 7-S£ X la- U (0; Hfty, 140. Cd. per 1000 oablc feeL
^^1
^^^^M^^^^^l
^^H^H "'I^H
^^^^^H OAS SNOlXBlEBti .\^D M^KAaRRfl, -llfl S
TABLE, ^V
Sho\cinti Ut/ Approxint/tt' ^tint {irr ih^ K^itraUal <i/ tht Annuitifii f pftd H
for rttch £100 *'/ $hti'f CuyiUi} t>/ Oitn C'tmjntuUs on ihr Purt'hutr tif H
X\\t iia*,AVnrkt. ttif Mmil^ipiii CoTpai-itti/nui. ('i^ntm{aii>nfr^. ttf Lceal H
^L B^mrdt^ fn Ui* wTfntf utui*r-fnn»i%fii]tti Taitnu. ^^
^L
AnprtijJtaaM ^1
^^^B
■fni (Pt A*
^^B
^^H
V.4J
r::'iiki>*tcnb at
^^^^^B
^H ?4UBe.
wbtil
iji* AnnrlEiiikj
Bamw^L ^^^H
^^^P
Phi
Hid f<lF «ft«h
^^^^^H
^^^B
rliBHil.
^huaCtaplfatl.
^^^^^H
fcr
leri
^
1
^H^^^""
\ign
ttaa
^■Srbroalli
i»fii
l;s
^VA^ttm-Ui Ma«HWU
1(176
100
yoa^UktnbDr; CcitDptnj
AUnrflDB .
urn
lOO
B4iiffar >
isn
950
Btttvl , . *W4
tM
It,rl»DhD*d 16^
9SD
BiTDtiTietmin - IS7&
IM
bintft] i«a
lar
BlKkbum tt^
«u
^BflttoQ ^ . . , JflTa
m
A 411U1 0i Jil<Vl.U,ft ti^a U*ji rt
IP
pWid"*! rnit of prAnia In iiUDdJiijf
™ BfvilfbM , - . .
1871
3S0
Cbv uutlm CftHf^NfJitf UilHirLin,
i
thn hcnoQitl Mill [j'r i'lOO U Ouir
UritfMi Ftrry .
ItfTtt
310
WTO
IGO
Ifoii-attlulorj ConipkAj,
IHM
:Nia
hnnLftiD. , . - ,
WTT
aaa
Riiry flAocuUrrJ - .
IttO
flU
'
t'UOPlBf- - ■
1971
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HBWB[OClUf<1<5 UArrHDOOK FOB ^H
1
^^^^ QOLDRN RULEH FOR OAS MAN'AOEBS, ]
^^^^^^P htr/i Ujt tkg hfaU li/ ihf irlartt* J
^^^P KMfi ihiiiii the i>rft^uy* iir lU* mrfifu. ^^H
K^p down iht nrfrart in the ijati ftitgrr\. ^^H
Tli^Ko lulea kte ae ApplioAblo to day a< tbov v«rc on llio fii'tt day
iliey wffTo p&imi^d, ita tbi^y embody all tbv phUoflopby of ^ub mftnagC'
merit. A ftlrict adlierance to Llie tulvku wWlt they niw nvill eUHUiv
(hp winrniwnf any ^ nnjlwtnkinff, jiiet iw A ^sre^&rrl of IJiem will
rvi^ult in loss ami disAstet',
It lm» 1>oon attciuptcd (vith little succene. &n^ loaa hmaod) to
impugn tLb utility of tlje t.lilid ntle. To keei* down t1[« piv^cirE* in tbe
ciciytime, say cortnin wiitere itnd apeikora, h to diBOnuriiRn Ihtt nnd of
f[iii fai' cooking and hcatijig. Bnt, surclv. to iiialie nvich a nnuirk ie
ic betray txn iiiuount hif didnes^'t not easy to imderiitatid. It nhouy bo
obviuutt to tlie mrimest tTunpreliensinn Uint it is not ndxijwii that ths
pj'vtjUre sliould Lg ktpt down to an abnomiid rate. Whutover prec-
eure m required uithui' by day or ni^ht mnst, of coutsq, be tajkintAined ;
IliQ rule indaed im|i1ica ne miich. but it implies sometbiiig icoro — its
object is Uy discouEiU^iiiuice t^i^ inniTtttiiATiceof n wnsUftit pnesiiire,atld
al) piwurv ill oioese of actMfll rcquitviiK^nln iB wofltefol. IVrfruw Mf
^H OOSFFTCrENTS ^M
^^H OF Tin: ^^1
^^H Itumhtr, Dtrnennhnw, mul Curt i*/ tha mriintg fSHildinyt, Apj^nntiia,
^^^M MitcMnfffy. fjid Plant r/ a Uits-Workt.
^^H It is ail almo&l ini|ioRtiib1e iaalt lo give it sorioa of cocfQoionb of tbr
^^^ nombet, diraensions. nud coet of Biiildiiig»» App»ranii, M«o}uii«ry,
r ftnd riant, up pLiOfitib to tbi^ individual unec af every Gue Worku in the
1 OttJted Kingdom- Tliftt such i^ tbe fpict n'iil be clear nbcn tbo Tarift'
liunn in Bis£(i,o]uhrnuti^rcif ^uliHoll.dcsif^n i whetliiirsiilirilJLiiilaJ ^rotbirr*
wia&j, and situation of Etich WovUp. are taUeii iutj con Bid oration*
Again, althougb th« cost ba^cd on tiie prices of labour ^ad ntat«'
rials niJinp nt ibe pn^s^nt timi* may be applicable, il ia (rvidt^al that
thi? figui-c^s »all iii.'C!i]di:at'ily vnry with Lht< duoUmtioJtd iu tbi- tiiarltct
pHees, and the eft'ont cf competition.
Rat HpiUier is it posAiblc to fix with perf*cjt aocuiftCj B olandartl of
(iritios iL» a Imsia tbai. wilt npply i'Vi-n midtr fiisliii^ uircumataiiceK
an sacb ^rht)^ Tarv, bn or inoro, in ditSuront porta of Clko coiititrj.
1
0A8 SNUEKGHRS AM> UANA0RB8,
4D
ileat, It H 0T)1| an approxiination thnt can b« given, &Tid lui
Sttompt iij tiiifl direoLoa ie m&do as follows : —
AiLted Iftboar . , . ^ . . . , , ■ . lOd^ por toDf ,
Uatklilri AiUo , . . 4d- fr> ed, |>cir faouf-
BrlPkbtCllDfr, [ftbonr i>iily ,1*. 34. |>at ii^. 7d. V" thick.
MMVlU}i.
iTW*'
^.
ComniOEi brlcUn bc't ....
QrdlnArf Uns. ......
Baildiiv •vid .......
gbMt la*4 tar fli«tilii(i , , . .
p«rfor ivtrutorj b!ri«k*> ah vjUoa
Vlr*^«y, unriiDd. ...
CI«7 iruiTu21"x]a" . , . .
Cut iro(* ptpua" bi l"difeni«t«r
Hp*nEjiJa,f4*t-iriii . . .
^ttto nitiUKi ditto.
SOi, diflo,
In. I-DP \«€4^
CO*, par 1000.
VOa |>Ar UiD.
4h, p«r ht]»1 rmrL
[dtouf ■111 MitWfJAlt itaiolilriftA, V\ri^r«c*'
SbOFlE brlRlrwftrV, ^f" Ihinli . , . . , Ap. Kd. pnr «iiii&r« fvd,
CoidEui-iLi <lllb«, Um, ft" tlijvk ru. M. ilutci.
artor drawd ■(□«)« nrk . . A(«. (■!■' nii1>LD Tc^l.
d^Uo HH. pir publfl jftfd.
Ibijf) 3" AaiiiI, .... . . . , S*, ^, lu £i. ditto.
laH iiwtbli A" Hud A" vCt^ , . fU Od Id At, dUla
rtluiU«tQiCDL uvifCKta I Ilk ID ... ... 10a. pvr cubla j^rd,
l>tUo ditto 1 iiL 7 . . lEt. iftElo.
Dlild data llnb ... II*- rilLln,
Ol*t'lrt^n lu UiiE* oftatln« . - < . > - i ^ 10b. jvt Ldu,
Ditto diiu niirjgonly . , . . . . U*. diila.
l>ltLc iiiJBlt oiitJuG* ........ £1D to £12 ditto.
Plub 4«dt-iroJiCD|iiDibMa<id brATnn , ^£«, b> IT ■&■, dltlb
Dittfi djLio (tiiuiEobly . . . . , .104.ial5*. ditto.
VTrDDKbt-fitu In tiin ikiUifnr«»d viiits. tnr rnnE vork iili> dllla
fcDtt(o dillo fijiiuit uttljr £jl dills.
TUtUi ditto in»nfU, l«*. Btiil O>iali0»1 . ITIS dillo^
DtEtA dUlO titfii; only <i dtbUL
«OMrWl, bill nol LanWiD(( blxtibff . . , . , U«. to ITi.
'rcuirhi-lruTi m bAn>. hlHi ri^nErd dEuU. Cof hcridcT
warli ftud ■|iiiAraLiiB >;cuanlljr Xl7 p*r ton.
thttO Diingnnly . . . . ^ ditto.
MBWBieQDi-a^
JJluo tzlatftiy - II dtno.
Ditto lA ih**!* *pd phftM nrililHra^Hi<i
4ad EOETiwd ........ ^S 4ln».
Dilba rftfrtJ ^nd ritknc . , fa K». lOd, tilift.
Uluo bi ETiIkd iron K>'^*n A laiA lOk 4M«.
Dilto tttngtfi,ly , , . ]$« ^Oo.
Ditto rtrcufd clHfn fl]lalU4L«o.
Ditto fiilDfcaiilr 10* «• U» ditto,
MrtM kMd (Uiib^0 ud Zistoir*, tad Uboitf piscine 3^- 6^ p« ««>
I( ifl Oil Lbfwo ftren^^ prif«fl current, tlut ibe co»ffici<nti of ooHt
ic bo now ^T«n &ra bftfaod-
Caparitjf nf tht iTorJb,
A Oiu-Woriu c&pftbb of producing % mnximum of OSO.OOO cqW
ff#t of gu pnr day of 21 Lnurs is taken ^ a bo^s. And tiiia aut« cf
VViirkM iH FulfiptHl a.H l>L*iiig, iLongh L-ompafacivt*lj niii:dl, abi>ul « i\\i
ftvf^n^fii. And to ^tvu u wLdt;r a jiplit* ability to tii« fignr^a iban lliey
wotJd havD bad a vor7 Iftr^n NVorks been ji^umcd.
Uung 190 OA tbc multiplier, this ia equivalent bo «ii mmual pvu-
duction of 120 tnillioti 4:ubir fe^l. R^aaonaUe nllawaiice is aJfiit
vuidft for faluro growth m tho ootxsuicption.
Tiic iLto of oadi a NVorba wJU compriBo 2) to 8 statute ncrca of Un^-
II ]■ oiHumcd that the njte ih fairly l^vi?) and sucU u to odnut of iu
b«iiig folly uiihtMl.
Thin oitont of l&nd 10 eapftblo of coutiuniite. wjlbont inoonvesiMLt
arcTwdini*. providod the Worlot iir« laid out TV'itli iudgmect* ibe nboTtf
of tlif Mauufruituritijj, Purify iri^*. and i^tumiifi? Pulldin^sud AppftMktn*
required for tho above in«^ke of ga« per day, And also tho nnildin^j*
and Plant for the maDuract^tro of 8ul}>lmto of Anitnonia, tb« rocovin
of Bulpliur, iLnd t1i« dislilUtioii of Xar.
'?\w ooAt if tb" Ap|)Ai'»ittiJi Iti ^iLch casi? htclndAfi eractioo,
Tho liuildinCfl aro asaumcd to bo neat and qutiBtantiiil.
F.ftlbiatiujf liie production from encb rtontlipioco of retort (onU *t
DBbai>t-d 2L"xlfi''xlO feet lou^) nt 0000 f«et of gaB p«r daj a'
£4 honre OTi tl»o ftverngp —
Tha nnmbor of mouthpioco.i roquirod >a . . . 1€5
Add by woy of narpliitt to maet coiithigenoie!) ^ SI
Total moutbplOtiOB required
ISW
Thn rntoitfi ar« ndgnmad in b« in aettingc of £{xom or aa^vui, and
OA9 BNQIIfEEBS AKD HiNAOKRa,
iU
DW ft Cl j 'HoP^
cm
i,soe
41V)
till* M>« flhily
ISA hiinrfc'JOBPPro-
diuUiin oaf uuu
X t. d.
AiV* y^'^^ n^tr^'t ih»it' vith rvtoii
•Id*. A«UirLKtUi»Ki, (ijic iWhH ohftD-
bt^i. ftHtfmrmlor Fnm^ft-a, nil iniuwork
iLacluoli^f fon] mklD rutitid ttjo iLAlJe
cf the faDiivl^ iocli,4.Eid kaplRicrfkUj
DktJfimiD d»:?t' o'<i]aaib|rllaai viltb
mlJwBy [mmrnnnlmtmn - .
jCdtr? r^vr ^^p/vf / Z/vir4ff «uil tAmX vtO'SB
Cbl;r, w «^ra ...... ^
buill up fruiD buMi'ifJiti ivttli cpiinntor
(nri>4^Bi^ rvlcrt tvlliuu*H *ud irvawurk
cmoplnui ,
Dftrfl'Vi'rk uf titft\f't Stuek suil bWi>
dwtrf ohiini}#ri, gc^Dprvtor furntntfl,
nioru, feoil HBttiuvK but ni^ Irdtvoik ^
7r-"»u'f>ri ddIh of nUi'k ouiuLilrto. ^uulud-
iTiq hydmuliB Kud font mitlDa
ttctvrtt. kDfiJait[sf IlIioot En KtLliiif had
Gt^iv^ttor JTv'ru'crt and Irobwork ol
■vflr , . ..-,...-
GriHtuJ FltuJr liptuti Uo'ibb hrlth tvlCTl
ttuk UU fiwc wLcif*, -itJ f»r>( apitriH an
CAOh iklr. Frtoi-L HlLitii'B. Ivo ilwiirr
cbimiX'^it^ aLI Lranvnrk (JaoLudlii^ foul
mftlp ro>knil t1i« lutldv r>r tb* huu»),
UnFii, Hnd LinplrinpotH; Bltn nn^tred
CA>t *U}rc tfi oubtniu four wirckn' *look
<U^b' uuiKuuifbliiti, wIlU faJLvijr dom-
narilcHll'"' - . i • > . - . .
Srvunii Fl/jtir Httorr Sinw af);1 aimI
etorvBoiilv^ u nbavff . . . .
JMvH Sl*tcl; two ilw&rf rhimnD^ii, «Tid
nrtapt u<irTin£a. «ith iron mnnnttogi
oump]#t* .-,,.,,..<
Ihif^urA oF Kitort tttv^k two dwarf
chtcnnfitH, rHlorUianfl •"tUn^^ but na
Irouwijfk, , ^ . , > ^ ' - t
froquioTit ahlv of lUdk iaoltidinj hy-
draulic HEi'l fii\\] nitlni
Btforfr, IrirLuilmu liiliitiir in nfHiTttS hud
fl'«-«l«y iit>rcnA>u (mu irouwari] ,
joLJiiiiK liEJC uf raJwAy, TbJi il tl]
Oofhlftiwr. Tbii may in* ot any fnrcn,
irartloal af bor^fariUl (ibn m^-NtUa
CD*t tftEL Bol vftry ta tav Kraut aiLtvni),
v^tti (TODDfotlnDi and byfl^piBB malm
ftbd Talmt eamplsts , . . . .
ITp tl
^1 18 D
I
J I a
1
I
II a a
4 9
All
U IB
30 T
a>
10 T
too
A
U 10
90 A
^ «
11 4
8B0
fiOD
80
«3ao
Boiler nnd Sskamtter ^t/itat. Ckimoa^ Bod »lti»p for
two bnJIffn - ..-..,. ...
SUarn ffmUif uF t1]« CiiraLPli typ^ two in unmbi'r, uf
■losl abd oC amjilefliih la m^i^l^ tl*«m for *ibiiu«t«r«,
Bcmtibpn, wtulipr-ai^nihbPT, immpa, Bi]lplisl#4iitiBnii]it,
f*t ntv otbrrriUrjjDAFiOiiltiii workj l&'0"xFi' U" ■u<l tit
ui'taEiiintrfl Ann aniULikflinna
£iiFAaudfrr. C*[tac\iy 40.000 ciibio tt?4!L per tiDiir drt/tn
djFuct» wlDh iu airn Hi^^m dukIdp, with (^vemor, flnn^
t>iii4]ioHUi oiljftbBlent trv dntnblv JnouooF i brtak-
do^fo ,..,.. ^ ..... ^ ,. ,
TpU'f^ H^n^hhwft, luro in num^im', 't t>wt m dumot'r »ti(I
Pn.1 -....,,,..,-.-..,
Wi^fifr tiorabtm- with alniD ettClDDt ooddmLIodI) b^
FiBMii mAibB ftod TftlvdB, Ck^ianEeyi TOC^.Di)0 oabio f«t par
tiity ...
Tvr ur^fi AniHtirnatni Lit/wir Welit. bwu in iiuui^Kf, ur
onv divMt'l l>i two, Tlj(<i« Krv AnBi)iTic<1 lo lid unHvr
l^rnrirtri, Titiilt of bnalcii in I'ortUnd a>m4Mit tnfirur:
«|Mi^iLiy fj'iaX tu four woota' producLioti ot tki feitd
liijuij'; WlLTi Hii^rftLor . ,.,,...,..
5** </ 7"fcrM Pum^iwitli HlBum BDjilM . . . .
0«il[i4VB4iUM
F'tnt cr( PunfjrlDg
Furtfjftnc H/ivtr, Ofouod Root baaiv
WknaoIUTAiirlitT piiTinan^ ft, iiiiriLn>
> Fi ft, dn«p, JIII<) LftiDf; A^ip^rttuS U't
jiunfiOT Tl'lH. vo->A v.i'l^i', una tienlrft
VBNf» lutl (WMJ cIlknEED Tl*)ieH» tH^ ill
QOuuHiclfcupj L8 jE]. dikiuDi«r. oam|iTaM .
H'tUi/i onli/. nm^^itivit - . - ^ ^ .
Bevtvif^m-i JTuc-r luljdlulnif, for oiide of
ii-nH, vav«rpd by ■ mof eujjjwrkid o(i
[*in*r* ...
Tu/"i^lK."-\f.i VurifuinQ I/uuid. Liicliidlfiir
tiji purifl^TB QTJ (cot Bi|iiifcr< «ad A f»n[
i1*»|i, plBf^ful on Tift|wr flni-T iinppiirt«d
»u iniu biuKDH Jtud Lj^tuinriii; uwd
^Ht^ 004 c^mlra v»1vr, bud bi^<9 1-ffa.jr
ahui^* vslvAA, %\\ noTiiKBAtlniiH 111 m,
dUiQa(«r; liftiuK tpiitrntiiafiir ijur[a»
Ijila ; rDtivifjjiijf 4pac<«<in tfrn^ni n<'<ir,
•Tif*ihm-Aiiirjrt' iind itJufalLTi^ A|if>iirttnH
for D&liiitiif ^m-u to^ JIlUD I > . 4
B"t*4 fitly, m at>[)ifa ,,,,,.,
Unking, huil ■tJ^kJH 'ULfii>f>, . . . ,
Puri/ift. Sut vo>hJ>. bo fl- fquuro <
fi ft. ilHp in li*(i firtc Ttt*- tlmt Mnr
will; AffDt'D va]vp, air J bliiitwEi lul wilL
i-wity vftlvH ; with Woo.! (fiH", llftiiMe
1i0kl« forfloTcn, tad nil caiini^atuiiLJi
d.
3 4
2
CIS
3
1 J n
U LF A
010 e
B 9 n
IS
D 10 i-
i> H t.
C Cr
«
OM «
7 H n
a > <»
» i;
4 a o
OAfl HNOIKKKHS kHU MAKKiBBS.
4ir
DcMii^flD.
CUWt
'.C
oIOh
AQO Slativn Sdtttt Uvuta^ ttlth acoiriuiDOiltlLuji tw ivi> bIaUou
(DBMni, uid IvnKUtioii ^vA^no'ii ...... ^
(hid iDOUDtlLlllB, CKJOIIlIrM', f4|l|t«U}, i0,O00 VUtfifl PHb
parbDOP. .
lU
ami
CubJc real Ofeiiaalbr,
i: .. d.
C««t wkOh, bultl with brlflk* l*iil %n JVrl
Ifthd AtmAQlranrtiranil pii'ldled 10 10 % O 9
'JHO (JnfJiofdfTi, |V4> in pumbri. cwv>]iEl.
dMp^MMidiy^ft^OOOcabio (crtruii, io<
father 900,000 flnbia fs-t, «4ikl Ui tC
TiiL>r>Kiid vaEth nun II a 4
M 6ti*twH0vtttinjt 1,1^ iuuti, Iwolu number,
wuh hvft |tft«4^ tif»iiiii>oU^ii#^ kiid vftlvM. ' < 7 K
bhv work* >, OUi
IL£ O'^rfi'rtfr'iCTji^ *Uvaii, fcJiJ m*mB) thraiuh-
ont tnn vorlH tb IQ. dlftmatar, Tfet
l£ Wfisht,nJ^rM*itlF%aw . . . , . 3
700
lljON
MO
110
tin
OJT4TM, IFuribfA-*^, Siowvi. toatiait raom Mid Iftliormtory.
iifl fiimiBhvnfC , . , , . .
Bittftflarti WaU, Draiita^ ««tt] ii*viu|r, and uuu-euieuuBt .
ifitt'itvt*Af Ptanf. AhqqiIok thai thaQi^Ut; on mniat,
V^TDA, ■j-phi>nii, ■hd »rtfi» [ill***. ■iDwiinL* ta BO Tiflr
not, of bhfl tr>ul 04t>Jiar vi|i«idlturp. Hhlod I" « fair
kfarAft"- 1^«° ^'i" oqt^i will bi .
Sutphttf f/ jlirt»'>nia .Aj'j'f.tatHii^ c*{W!ity s In T tonn
iiiliuir v^t 21 hciuiK BU'i ■(]|mrUi'«»»v; itidu-liiiK i'"'^
•c-tJmn pur|[^<«, 10' 0' > &' 0" >. 5' 0"\ hvrfmiitirt
Oh4Qfl* Valvn anilwniHt nnf nu {ftllnrB, nvvr^iwJ Jli)i.UV
lank io tki>Jd li^lurL*, Ip&I li<'i-4 muid •tij'e t*Qkt «fid acid
fiui|ij»nfi« iQd (rad-llofrrl at4re for dluo - ^ • ■- ' -
fijj/p^L«r lUfi^prfy Affatatta -.,«>•>■<
TdK UtiftfAH^^f^vm*. - - .
Buttdmi/t/ttr diUa . . . .
2 H
1 ft
n* ti t
(i; (I
I «
u 10
U
NBWJIIOOJNO HAi;j>DOQK I'OH
\i\aw.d tu itiiiltir.
Lt-tiAfiiw. ftftf JUmouUf j» Mid eJiriuBBtioK
«i|*ii*ii. b,30(»
PLHtiiJiEifeVluI, ......,, '1,900
l^« brLi^liwork of t^A rvfart atuik, Ih*
jCvriiiJJiir lAjfif. Ur walls, iD'l Itmodl'
tloD« uJ ■pparaLiLBt . , . . , ^ . Hft.lOO
Api'ftnTiiii vid miuihtn''rj {iru>lnihn^ Lh«
irvLiwurk uf («buit »Uck,Ku]juidiini)iiiiil
tha &pp»nitu« ^m<rftltf ) IA,400
tnimbauiiit blftBt, malni, unlffa-plpai«
Ao auooo
Total . MlOSXn
Htadt CI/ ^^c dij^crf'tt JJ<pti'1miintt.
fipeuaoB . . . >. * t < 1 t ^ U.AOO
Pl04tlllR FAfriUl i r , . t.'.tO0
PiLrir.uuL' uuclaiiiDE uuiidcDUir, ivrubbni^.
wwhiT icrubbcr, punfierii, AtfO , . . 9,t^
Stanue 19.600
Dliur&nbiDff* 21,000
TOTir £70,000
n
CvkpHKttO
X ft 4.
10 Q
TIO
Kll
n
U
itO
31 fl -^
IIO
111 1 V
^
7
10 V
to 11
in
14 9
VO
ino
111 'J »
*^
MISCELLANEOUS.
BRlOKti AND BRICKWOHK.
Ctiiot Lhriifn*i*'iiH "J ISrirfsn.
If indton long ; JJ inches hroncl ; ^} incho« tbu^.
Weight or lOOD i^dmmoii irlay lirickn, iLbatit S\ luQi.
W«i^lil of IQLKJ liru-L'liLy briotcs, ftbout 3A toiin.
BOS <iouimon thy bricka waigb about 1 toUn
600lir*'dfty briukK weijfb nbont 1 l<iri,
h'i hvii^Ica Uicl tiut nill ^ptiva on« Aquat-L* jurd.
r<:f brioka laid on Qdgc wdi puve osia uquiirL* yaril-
Namber of bricka iu a uubio ynv^, wHbuut mortar, 416.
Kiitnbdr of btiohfi Jn J^. cnliio yinl. witEi mnrtftr, 3^4,
In Engluid, briolcfvork i» genoi jxlly cciloiiUteU by the ei^uu« rod.
A rod of brickwork mcaBitrcalAl feet X tG) foot x lit foot = ^^'
eiibic fo«l, or IH cubic yaTd«i
OAS KfiO[NH£»S AHO UANAflBBS.
4»
r
A^rod of bnckwork = 272 HiipurlltiiiLl fwt» )^ briL'k, or IH^ inah»
riiToli JJi rfklled iho nf'iTvl/irri thickness.
Wr of bricikd iu a roii of bmlc^^'ork. allowing tot wtaCOi 1500.
To rei.1uae briokworlc from eupf^rQdal (vi}1, of iii43Ue« thick to thd
ilandartl tIjichiii-.iqMof i:)^ inolmA. dt^clLmt (jEid-tliinl-
To tvducA btiokvork from entile feet EO «n|>nrflQiiL] feet of tbo
tU^ndlird tlitcknnnjt of l^l incline, deduct Ono ninCh-
To rodu«o bricliworit from cubic feet to rodw, divtdo by OOC,
To rndiicfl briiikwotk of maic UmEi 1( bncikH thick to m^pArHcinl
foot of tbo standard tUiokndad of 13^ iiicboi, multiply tha utoo. in
Ccct by tho tiTuubor of h^ brieka m tbioknoM, luid d^Tido liio
product by fl.
To rftducu brickwork footiTigv to HtipuHlt^iAl fuot of Lb« vlivnilLiri]
tlLickD<«l of ISJ inchuj, niulliply tliti Itn^jlb by tbo liuiglit of tht'
ooura<>ai In feet, and llm prodai^t bv tbo numbtr of Lutf bnckn m thr
iTuan brvoOlL, ^iid Uivulu by 3. WJttn tho tiumbor of aaursLra 10 ixld,
ibtf Dumbdr of liblf brivkn ill tlii.' midilLe roitrrie i>4 tlic iut<aTi. Wbdii
thontuabQrof cotirM^a is &vDii.the moan brDiU^tU i« foiitid by tukiug
7 tbfl aont of batf brlcka in tbo upper and lower coiir«oe.
iiami in fiiiekiti/ik.
BngtiAb bond is tbo »troakceati, and la a course of strelcbers uirl a
triinrsij of heft*lera nlt*irnfi.Wly, or one course of liendern and out'
egiiraa of strdtchflrs,
Flominh bond in a hoodor iind stretchor bid dtcmatoly in tbe
tiaoto course.
Hoop-iroii, wbfln umd a^ bond, nlionld I10 wnU turned mid SFLndciil,
Wid boddod in Porlbxnd ccmont-
A rod of brickwork m ordinary budcliugii roquiros nbout —
II oubif! yaiil of lime.
2} oubir ynrils (iffiand.
A rod of brickwork in u gailiaM^r tftok rviuiree about —
1} cubic yardri of blue liafi Ltiue.
2t ruble yards tjfbhArp river sand.
A rod of bnekwork renitirea nhont —
1} cubic yntG« of Romnn or Poclliind oeinenl,
1} cubic ^arrla of sharp rivor anud.
A oabic yard of oinckltine . . . w<;i(;bs abciit 14i^0 Ibu.
,1 „ bln^EinSfjmcklimo ,. „ 1470 ,.
„ „ Portlftiid cement . „
•• ., Roman cement „
„ „ dry *und
Tb« above mntorinla, wh^n mud« Into iqoitU', loae ftbout Otie-
ttiird of tbcir buJk^
,. 2410
„ 1700
» S4d0 ,.
^^^^M
P^^^P
■
■
■
^
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^H ^ihpiw^ lAr yuinbtr t^' BiieJa in i^'itlU '>/ 'fifffrftti Atfin, Jrom ) n Bfidt
^B Mptol Brinks thkk. 'tWkontjd fit 1500 fJrirIa to iht JforJ ^273 >^ h
^^P m per ^) ^ fitJ Offing for lV{i*ti\ ^B
P Tahjb L — FrT*m 1 £o GO Sujfrjirifil fV*e. ^H
1 ATU of WbJ],
lan^ii J imiiii lunrii^ib
J Brkcfci'i* Brl4?fc
n Brick*
4BnE^ ^1
k flu;-. EVat
: oinBait , Thktl.
TlilfV,
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GAS ENGTNBBRS AND lUlTAOEHS. W
MORTAR AND CONCRETE.
Mortar*
Lime 1 part*
Sharp river aand 8 parts*
or,
Lime 1 part-
Sand 2 parts.
BlackBmith's ashes or clinker, ground < < 1 part.
Lime 1 part.
Coarse sand 4 parts-
Hijdtmtlir Liate MvrUtr.
Best blue has lime 1 part.
Clt^n sharp river sand 2^ parts.
or,
Best blue lias lime 1 part.
Burnt clay 2 parts.
or,
Best blue lias lime 1 part,
Pnzzolana 1 part.
Clean sharp sand C parts.
t'fittfM MuHar.
Cement, Portland 1 part.
Clean sharp sand d parta.
The lime should be fresh burnt, and not more than sufficient of the
mortar for a day's work prepared at once. The cement mortar should
only be made as it ia being used.
' 'ttut'tte.
JSlue lias lune concrete (for fbundationsj — b^ Ueuuc.
Gravel, shingle, broken stone, brickfl^ or old retorts,
1 j to 2 inches cube 6 parts.
Clean sharp aand 2 parts.
Blue lias or other hydraulic lime 1 part.
Portland cement concrete (for lank walla) —
Gravel, shingleT broken stone, bricks, or old retorts,
IJ inches cube 7 parts.
Clean shaip sand 2 parts.
Portland cement I part-
F F 2
XKHHlOGCfO'S JI1>~DB001£ FOU
I
MamU i'fmtnl far iiU4ldrit*rr,
I yuti rod Jutt(l<
6 puts l^r^ond tiioe.
6 |»rl.s «har|i Mod-
Mix vitb boiled linseed oil.
I p4rt red lo^,
fipuU luting.
10 pari* sLftip iuid.
Mit wiih boiled linio«d oit.
I
CkELn (Jiorp EiLud |uol hkviag iU pftrtieles rounded by nttritinrt)
aheuld tiitvays bo tiacd in the oompooilioi: of ntortm wUcu it cao bo
prtHiurtd : but. otlierwise, clean wtll-burut iiihta inaj bt suliitiniU*!.
Ill prcpiirmg ordiiiur^ mortar il la JesirabU lo mil « smail prapOf-
lioii ufamitliy aKlies Willi Llii? lima mij Hand- On IIuh Mibj«ct Ur.
Qnliam Smith rom^rlis r' Eiigiit^eiin^ Pape)-t/' n. SO): " Tlk« im-
S:>rlaiicu of IhG admiilurc of odbie vjiL Liiortar U> bo fttiuofiphcric&Uy
rW will bo dlowu by iLe fglloAviiig rteull* -— Ti* bnckl»j«ra'
mortar, whb t^omiTmu bi-lcks. aix^v a Upee of tf4 days, broke wkh
(TO lbs. : wben sand was snbaUtuted in ptnce of aabe« — Itial is, nU«i
the proportioiifl vteve 1 alakod lime, i! saiidr &Dd no oabce — it ctdy rt-
qijli«d 2C7 lbfl> to teni Asutider tbe brick«. These are the aveAM of
inree «ipertmeTif.s- thh h no flmjLt attribittAhTe t.o tb« aabes bobj
porons; tliey lliusallon' greater faoilitiee for the nbwrpbonof onrbcni?
idd flroDi tLe atmosphere/'
1h^ mo» Mod tbat o&n be incoii>o rated vitb the liti^f, Uie
tba iDOrtwr. provided tbe uece^ory digrei: of plasticity i& preaerv
A land of toorttLT is equal to one cubic yiuil*
A bodof niorUr iiiHasurtBO ill. x S> in. x 14 in-
Tik^ bodu i^f mcrtLhr uj'o iiL>Eirly cqunl to a buftlieU
TLe mortAT in 8 rod of brickwork (45UU biickst is Uke« at H cwl.
of cLblk lime anii '2 Iosd» of sjvnd, or 1 cwt of atone limo aoi
j^ loads of BniLd>
Tbu vflltio of FiroHcloy roniista diiofly in the pro|iortion ^f thr
Eklumma to the fueiblo matter {viz., oxid-' of iron, and the iiUaibe» of
ma^eutUi |?ota&ea a))d soda, A^c./ and to tbo eilica^ thcee beinfc tlio
pniicJpBil tujcmdiviiU erf ttliLc]i it Is ti'mpobed* Tbo brger die pro-
portiOD of alumina to the fusible mAtt(!i', tbe moi'p refractory tlie olaTi
Of livo oIavb oontaminf* oluiiuna and fiisible matloT in the somopro-
yurtiijns, tiiat wbicb contains the least silicfi ia the mote reJractorj. S
TliG o»<ItbiBled clays of Rioin briilije, XtwcJistle-on-Tyne, diflVr«nl^^
parts of Vorlcflhire, Scotland, and a W other placet, are vulu&bk tfi
the maQufrkctiLTG of bricba, tileo, aiid rctorta u&ed in funiaoeG t>r tlj«
dirttillulion of coal.
The tnhk on uexi page will be found useful in this cotinectioiiH
rbciii? ^
better I
1
I
GAS SNQINEEBS AND AUNAGERB.
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KEWmomKOS IMWI>DOOB FOR
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^ If the area in Bqnnre inches of the cross wction of suiv RpctrJmpii of
^H vrought-ircn be multiplied by S-31, tho product will b« tW v^iglat
^M in pouiiib of a lineal foot of such spocimeiip
rtlj /■'(Kflf-
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SHEET IRON AND STEEL.
W^ifhi iij li Hn\H'n\Hii\ Foot in I'ouwit fin-f Fnution/^f irith i 'oiiesfomliynj
dumber iiH'i Tfiichirw uf litnuhi'jintur IIV*-c Gtitfi/i'.
Thlchneu
Wdigbt per
rfquaro Foot
ThEoktim
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Bantre Foai
Nd.oI
In Parts ol tn
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Eq ParU Ot all
BimlDBluiii
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Win GujEfl.
Bovd of Tnd«
Wire Oaoge.
BoftTd of Trade
Buiidud.
Iron. St«l.
Siacdud,
Iron^ St«eU
1
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12 00 12'5I0
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11 -3U 11 587
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SHWBTGOTNG'3 HANDBOOK TOR
STEEL,
W^Af *'J tJne Foot of liound 8M.
i III I I 1 1 II II ! II
?o^fL'C, -w^'swI'safl^ciiwa'waoTaeeiiee-Oft
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WEIGHT IS POUNDt^ OF A SlPEKFICTAL FOOT OF IRON.
COPPER. AND DlUtib.
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lfi-7K) l^hiir.
«'l6tUL
23-7^
ai W4
2A-IM9
lUOlO
iA K&
S3 075
11 -OM MOUlL
«^tbL
HA'Oeo
2£-4ST
«A-«at
^im
a7'ttM
37ttU
'iS-48T A«lb*
iiacukL
147 '/Wi
2A-7la
es-OTB
ai-797
fW 07S
in :ira
^fr';«! ll.tflUiL
Aitht.
ao'om
W ]d&
90<m
34 ftxt
L^»Lt^
11 '^)
■^ m a-iiiB
iS-lGthK
Meao
JO-ilMJ
SJIITT
37 £78
35 £47
IB K»
30-4GQ laieVu,
T-Wtht
jA'm.'i
nt£-niL{
,Vi-7W»
Vl'-JlfU
,iH'^t
^I'tny
.U H\t ;auii
lA'IOihfr
37 B&l
ao laa
30 381
iH'O^it
41 010
DA U3&
3A l« ilC-JOl^
lla*b
4041?
^'COO
40'i«a
VfjrM
4«7GO
l}0'3^
:IT<CC0 1 1 invk
WEIGHT W PARTS OV A VQVSD OF A SPHERE 1 IN
DUM. OF VAEIOUS METALS,
UAS SVomiBRS A?m MAV.AGRKS.
4U
Iron.
ItdiI'
H«aaiiv«}, ' ChL I WTHftL
lU
Itt
StML Irfkd.
■1*? "11*
Tin.
iSt
21B4I.
'l»d
HOOP IBUN.
90 3« IS
aBG.]'94l
001
H
IT
Ob
Jl
J6
a 71
i| It
ULl
40a T^
II
14
j'Ta
S fl|
171 Ifl
ea's
13
91
u n
lOSAill-ril
TAPKR ANOLK IKON, OF KQUAL SIDES.
l4«cilicitHd«tla
liwhsi.
TJUokncHof
Boot.
W«4|bborOfn>J.lnaiJ
4
t
P
1
IhL.
1
A
t
A '"It
Abu*
14
lO'OTri
s-e75
g oas
1
TAPEK
TIRUN-
Widtrinf
7ff( Tiil>;* Id
Isdlm.
TdIaI Doyib
in lndh«.
Ton Thbte «t
LnlfDrm
nib.
2
»1
at
liu.
i
A
«-o
0-C
9-^1
412
NEWBIGOraO^ HANDBOOE POB
WEIGHT OF COEBUGATED IRON BOOPING
B. W. (Hiic«,
Sli« dE ShHU(
PnBqiun.
Snpv. Part
par I^B.
U
6 r«t
V
Sf«t
to e feet
V
S1«t
V
Alowt.
, BOO
18
6 -.
X
a «
e ..
X
B „
X
^ »
. 1000
30
*i M
w
2 .,
B ,T
X
3 „
X
1| M
. ueo
fla
a ,,
X
2 „
7 "
X
^ ..
X
U ..
. UGO
34
<' M
X
a H>
1 ,.
X
2i ..
X
11 >,
. 1880
96
"i p>
X
2 pp
T PI
X
a* n
X
i .>
. SLTO
WEIGHT IN POUNDS OF NUTS AND BOLT-HEADS.
Ptubtter of Bolt m
IiicbPi,
1 i 4 i . I i 1 . ]1 U Li fl
Qi
Weifrht of K«iJieoD -017 -UG7,'J2S
Not ud Hesd.
Weight of SquAnNDt '021
tad H«ftd , I
070-164
267-4aO/7301-10a'I49-77
3ai'fiS3iae2i-ai2-Ad4-43
i-m a-7fi
7 0010-fiO
i7<a
31
4
a'38
WHITWOBTH'S SCBEWS WITH ANGULAR THREADS.
LtiftmflteT In
Inches.
Nikmber of
Tbre»dlp?E
DiHiDeter In
Inataes.
Nambcr of
Tbtud«per
Incb.
DtftEOOWr In
Inobei.
Nnmbergf
Iwh.
Angle of threads 55° in every instance.
The threads do not intersect at their sides, but are rounded off
one-sixth both at top and bottom, making their depth eqnal to two-
thirds of the pitch.
The number of threads to the inch in square -threaded screws is
generally half the number of those lu angular'tbreaded BcrewB, and
the depth equal to the space between the threads.
I
UAS BUOIKERRS A>:D UAKAOSBS,
«•
WEIGHT OF CHAINS.
i>iuHt«i*r
Lutk
LIQMI rnDi
lnlHb**.
In lb*
tB ti»be*<
lalbtH
IB Ibdwti
1b lb*.
- 4
DO
^^
!f
ic-oa
m 4
HI
i'lfl
I|V
19'flrt
V t
1-88
V
a Id
li
SO-tQ
" A
l-«0
ana
11
^'IT
¥
laa
^h
lO'AO
It
SB-as
t
a 00
II
11 KJ
U
»-to
S'OT
'A
19-10
a
as-BB
u
«-A0
ii
14 ^
fPiftm. of Imk in <iitflitiie of anin cV
kS X weight to bo ru&«d I = diam, of liuk in uigbtbt of inoh.
= enf? load in tona.
—WEIGHT AND BTEENGTU 01' flOLND U0rE3 OF HEM?
B ^ AND TVIBE.
riuBp.
OHh or
CbCBDI'
UlDDflH.
■"*
-S»
■cu
1-70
9-19
■IW
K'M
701
Dan
n-Eio
19 T4
H-ea
in^M
lfl'7B
S8-«a
voo
SI -u
M-34
87*4
II
4
6
e
71
»t
V»l
lU
m
lift
'JO
go
iTMVfne*
eufli wiivh
ntnli w
W*||)it pp
Bn«^lu<
<i\r\H ur
WtlHht |dr
SFvlilidC
l^ircgm-
rttbDiB
WdtBt
ClroQib'
FikUiaru
n>ut>k
f*nn«a
of Ht( r«*(,
IB
FrtvnaA
uIB^i Fme,
in
lb laobcB
ID Ibt.
TolW
In lu0ltt>
in ItM.
Tipub
1
M
1
1
1
fi*
1
H
'4
it
11
1|
!!
11
S
4
M
11
E*
11
Hi
Ii
II
fl
«*
II
«
i|
iii
I*
2
SI
4
U
31
,*'
fli
4
fit
a
Si
10
ai
4|
'•
»
'i*
tl
A
Bt
St
m
a
.S
ai
at
n
ill
(4
Jl
SI
01
ij*
3
7
T|
!S
41
ft|
10
an
ai
9
u
a
n
021
31
*4
le
n
74
Ml
»<
11
IT
H
a
»i
3*
10
m
31
«
flgi
aa
U
191
3j
10
HDI
aj
ID
111
11
34
Di
1«
m
4
u
«>
1
14
01
^1
ta
m
41
lit
261
*1
IH
JWt
4B
90
»<
A
SI
D«
M
39
«e4
It
AM
M
4M HEWB10QING-& EAliDBOOK FOB
Tojinti the Hreakiryj Weii/ht of Round liojrfit of Jlfmp^ Jron Wire,
and SUfl Wire.
Hemp ^ ' ' .-^y— = breaking weight in tons.
Iron wire (circum. ins,"!' x 1"6 = breftking weight in tons*
Steel wire (circum. ine.)^ x 2-G = breaking weight in tona.
Factor of ufety for hemp, iron, and steel ropee — \.
To find thf Weiijht of Hemp Ropes,
(Circum. ins.)" x 26 = weight in Ibfl. perfathom.
ALLOYS OF METALS.
Yellow brasa, 2 parts eopper, 1 zinc.
Rolled brass, 82 parts copper, 10 zinc, l'& tin.
Brass casting, comraon, 26 parts copper, 2 zinc, 4-5 tin-
Gun metal, 8 parts copper, 1 tin-
Copper flangea for pipes, 9 parts copper, 1 zinc, 0'26 tin.
Bell metal, 3 parts copper, 1 tin.
IBON TO RESIST THE ACTION OF FIRE.
The following mixture of iron is recommended for fire bars, furnace
plates, gas retorts (iron) and any other ironwork required to redBt the
action of fire : —
80 per cent. Ridsdale-
20 per cent, Siemens Steel Scrap-
Tbia is said to make a kind of pyrostatic iron, the high &sion ptnni
being due to the small percentage of carbon present in the
mixture.
QAB BNGmEBBS AND UAVAOBBB,
MB
TABLE
0/tJu Vthdtij and Forvif ttf the Wind.
UD«P«T HOBT,
FHtpei
1
1
s
9
s
4
4
5
5
7
ID
14
15
32
fiO
30
as
aa
00
44
85
&1
40
&8
45
6fi
GO
7a
00
BB
70
101
SO
117
100
146
,^,p«B«o=<..'^'Sr„'^l°^S?J'"
IkMor^ptioD.
■OOS
■caoi
'044 f
'070 1
■139^'
'49fl|
ll07f
IMS*
ao76r
4-439 r
6037 i
7'873|
9'996r
ia-300
17 '719 1
24-163 i
31-400
40-200 f
HutUf p«ro9ptib]e.
Jait pBrc«ptib]ft,
GeDtlebrM2e-
Pluunt breez«.
BriAk gale,
HiRh wind.
Vnyhigh wind-
Btorm or tempeet,
Orent itonn.
The preSBure or force of the ivind ia as the square of its velocity.
The square of the velocitj of the wmd in feet per second x '00228H
= preasore in lbs. per square foot.
The wind pressure upon a cyUndricd surface is oue-half, and on a
Rpherical sui^ice one-fourth that which is exerted on a flat sur&ce.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WEIGHT OP VARIOUS
SUBSTANCES.
Mftme of BubatAboe-
epeolfiQ
ikiid
per
Cb. Ft. ID
OmiDfli.
AloohoL, pun . ^ - .
Ath (tiiaUr) - ■ - ■
Aapbftlt, pr«p«nd . ,
BalbiGoQB . . , .
B«eah
790
7G2
3,406
1,793
G8S
704
993
960
WflJiht
Cu^root
iDlbfl.
AvoLrdD-
poLi
1 Name at SabiUnc
.
' Onvlty
1 W*Jffh'c
1 P*r
Ounoee-
per
Cnb.Foot
InLtah
ATOildu-
POIA.
49 'US
47
166
J^TftiSf out
., wirt . .
Briok , . ,
8,340
1 B,40O
1 2,000
1,702
1,434
960
1 a,36S
53d
1,990
516
560
100
112
ao
60
146
31
130
197
113
4a
44
Briokwork
Cam«]iG, Fortlftnd
63
SO
Cbaron), O^k
Cky - . . ,
M
«SWBlGOlNa-S OANDUOOK FOfl
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AN'D WEIGHT OF VARIOUS
SLTBSTA\C£S— LWawun/.
Itimi* 4' OvhlUJH.
3p' dr. WviEkl
tod Mr
Ctw ^Vln A.*cl*ilii-
31*1114 vl 0vlAiuioa,
CoiJ. uibbruiitpr, «obd
2,aciO
i,B&a
,t bitaniUDHi
l,WO
„ cwuwl, Sdotob
U^^
IP Wigtt
J.S)!lO
„ „ N'OMtl*
MJ9
.. ktond la uBUtJ|
Bas
Cok* trom octfaDs 1
WWlfe - ... J
MO
" '^awT""''"!
AU
., ttota nftn-worksi
446
uqiJjtkDd ,
' i.uau
COppDfiCMt ' ' -
' e.040
,, «li«ob*ud tvlrt
KVOO
C*rk
1M0
Kulb. llMED . . .
1J100
1,900
aim ....
fibO
Fir. rcil liueaDd tpruot
000
t, Amarinui
4G4
„ Urflh , .
M4
f rrV'Clnir. cmiiiml ^
2.400
„ burupdlii blooks
i^pOeO
Klu, Ynrktbirv , .
ttaSB
2,004
fljM)
OlMI, 0»VA , - -
a.4W
„ pliSe - - .
■Mid, puns > ' »
±eso
u.wi
tn,0ttQ
., >lAu3ftAl ^ .
iTJBt*
2,eaa
1h840
OrindilODe • . .
JM}W
Qna iD«Ul . .
B,TU
fiypaom , , . .
9.304
«06
7.1(»
Iron, vrouflht
T.flaa
11, sua
„ whlU - > .
H,iet(
Iflmiutcrriii, IIm - ^
S.4W
,. mAjTELni^o
C.&4&
Uma, ^uiok , - -
fa64
UihLotEuiyt tLocdunt
, MO
„ apjuiUi ,
TW
160 M4nl« ,
T« BiluolU7
Uod .
oa
U 'Oik, ItDlftLEll.
»!l<!l
AlO
tta
[Mnot
„ Auierlc4D. ml
Oil, liuiD«d
„ oLivfl .
„ oqIu
lA IPiMit -
too PiliLl* htE>i:* .
7A Pitrulciim .
M I'ftflh -
^ I'IftLJiLUia, IlklfV
liO I ,, UEdta
M .. win
lAO I'lrrtluid HIVUQ
UA ?Miiid, duup
iOJ ,, diy.
110 SundBtoav-
im Khilu . ^
leO SbiugLv .
1ST SiUer, tupo -
J.aiO „ lundnrd
KV tfDcrw . >
11.1 SImI . ,
lUl Qulpbur .
»-7^ Tlla. . .
4J§ Tio. . .
4nj J'mp .
!*«,„«*
17a Willow. -
40 iTarltftilr* flu
Uit«ikaUii4ni> , .
i,fat
2,040
1pT«0
BOO
1K4
gia
QX^ BHQINBHBS AHD UANAQBfifl.
MT
MlS0Kl-LANt!:OlTS ABT1CLE8.
IlRif nf flax ^KiiHiuu) .... 5 to IL cwt.
Barrel bulk , , . . ^ . . 5 ciibi^ feet.
Bftmlofloi- 215} gallons.
Bftttms noord}* 7 int-liefl wld«.
BuAhiUofcon] ^^0 lbs,
Bualidl of coko 15 „
C&bla's loafEtb 'ilOyardtt.
Cbnk of blftck lea<1 11} c<vt.
rhxldniu uf i^oul 2a} „
„ coU- . . . . , IZ^lol^owt.
Oord of vrood l^)^ cuUc foci.
fVvnU Boards Indies vidt.
DoEcu . t2&rtidefl.
FA££otor st«eL 120 lU.
FoSder of IbiuI 117) <^wt.
GroM l!i(loz.
Hundred ufilKftU 1^ in mniiber.
„ .tmilB IIQ „
Koolofcoald ..,.,. aitonilcwt
Loo'^ of bricks ...... fiOO bricks.
,, iticlj boar<U IKH) aqiiuix* ft]«l.
., 3-liicli ploulb .... }K)0 M|iiare feel.
Um« A2 hu!i)i«1s.
„ ]i«wlta> UJ cwt. 3'i Ibfl.
oUhaj l^ M
„ Htrnw 11 I, U4 „
,^ mx\d ...... M'ibnabfila.
„ equar«<t timber. - . . >0 onbio r«ct.
UobeWD 40
tiW 10m)ci1^4.
^htofflivx|UijU4j^ lliUhA.
mgcf biilliut ...... .^13 „
Flanks Itoarib l^ it^clios wid^.
Qiiiro of paper ^^J 9b«etif.
Boll of parchment ..... fKI ^dna.
tia«Jc of coaU :2UilbB.
Soora . ^ . SO artides.
IIBWBlOOlKa'8 tCASPaOOK FOE
If tlic ortn in ^mxrc inches of the crose ««clioiu of ftav specimfio of
wrongU^iroji be malliplie*! by rt'S-l. the product will be Lho ttci^it
ill poiiEida of A lifieUil foot of sudk BpeoiiTi<^i.
FiaT BAR IRON— irw*/ftf .« W*,^f q /./n^*/ F*yrf.
Br«Oth_
In
Thl«J^*iB ^ rATi* vf U iDab.
1
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li
9i
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t'Ufl
1402
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1 -11144
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am
aTi6
i Wo
] M4
I I *^
!'««
> LAW
f 3'CW
i 740
^ iji
■ratfc
xr.b
J m
5-170
ft HI
SDOl
1 and
I'Mfl
A-OBfi
riffi
soga
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EAlK.
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flaai
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9-AU
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3l'40i
H'itSt
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fl-aro
am
4 ois
4-aR
a^ivfl U'M
H 111
S'7U
4 'MM
4 -on
B->7t 2-Tt«
tt-Wfl
4-070
4-74ft
B-4M
a««7 a-i^
a'ti&s
4M4
fi-iii
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3740 M'laa
a^u
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A-4TS
fl-9U
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6'470
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10 '(^16
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ll-fffH
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7-300 1 e^UAO
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40-790
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GAS BKOINEERS AND UAtHAQ^&S.
4a!>
SQUARE BAR IKON.
Biar In Wflliht
Siilfl fa
WeJatl
BLdaln
In liu.
flldsia
Welflbt
tnahrj. Id Ibg.
IfH^IUI.
iq LIB.
tnohca.
lUtJlBI'
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n
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**
&T<;i
' fi
190 U»
SHEET IRON AND STEEL.
IVfi/t/U "/ft Sujn-rtuiiit F'n't in t'otindn und Fr/nlians, ttith i oirnj'oniling
ThlckneiB
Weight Pflr
TbUilineta
BqatTB Foot
No. of
in P«iiB of rnn
N'd. of
In Parts of an
BinnLagtmcn
iDCh,
In ItiB-
BLriDlngbuD
iDcb.
Lnlbi.
^S ire GHge.
BCArd of Tnda
Wlro Oansp,
BoArd ol Trade
SUndud.
Iron, Steel.
Btuidud.
Irop. Bi««l.
i
■soo
1
12 00 laaio
Ul
-041
!
1-64 1-673
3
2&I
il'Jii }I'CH7
20
035
140 1-428
S
fflJO
10 -K) iO&JH
21
032
l'2tt l-30fi
4
2^
y-52 ^)-7l0
^
im
112 1-142
fi
a'20
8-80 &'97fl
23
025
I'OO I'OaO
6
!£>3
8 12 . 8-383
24
(m
0-eu 0-89B
7
IHO
7-fO ' 7-344
25
020
0-80
0-813
B
1tir>
6ta) e 73fl
on
016
0-72
0-734
g
H3
693
euHS
27
016
0-64
0-658
10
135
6'40
6'5D6
28
014
0-5G
0-671
11
120
4-80
4-8%
2n
0^3
52
0-6B0
n
lOU
4 Hti
4-447
30
012
0-48
0-490
13
Cft5
3-80
3-876
31
010
0-40 0-406
14
OBH
3-32
3 386
32
009
036 0-367
16
07a
2-88
2 03B
33
003
0-32 , O'ffiV
10
or-Ti
2 GO
2-663
84
007
28 ,o-sa6
17
0,>H
S-32
2 360
86
006
O-aO 1 0-240
18
WO
a-oo
a-040
ae
■Ol>4
0-ia 1 0-IB3
uo
NliWlllGQINO'H UAKDUOOK FOR
17> BtoreH lit;ilg«rr
Into which the (OtHeA tri tli^ [^rerioir^ two bocik^ Hr« poeted U>
L^Ue crttltt oi the MvoTul acuonntE ^»uoh a^ '' M<UTd/^ ** Ltie4
Pipoi'* " Wrou^h^iron Ilttiogs,'* Ac), iHid tli« itomft from
ihdMvgTAl ukvoicwi are pOHled U* Hi* >i'-/rU of t)it< svveni
nct^Qunts- At the eod of <!n.cli haU year the balance of dach
ftcoouni repi'egcMt£ lite ftoch on b&nd. TUs Ulk<r is proved
to bo correct or otborwiao \>y th« r«mlt cf the ftctval stock-
taking. ^
IV, Cfttboiuitiig Booh — Daily and Woekly SUteuiontSi V
Contoiuiu^ a, recot-d of the Htate of the station -m«t«r taita
Iruiue ill the ^4 honrs liii lui^u wurk^ the aLutu uf Llie luett^r
ifl recorded every hourt ; t}io <]iiant]|y of coal and cuuwl
ueod daily, the production of gas p«r ton, aiid tba total daily
production ; tlio numbt^r of b«iiclkes at work, stokerft, ^
Eacli piLge serves for a week* aud is tbeu aided up ; an adill-
tionji] Ibie ie left at the fool ofth^ pBg«, on vhiob ia OIiMad
for compat-isoD, the pniticnlars of tbo totol of Iho corrc^poncb
ing vfvek of the previoue ytNii-.
Hl Public Lnaip Itegistcr,
{jivta partJGUlavB of tli4> numbor of latiips lighted ouch night;
the houra of lighting EU11I extii^giiishiitg ; tho bouTa burning
per lacnp, the LoLul hours huinitig i n. coluniu into wliich ths
nnoiber' of liours, weekly, can ba added, and nnotlier for
romarka.
SO. T&eL Re^iet^r.
For iiotiii(! th^ ri>fliitl6 of the dffferent t«atfi of the illumluiOU^^
powor jLiid purity of tho gae.
21. Bharolioldtita' Hu^'iitvt nud AddrcAS Duok.
*2:l. Seal ItegiEUT and Diridoi^d Liat
29. Begbtcr of Calls.
24i Be^i&ter of IVouafur^.
46. Tnujfifer Ccrtiflpatf lUmk,
Cotitjiining certificDte^ of the regUlration of abarcu, to bo
out, leaving comiltrfoJ beliiad,
20. Invoice Diicib.
^'itlt blank Itia\tfi. inLo wliicti are gumin^ all bivolcot loT'
goods rectiiv^d.
37. Minut* IJ^vik.
A lettered indox at tho beginning of ihii book la htndy.
I
eae KKotsKnua a»d manaqkbs»
Ul
A ftwothCT«icmirt-hoolTP of a Im* iTiportant oTiftrHctcr mny bo
itMfuL; but the Abov« vra iiidi«j><fii8Ablti in tt waU-ruff^ilMAd tfas
r'iJir'"J*W( /i»r K'trf'j l^itifin^ni of (hta tiHtt.
Th« cuutom nf lOlnwing riincotmt tn <!fl]iqtiirkctr> rn^ ^fan MIU pairf
aithor dariTL^ iho ttti month xiuw tho AKpiraCioii of n qnartor* or
wiihin m poricxl of ill or HO dajs from the datr of Ulo dolivorj of the
■oooimi. U bwoinjjig wry ^Kucmi utnatx^si tO" tviminmiiTii.
The moai oomaiOiii bIIow&iioo i« ut the ruU- of 10 por coot- on tli»
uaomnt due tor ga» ooiiaiuiicd ic^ctutltn^- the mL>torr«ntf, but the
prtimrani varioa throoKhout ibo eonniry horn B lo^O per cent. : nomc
eompattiwA >flf>plirt|{ b ^raJiiuUH) §4.-hIu cf diacouiita aaoDnlitig to tho
^aiut^rl> <!oii8ixmplioii^
Thu p»«tioi>T wherever adopted, h&a been found hijeUy bonctiolftl,
Iittviuf: labour ui collecUnff, ftnd rodudng the perceuUge of bud dabta,
' FOIIMS.
f, John Thompnon, of Tippini^ Htr««t. Nowca^Uo. horoby r^^Eiouiioi?
my nfljht to ^ny of tho new t^kare a uboul lo be ispiiH by the
Ou Oonapaiijr ui fnvour of Williuui Joii». of Ui-nrul Suhx, Mhd-
■ |$iHn«it» Jou^ Tuoupvoib,
■ To th^ 8oarotAi-y Jui, I, 13^
^M of the lioji CompftTiy.
1, ^oha Wilflon. of Bii-minffhAtn, btfiing the bolder for proprietori of
6hft»e in Uac i\%B CompftAy. do h«r«bj mnomice'thft
wnwlo Mul in favour of WilTitint JiL/^lf^n.of Brl«ti>l. And Ih the said
WilUftai Jtckaooi, iieroby ntfreo td noccpt niid lakf thp erud Shnroa,
mbjctt to the condition? on which th^y aro nlluCtod. Dated ihis
daj of , One tboijsnud eight liuudicd &ud
SiiHMu) by i\\v Miidj
JobnWiUoo in the
prMCnocof I
Swnftd by t>io H&Uij
WilliAUi Jacrkpi>n in
the pr««eiic» of I
{Hfr* H'knfKt tiling. ■
Jons Wir^Olf.
WltXlAlr JiCUOBT.
ct o 3
4t?
»UW»I00TN0'3 BANDBOOE FOE
Declaration J or Ltmt of SivtM Shttrs C4H(fieMM,
t
of
hcreb; sDlenitil/ And siTiccruly d«]
I am poeacsaerl of and enlitl^ to ^ iu the CotD-j
und (liaL thc' eaicl ut ton^ /id^ ray propcrt^i
th&t tLej* ftr« not ^kilgoil cr asBt^ru^d to miy person or parfKin*
lAonaoewr for mouo/ silvanred llierwjii. or for any CGii?i<t(^nilinn
)r- And I ft^nber deckre that 1 have iua<3e dtti^*«nt soorcb
tb« , &nd can nowhoro fiiid the flam«. And 1 make tlii*
imn dficlftr&tjon con^ciontiauely beljeviug the snmrf lo Lf true, tmii
hy virtLie of the pravlsionE of kd Act mride anri |iA^f<ef1 in tho 5i]t
An<l ^ih years of tlie rf^lgn of His Ut« MAJoBty Kinp WitliAm Ikd
Fourlbi intituled " An Act to repeal an Act of tlie pre«eint Session
of pArliajiteTit, intituled ' An Act for tlie ciDre efFer;nAl ftbolflion of
Oaths And AfHrmDnLions ralon nnd ma/le in v&iloii^ d^pitrtnienttt of
the t>latc, and to subsUtnto decUrntions in lieu thoroof, mid for tlio
more etitire aupprciision of volnnUi'x ftiid extra judicial Ofttlis Buj
AfUdiLviU. and lo make oilier prorjaiaua for tlm abolition of (in<
DecesBary Oiths."
Declared at , tliie day of » One tlioiiauid mght
hundred and , before me-
[Tbe uliove DGolamtion i^ to t« madi^ before a Commitijioner to
odministcr Uathe in Cbjuaui^ry in Eogland^ Any person tnaldng ft
hlae DcclaratioQ ia d^^clar€d fTniUy of o miadeiii«fL]iotir.]
Indi'aifiU't /or Lms "/ Sfiai'' CnHjicMt^a w DtritifHtl \fanr*tnt.
Comffttiy.
Whereas — - — , in iho Comp&ny Cftlled lli* , iiuinberod
I
1
being tlie property of
tlie iindcrsignod, h— by accident
been lost or d&slroyed, «iiil the raid Company have coaseoikd to ^tr
, on bein^- liideiamtiBd for so iloin^^ Now, ie fousidetnUori of
tbc Boid Company so granting to me, the saXi , a , iro
th« imderwifued ■ — - (vnd do hereby acvoralJy and r««p«o-
tivL*ly underdtLke aud agr«c to euv^ IkarnilcsB and l(e«p indenuufied
thc Dir^^CtciiJ for the time being of \h& snid Company of and fVoia aM
lo^t^a, damagoB, and ocponBcs vhicb thoy, any or oithorof thodi
may suataiu, incur, or he put iinto, for or in oanatfqa«noo of th^r
HO ^j:ra)itin^ fiticlj iiPW ; antl abo from and agninnt aU claim
or oUiimB to be at any time hereafter innd^ upon Uit icaid Company
for or in respect of t)»e original t^ any porwsn or pcraoni
whomao^vef*
Dated thin day of , Onu ihouaand eit^ht hundred
and .
OAH HKOENbKRfl AtiU U4NAl)ICItS.
4G3
itfefaratirm a/ Traattnitiitm cf Shnrfx (^m ^gi/k Ui hH^ttmd) in
I. John Hxmth. of ii: tli* t^ountj' of , do li^i^oby
eolcnmly dccbte tlmt on tbe doy of , One tliouHiuia
ci^lit lituiireJ anci , L wfi9uiiuri«dat diorcli, *
iij the prtri-i}i '>f , in lli»' wjnntjf of , lo Mary Raker,
of atortBaid/ , and Uiat tbe accompany iug doon-
VDtiaK U a LrU£ €opy of or cxtruoi froui tlio inarria^,'*? t^^iBter of
cliurcb , ftud tbat Lit aaid Mary Baker leferreil lo
ih Uie Abov^'HAinipd r^^ii^t^t Htlti^ anme pe^'^on wlioei? namp nov
tpoMTa in th« books n^ a Hhftrfl]iold<>p in the Gfts Corupany,
Ma tliAt prior lo the oolcbraltoii of tlio ftforosotd marringC' noltljor ejif
«of WlUemEnit or any otlit^r di>^i1 fir ilncuru^itl hum [:!i'F'paied or
,ted npon nny tniHtii ftflpptinfi tliP pecniiinry iiileregi or olharwiae
oF oith«r mynolf or thr naid Mnn Bakor. And 1 do tatike thia BoltinnTi
dcelBxalioQ conmrirntigiLily bf^lic^inif Ibe same to bo true, and b/
rirtiiKf of tliv [TrT]%tqionH of an Act inailr and pussed in the 5tli nud ^tli
jean in the n^i^i of Uta l^to ^Fijetdty King Wiltrnm tlio Fourth,
mtitnlcd " An Art to ropDai an Act of tho prcaorii Sossion of Piiriin-
mcot, itititulod ' All Act fov tlio ruQi'o ofToottiol abolition of Onthi anil
AffiniiJiiiGiii ukriL nrtd niado in vitri(]U« departments (if tho Sbatn.knd
to tubatittito dvclarntionit in hcu tiitfroof/ and for the morn ouLiro Mnp-
pr««eioii of ri>kntary and extra jndLcial Oatba and AJHdavilA, nnd to
inakr otlicr proiiniona for the ftbciliti^ii of ujiueccKsary OuLfiri/'
D«o]Hn>d ht . this day of , Ore UioiTsaml eight bun*
dr«duut , before too.
[Tl» above DeoUrfttion ie to b>3 mivlo before a Gomminsioner bo
adiuitiiat^E' Oaths in Clianct^ry In Eiij^laiii].]
Company,
18—
rftymt'nt of Dividends,
I. the ui]dijnien«d, -, of , bein^ a aha lelj older of
aad iu tLii undertaking called \he Cuuipiuiy. du hertfby
rei)iJ03t tha( nil Dividpnrlfl and InUTo&i tinG lo m9 ort the Stack of
SLiiree now r«ffifilCT'ftd, oir that ranv hi?reaft<ir bo i-o^Htcred in tny
UHIW may be pni'l to , of .until ftiithtr notice.
vbittQ feoeipi ihall hi> a srifTicicnt diftchar^ii to the CoJuj^auy tav ihe
pftyminit of tl](^ ntn^'.
tiigtintan
nat.t
I
* dpfa*l*ror Wldov. M tatou* mAj ba^
m
imT^mGQU^QS BAtfDOOOS FQA
f'trlifiwtf ShHH-irttt that I Hcvme-Titj' fuu hmt JWwtn/.
Thia 13 to certify that on payiTig to John Brown tbe sum of £15»
being tlio &mouiit gf oue year's Dividend (cr, oite half year's Dindetirl,
jfcuUifi ciiBf riiity bei on Shares (^^r 8locb| t<i Dei?cinber AlsL. 16 , I
deducted for Jncome Tax lli** Biim ol iBs. lid,
P/u tho A B 0« Compony,
furm <^ Pnu^i/,
I
Ah B.. one of tlje proprietors of "Th4 Compwiy," ^otli
hereby appoin I Ch D,,of , to be the proxy of the Mid A. B,.
in his ahti^nue to vole m his ii&nte upon any matl«ir rdaLinK<c l]i»
uadertakiQ^ propoB«d at the ineot'm^ of the proprielOTe of Ui«t wd
Comp4iny, to be hold on tbe duy of ooxl, in aaoli n)AiiJi<?T
as ho thti »iid 0. D. dotL think proper. In witness wliereof t\\^ 4«d
A. H, hath lierennto set hin hand [or, if o mrjtitraiifmt wiy. iho
common eeal of tbo corporation] ^ tfie dfty of , Onft Ihooiand
nigUt hundred und .
TERMrt FOR LEASES. ETCV
Lady Dfty
Mnrc)i 3iith
.Inno S4th.
t3epl, 21Hh.
Dec. ^Sth,
MSdftumnier ,
Michtt^lmua .
ChristmAn .
When n Hcultiah term fiilU on Siintt&y. the Muudny fullowuig l
eon side red it-rm day-
np,(idUniaft .
W h]l3imili.y .
LiLininjL!!.
Murtlniniis .
Afar 16Ui.
Hitary or L«iil
Efttttor . .
Triidty . .
MidiHolmiui -
Candlomiifl >
Wbitflunday -
MuruumaB .
LAW TEHMt*.
„ Apnl l^th.
., Mftjisa^d.
., Nov. 2iid. .
liv^nMt Jad- I5th .
„ Miky 12Lh .
,, Juti« ITtbp
Mov. 24th.
„ M&x Hth.
»« Nov. SJS^L
llDilv, Fob. aH.
,, June 2nd.
», Jjly itb.
Dec. 20ih.
CAS BNOINEBUfl AND UANAGSRfl.
m
mZRB OP PRAWTMO PAPEB-
kliciuju'lHitJ . . 4 4 X
exint 4 8 X
Denble Kleptifuil s 4 x
Atlas, . . . 5 10 X
Elcpfaanl . ■ S ^x
R. In, Ft. to.
2 7
8 4
ti 8
2 2
1 n
1 iOi
DouUlv Cmun
Medium.
Demy . ,
1^ [D,
a It
2 6
2 »
2
I 10
1 B
?lL^
10
7
7
d
8
TABLE OP COLOtmS
WmJl Oolcnir.
Biwticni C'Annir« or orimson lake.
VeuctittnKilorcrimsoalalie tnixMl
mih bdrut Bleiiiia*
[Brickwork lo b» rflmcv#d by aU
Ur«uon0 Burnt iimbor,
'Cbucrvte workn Soplt vrilL dftrk«L- nurkiDga.
OUy Burnt umber.
Earth- ..,,... Huml iimbor.
Fluitworli. ..... iVuAixi&n blue.
Granite Tarplo lUAiidt^r or iiule ludimi ink-
Stone Rprmriil I y . . * . . YhMow opltrs or jinle aepift.
Blftta 1 Indigound lakeor PrUAMU) bla«.
Eaiglieb timbor (ouk vxcoptotlj . Kavr BienQo..
Oak Burnt aionna. or V^^mljW brown.
FStumI other light iJmber . . ImliaTi j-t^llow or raw tmmu.
UikbogMny ludian t^.
OMt-ixCD > PiL)-iic'tt grty or ncubi'ol tint,
Wroi]|dii-inui Pru-^-iiaii bluv.
Stool, oHght Inill^o «Lib n litlU kk«.
Bmw G&iJibof^'G ar itomun oobiio^
Gou metftl Dark cadniimu>
Load ...».*> Pff.Ei' TmbEiiMrik, L.irig^il uilb hidlgo.
UoaJoirlaud riook^^r « grecu.
81^«ffcotB I'obaltbJuo.
TUe pro*#Ticoi>f 4ny ahghi K»"o*tEmcHB, f>ravff'QCinj; liio laying ou of
Uita ooloart en^enl;* may hn i^untcrnctcd m iU frlf^cU bj dia§tjt uig a
Ifltl^ prnpnr^H] ni't'"^^ i" tUe wbttir with vrbicb tbit rolnnrn nrfi niiied.
Tlnj bmcb nhould nU-ixys ba Uftocl in mixing colourH ; ilie latter boiQ;^
ibbod m sopfUut(; divimona.of tbc' f^lub.
VBWBlGaiKO'9 HANDBOOK FOB
I
EPITOUE OF MKKhUKATlUK,
Of rtf Ctwf*. CyUnJ^r, and SpK^rt.
TIte AreJLn af rrirclee are to enbch other aa tlie iquares of
The diiimourof adrclobOKng 1, ite oircutuforoooG equals S-H16,
Tlie diameter of r droU multiplied by d-UlO c^iuala iUciroooi-
(eroiioe. _
Thfl dmtT]4>ter of i drcle is equal Ic -91831 of its circumferencCi ■
Tiic dqiouro of the diiuoebor of a oirolc being 1, ita araa eoiudfl^
T]iL> diami^tbr of a cinJe squared and miilti[i1ied by -Tfi&A Aqnalfl iti
arca-
Tiic internal oireonxforvAOO of a eyUnder multiplied by ita leagUi or'
iK^i^lit equjilH itfl o^iocttTa siufaws
Th« nr^n of ihe end of a oyllnder mnltiiilied by fts I«ngLb oqutla its
BObd 0011 Unts.
Thk Arva nt the iuUii-nal diftmeter of a cylinder multipHcd by it9
depth e^iiiaU itfl cubical m]ia(-il}'.
Th« Hquare of the diamt^r of a sphere miilliplied by S-l-l 1(1 tqnalt
ita oonvox aiirfacop
The cube of the diameter of Q sphere multiplied by -&2^ ^juala iti
HOlid cnni:entfl.
The cnpnoity of n irylindnr I foot in diftmeter &Ad 1 foot i& length
ctlunJfl i-SV& impcnni f^lloni.
The cnimcily of a cjlindn 1 inch in diomotcr and I fooi In length
vq^iialn -0A4 nf an impArinl gELllnu.
Tha capricity of a cyliTidor 1 lhoJi in diameter and 1 inch in IwifUi
oqitnlK -OOSSOli of on imperial gallon. HeJice—
Thn eapacity of any other uyliudei- in icnporial gnilotifl te ob-
tained by multiplytnFT the iquare of us dioni^lvr by ttt bngtb, and'H
by tlin number of imponnl gfvUona oo'^tnincd in the unity of it#l
m^anuroment,
T)]r> capur^ity of n vphttni 1 frml in diameter ti(jiia.]d 3^2118 itnptmal
({allonc, M
The cnpiicity of a aplicire 1 iiicli in diamcteir equals '00]88^ of anf
inrpcrirtl giil!mt, Uqjioc —
Tijo «*aprboity of any ntlier aphert* in tiupuriul gulloni ia obUiuud bj
multiplying tbo cubti of ii« diami>Let by tbo DUttb«r of itnpcrtal
giillontf conbained in the unity of ita mtteurmteai^
0a9 BKOIN&HBS AKD UAKAQHB3,
IS?
r
I
Tlie (ddeof 4 ;(iju»nT ntjimis Uie iqiuirv root of its nreA^
Tho ATM of a squnn- ^qunl^ iho sijiuire of one of Hb aidpt.
Tlie din^oiml of & squa.ro c^uaIh the aquaro root of Iwtov tbo aqitura
of il« SEd«.
Tlie slcle of ft square is «qaa1 to the square root of half the aquare
of ilR diaj^onftl-
TlioeiJ^ ofn »Quaro oquftl to th« di&ig[ODal of a ^Ten square oontaiiie
ubto tlj« nreo of (h« givon ftqiiaru.
Thn «nn of a mrtd-nglG equals ifB l^ngr.li mnltJplleil hj Itn hiVAfltli.
Tbo laTif^h of a r»ctflngte eqixals tlie uvea divided b^ Xhe breadlli ;
Ot the breadth (iqiinJn the aroa dividori b; the length.
T\x Kidi' Lir iTjid of Jt lE^iiLnjigle «)q]tfbU tho Hqiiare root of tlie aum of
lliv (tiMgoiial itnd oppoiiito itidd to thai required, roiitiiplitid by tht'ir
difforenc^.
The dio^iijU h) & rootAJigle ei^ual^ the square root oflhesnmof tlie
•^amc of ihc btnt? nml jjerjic^iLdiciilm'.
The Aclidlty of a ciil>i> cqiuilii the nroa of oud of iti <ideB multipli^-Vl
bf th« IcD^h or bivodtlr of ono of itn nidr^i.
The IcTi^th or Ircailtli of a ftido ofn cubt? cixiiAb the cube root ofita
solidity.
Thti capacity of a l:2'ii^ch cube «^u&U (t-2S2 imporial f;&lloiifl.
Tlifl m^n of the wjuitrns of the twn given vides uf n ri^'lit-nngW
Inauglu i* oqnal to the iquarc of tlie hypoieiiii8o,
Tho dilforcnoo between the squares of the hypotcnuao and given
■ido of a right-angled triangle is equal to the squnic of the required
■ld«.
The Lr<^ii of a truuigte oquuU half the product of the base multiplied
the porpondicular height.
IRu iddQ of ADV regular polj'goit mulbiplit^d hy its ux}cjt]L4!gui. qv
foular. ftnd by thi^ number of ita sidea. equals twice xXw area,
Tbe f^oiue root of hf^f ihv sam of the aitnarcs of tlie two dinitieter^
of iTi ellipse, mintiplicid by K-UUS, aqonlv it^ oireumfi^reTiCL^
The product of tlio two axm of nn olhpao* multiphoc] by '78M.
squola itt Aran*
The solidity of it cane eqnala ooe-third of the product cf iU bAsn
imdiiplied by il> altitude, ^r hoigbt^
The squoTOA of tbc diameters of tho tno cuds of the fruBlum of ft
«oiie Added to the preduei of the tno dinmebDre, and that euvu muUi-
flitfil by ilH hf-ight, and hy ^2B14. equitl iu aohdity-
u^
NBWBIGOTNQ'S HANDBOOK FOB
TabU of Cotnmon Fractional ParU
anW Equivatent Decimala,
Uvmmoo 1
Oommmi
Commdv j
FruilJcHul Dectmtlf.
FruUoD*! D«oliDftlL
PnAloBkl ; Dacinult.
PuH,
Purti.
Pfcrta. 1
MOoth 1
OL
9-14[lii
6428
TlOtbB 1 -7
l-0Oth
am
kl'l4tbi
7667
<MOtbB
9
1-eotta
0135
ia-l4tb«
9365 l-9«i '
1111
l'70tb
0143
MSth
077 , 2-^hM i
apyj
]-0Otb
oifia
3-13tbA
1588 ! 4 9tbi ]
4444
l-AOth
02
S'lStbs
2307 ! 6 9tbB \
£555
l-40bb
025
4iathi
aOTG 1 7-9»ht
7777
l^SOth
oaa3
6l3tb«
3646 8-9tb«
6666
i-aotb
Ob
G'latbi
461 s 1-eth
126
I'lOth
0626
MStbj
6384
3-8tbB
875
Meth
0655
&iatbt
6163
6 8tbi
eas
l-i7th
0586
9-]3tbR
6923
7-6tbB
876
l-]fitb
U62fi
I0-l3tbB
7692
I-7lh
148
B'tetiiB
1S76
11 -13th a
6461
a-Tthi
3867
6-1GthB
aiae
la-iatha
903
3'7tbfl
4366
T^Gtht
4376
1-mb
0833
4-7tbB
5714
Ol0Ght
5626
6'iathH
4I6G
6-7thB [
7142
lM6ChA i
9676
7-l2thB
6833
6-7tba
6571
la Ifltba
HI 26
11-19LhB
9^66
l-eih
1666
i5'ietht
9^6
I'lllb
0909
6-6tbB
683
i-]Gtb
06tifl
saztbs
J 818
1-6th
a
3-lfitbs
j»3a
3-lltbB
3727
3-6UIB
4
4-lfitb4
26G6
4-11 thB
3636
3-6tbi '
6
7'15tht
4666
&']UbB
454G
4-6:bB 1
6
B-16thi
6803
6-ntba
6464
l-4Eh
26
IM5tlifl
7S38
Mltba
6363
3-4th«
76
]S-]fi[hi
6066
6- 11 the
7272
l-3rd
H88il
H'lGibi
9333
fllltbfl
6161
2-3rd«
66W
M4th
0714
10-lltbB
909
i-b»]r
5
S-Hibft
2142
MOtb
1
1
I
4-]4tbft
2867
3'kOtha
3
OA» KWOINEBttS AND UAn:^0EU4.
4frO
ABirmiETICAL ASD ALGKDRAICAL SIGNS.
= Tli« ejgn of Eqn&lity, iiiid eigokftoH ^'jVftt r,i. da 2 added to ^ = &■
Aciditiou
SulilrftL^ttciM
MiiltiphcAtioa
Diviaion
"I-
W^/NIJff Of /flrt. &B
4 + 9 = 10.
0-4 = 2.
5 X 3 - 15.
9^1 = 2.
: » Pr-oportion, : mgniflfiH ^ r"i nr f". ' KignillM» io u.
Thus, S ; a : : 4 : B ai^Liiojt tliut lU 2 is to 3 so U 4
to 9.
KfiitnUffft^ iff lit* Kj'tntftitm qf Unott.
Tho sjfra of iht Hquar« Root (tormed tbe Radical sigrn], oe
»' ]U ~ 4. iVh. tliiT wjuurt) rCKiloflO in ijiiuu) Lo 4-
„ Cube lioot, nri 'v' **'* = ^' '"''■' 1''* '^^*** ''"'^^
of 64 is equal to 4.
.. Ri-quadrftto, or fourth Root, v 16-2.
Involutifm, ar thf raUintj aj Poif*Wf.
to bo squared, ftB 4' = lU, The smoU Bgare is tormed the
to be cubed, as 4* = Ch
A vinoclum plwed over two or more liguroa, Urns 3+6, sj^iifica
that thfcj are to he lukon aa oms quantity. Tliua;
+ * X 4 = 82, aignifioB that S plus 5 mnitiplied by \ = 82, ard
7^' — 3* = 4» w^iifien tIjBi fi mn»arGd, miinia 8 aqnnrEid, and the
square root of the remmndor = I, mid
90 X IS
la
'= S. siguifiaa thnt 'ifd iDtilli^'liiHl by 12, dn-idcd I}' HO, and
tho cube root of liio qiiutioiit = £, ujid
± 00. Mj^iilitFH Lhikb :^4 iiiulti plied by G, aiid 12
niultiplM by 3, uddcd tof-cther. multiplied
hj 4 und di\idtd by 12, llio quoLjeiil ^€0.
(I ()B«olwla;#,y, 12 - [ a + U x aji - 1, aitiiify tlj^t the
pdrodoct of 4, multiplied by :i. added Lo a, utid th« toul anb-
I tne««d from 13, loavee 1.
I". Ib UMd lo iiiguify thn vrord tA^rf/orv-,
' .• \% need to ni^Tiify thp word bf^uwit, or *i«(-r,
,J IB ilBad ID the Cham Rulo to eiftciify A'ju- ivi'Tiiy.
Statute aeree x ■UOISQ^G ^ stiiinre mUoG.
SqiMrtlixiks X *4866 ° equftro foot.
BqQftnfeat x '2 H ^ itin^rf hnk%.
Sting.r^ ieet x IfiS'SnlG * oiivaUr wlies,
CLrcuIar inclios x -O0454j ^ Kt|mtro tiMA.
Linka x '^2 ^ rnrds.
Liulw K '6ft = Vcet-
Foet X I'& = links-
Cubio inchcEi x -0QC58 = onbic fo«l.
Cubic itEchtiEi X -01038 = litres.
Cubf a fovt X '037 =^ cubiu jawls.
Cabio f^t X 2200 = cylinlric&l lucliM.
Cjlmdrkal incliua x -0004611] ^ cnbio ya
Cyliiiiliiuil fv«^l X 0±'.tOi^ = uubic jbnir.
Ciibicf re«t X G'2^ ^ imperial gnllons^
Imponol >;fb]]one x UiOi — cubic T^ot.
Oubie mclits x -OOItOOT - ItapoiUI ^nllon
Imp^^ml gallons x li77'M = fiiibii- iiuht^s.
ImMhal gdlona x l'fi4t =± litrM.
Cnbio feet x ■??& = bnaiicU.
Cubic: incbf^n x -00045 = biisbdn.
Buflhtiln X 'CUTIi = onbio yurdjr.
BuibfiU X 1'2Ml = Gubia ioet>
BunbclA X 221H'i£ =^ cable tDch«>.
IJiiml fti-L X -0001 ft = strtttilo [niW.
Licivul jftrdi X -0000 tfUlute mf I«a^
BUtuto milca x "I^^jO = naonn gi'o;,'rii]tli»ct
MoELQ gc'^^mptutul tuiln X l-IGl — bUilv
Pounds armnliipoift x 700(1 = j[rains.
QAS EKGtICfilRRfl ATiX* MA^fAAKKS
im
French tooncE x '981 = EDgliah Ions.
Poiiridfi Gil aqu&rf incli X 141 s pound's on ^|Qare foot.
Poiuids CO flQiiHrt foot x -007 — pouurla on a^uttre inch.
Milea per Ijoi^r x 1-1(17 = f<<ot por eocond.
Feet per aecond x 082 = miles p«r Loun
Metrus X it-281 :± Engli^li ff^er,.
Littcfl X '2:202 ^ imf eris,! gnlloriR.
Hectolitres x S'7£12 ± En-^li^h boeUoU-
(ir&miDcs X ^OO^OG = pciunds nvoifiliipoLfl-
Kilogrniame^ x 2'205 = pmmils nvnipdupnin-
DtAmetcrofdrde x tf'llltS = drcumfcronco,
CircuEaferenot? of circle x 3I8m = djaiticier.
Diameter of circle x 'flftflS — aid** nf e<jiwl squiin>-
Cu'outnft^rence of circle x -2821 ^ 3id« of efjual fl'jiiaiv.
l)iamclor of airoie X '7071 = Aide of inaonbfrd squnre,
Ciroumference of cirtle x -2251 ^ side of inscnbt^d sqiiitrH.
Area of circle x '68(10 = aide of inauribed sqita.re.
J-1S>{ = diamet&r of oqtial cirde.
8-C!45 = circurafcreiic« cf oqiiiil circl«>
]-jl-l =: ^aiJJeter of ciii^umHciibiu^ oiivlrf'
4"448 -^ oimuiDfcrenoe of circiiniscnWrg cirolo.
■7HH>i = aroa of circle.
I-12ftS7 -= djnnietcr of oquttl circle.
Side of square
Side of aquiire
liide of equuri!
Sifif of sqnar^
bquAi'o of didjucter X
Bqtlttrc loot of wta x
Sqiinre of dinHTceter of splitre x 9-nifi ^ ooisve^i surface.
Cube of dsAraeter ofspb-efe x -5286 = aolidity,
Diagnotor ot sphere x -806 = dimQiieioiie of equal cube.
Dianieterof apliere X 'flC87 = kii^fth of eqcinl cvlindpr*
One atmosphere ^ l-l"? pounds on square incb,
= SUO poundfi on square foot,
„ = !30IWa tnobea of mercury.
„ = 8B-;> fcet of wat«r.
Bidfa 1000 ouldo fmt of i^'vJ gas tn alioMi^r x S7 = itt|>pi'UKlii]ttU}]
" wv^btof^afl inpoands.
Tlie fttomic weigiit of nn tlrmtHUr^j gju x '(Hj91 = its apeeiflo
giavitj.-
Hnlf the nComic? wid^Iit of a iY^>uit;tJ givt or vnpour x -Cd01 = its
specific griLvity.
in round onmbci^, i<l. ptr aquuro yard ia £10 per ftatiito Mr«
(actii&lJj £10 1b. 8d.)
* KvQfrpiteni to ibM nla dCMF fa A* cm* of tb4 vii^/^un of phoiTrhAmn unil
■nteiiici wluiaBalMD|«valital«nrvfrl«dn}d«d, hud in thow-of Tintroorj, zfocaDd
sAdBJuo, lit* tUnk mjfiiof whiab MMb* liiivtd.
^^^^^^1
^^^^4&
|;l£WBtGGX^'G'S
nAXDSODK PCS
t|
^^^ TXBLi: OF
DUMfiXKKb, CIRCIMFEKENCES. AND AHEA8 _
OF CmOLES. AND SIDES OF
t^QUAL &QUAI1E&. |
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NEWBiaaiNiiti iUKDBOOK TOR
^VEIGHT3 AND MEASURES-
Troy HV^Af.
OuQooa. 1 ^ £1
l»oitnd. 1 = -^0 = jea
! = 12 ^ :M0 = 57fW
A caraL = 1 gr^inB.
487'£ gra- Iroj = 1 oz* avoirdapois.
70O0 „ = 1 lb,
100 c?H. ITOjr = 10!»f oeBp ftvoirdupofs,
»-2ji;rt. troj' = 1 di&moDd ^t9.
1 01- .. - 150 «
rhe pouDtl Lroy in the wt^i^ht nf 22*^15 oabiG inGli«« of divtiUeH
watar, rit tliu tomparaturo ol Qif Fnlir-. the height of tlio baromol«r
boitig no inches^
Troy wvi(E^t i^ ua<jd fu pljiloso^tliloAl t^KiitjrimeiiU. and in woigbiiig
^1d. aitv4>r. mid jcwoIb. The ^DonoM uf cold uvd ulVDr ccIdh ickcana
Dbe iirupoi Lion of bbd precioai metal irliicb ib«y ooolaiu. TUm U ex.
prr^M^ ill lOUOifii^ of Lhelr (oUl WHglit. *>r iti caniU — ^4iiiis of tboir
loUt wt'iglit- BritLAh gold ooina ure 3i^ oarau tiau^ ikrO'Uir>| ; ailvur
coine, i>U2ii. Giild, lI pufo, i? SJiid to Ic *Jt carate Una; if tbcro be
(iiiu of dlvjr, with :i^ OJLrat^ vf (Hire i^oliL IL ib23cuiACd fiiib. 4ud noun
dowDwa.i'dii. riin itlloy ui <;c)Ul Juifl biIivi' coins coiisifjts of ooppor.
Thfi triie weight of a sovereign is I'lS^'Zt^ gtAms consisting of— pinrr
>roMt IL pjtrts, OL' LIH'OOL groins; ooppor, 1 )>[brtt or 10'27U i^raio^
Silver iiotJi consiala of — |iur« nilvcr, 2i2 paita ; uupiier, IH p&rte*
Tiie wdghl (if IL siiilliiig IS M7i griins- 2i ptnce are mjido from aii
nvoirdupois pound of coppvr.
I
Septum rtrtr/ Dvtt'j'ifirin.
Thtj word >/'^jtm ifleven) is deacriptiw of Ibc ^voighl of Uwi lOOOtli
l>aii of a dticJKiillon of diatiUod wukr ut '?2^ Fiihr.. fuid under a hiu\^
iiiutnr preaf^iirfi of <10 inckea.
A di-i'iiCJtlloJi of Wdtar is biis lemh prLft of Q gallon* aud aa a ^'allon
of wator III tho nbovn tiriuptniUu'e tmd pres-siiie wi<j>£]is 70.000 ^nuni
■ 10 ]1>, nvoii-dupoiK), it foIlouvM that tije trittli part, or a d«cigaJ£ou.
ijiiiat wci^h 701J0 ^riLJim (1 Ib^j M
KiLL'ti docigalLou la djviijL-:! into 1U0(J M-p:cii;a ; iLnd thcrvfoT« lk« ^
wptum of pury waltr wnVlja 7 grains,
OiS IMOCfBfinS AM> UAKAUCBS,
1M
Drajjkn, Surupte». OninB. gr.
or DriLpUiiifl, 1 a fiO acT,
Onooes. r - » ±= 00 dr.
Poand. 1 = H - 24 =^ l(]0 oUp
1 = 13 = llii = i«8 = 5700 lb.
Tha sign of the arniple is ■3 : iht clmni, ^ i tlie ooiico, *
TJiid weight, which u now abohshcKl. wns foMiterly ubgcT for t'OfH-
pamdinif mcdicinea. Thc^ gfftin. cuncrH and ponnd nio eijiml to thoeo
of truy weight. Driigs are baiighi unl sold by aXMinhipoia wi^ighL.
^^^^^^^ Quarters. 1
I = 20 =
Af'oiFfhipoi* Wi^i/kt.
Omioes,
1 - la -
14 = 224 =
fltl = 448 ^
112 - 1792 -
16 iys,
Sfi6 lb.
3fl84 ^t.
7iiSH qr.
26073 owl-
iS7ai40 uiii.
I
HO = ltK» = 2210 = »5840
1 Ihi amrdiipoia — W)(} i^rfi,ttts troy>
] ofc-avoinlapoia = h17^5 i^rulika troy.
100 OEA^ fti^irdnpoit = Vl^^lTifl 0Z3. troy-
Thft impcml pntinfl fii'dirdiipctU H the sUmdurd unit by m^ftnii of
which all oommoditiE^iH r^ccpt p^oid, vi\v&r. and prc^cioun ntoiioiii art
wcijfhttil. Aitd ia ciitijil to tLc weight of onotcnth of an imperial
gkUmi, in- af 27-7271 j'hUu im^btB ^^fdi^lilleL]w^lt<*rrlt the trntpiTfUtutii
of 62° b'lilir,, ATul when thohuroaK^tcrHtnnda hi 30 incht^a^ \ oortjiin
pi«c« of pb^tinum of tiiin ntJtndjxrfl ncight is kept in the ExciifV|iicT
rtflici? at WeMLiiEinoli-r,
1 =
^ RodSp
Feet.
Lichos
^K Fordi«s or
Vards. I
12
M Polo»,
1 ^ «
3G
■ Cli^iiiie. 1
nj = lAl
10ft
mn^. i = 4 ^
22 = m
71*2
1 ^ 10 ^ 40 =
230 = t«JO
7fl20
H = m ^ J120 =
]7<W = 52ftn
rtosm)
1 link — 7'fl2 iiirheH.
100 Lnka = 1 chuin, i.ir (1(1 foiii, or 22 viud^.
1 1i>tt«i;« = 8 «eo;^'raphioftl
oiT iiuEitical miles.
I Imiid = 4 iiiirhufl.
1 f^ithr'Ttn = ii feet.
I
I
^ V^- XKWlllGGIKQ'i; HAMmcJOK KOK ^^^|
^^^^ 1 nJlitarjr pacer ^ H feel.
^^^V 1 gCOgraj^hlQafor iiantioiil mtl^ - 1-1& suiuto niil««. V
^^f 1 f£iogru,T>]iLOftt logrw ^ 90 }^;{r&phit:al
>r REiuticiJ uules.
^H 1 Ailntii'ull.) kiK^l = f)nHr)fi*i^K
^H Tliit 3!ird is tli^ imji^rial ^lanrlnH menHiiiv of Leiif[tb, ftnd i« (bft
^H Jtntuioo, ot tlje t<!iiipcrntiii-o of i''l' Fahr,, bfltvoon
ivo tuorliH on n _
^H oerliun hat kept in bho ExGbe<|i]or OfficCn Mf>«tniinstrr. ■
^^^^B Chth Mitifrlllr^
1
^^^ NaUs,
Ineboo, ■
^^ (^tuLTter^* 1
n m
Vflj'^b. 1 = A
= 9 ■
m. \ = 4 ^ 16
Sfi ■
1 - 1} = 5 = 80
4e ■
Tlio yu'd 16 ibc- t^-amo as in Imir measure, but diffora in ita divftiood '
Artil SVltKli^i^lOUH.
V'irn J/i"'Mi(F'<"^" v>fi(iw.
^i
tikeliiH.
Ynnls. ^^^H
1 Kiinkft. f
124 ^^H
Spindlp. I = 7 '
^^H
] 18 = ]2(;
iciio ^^H
Yam Mearurr — IJnett.
^H
Cota.
Yara«. ^^
Hears. 1 =
isoo ^
Hasps. L ^ 2 <
eoo ^^1
flpiudlt', 1 -^ C - 12 -
$600 ^^M
1 I . 44 = 48 =
1
14400 ^^H
Sqiutr^ Mt*"*t"v,
^1
S<i. Feel
8q^ Tncbn. S
,S<j. roles OT !^(i. Vui'iln. 1
HI ■
Perthes- J - fl
1-zm ■
^tniutc 8€|. Rom1>. 1 SOi 972}
1^0204 ■
Aorc. 1 - io - iiiio - loaoo
1506100 ■
1 I ^ 16*> - 4B10 - 48E60
- ^mflCiO ■
1 flqimr^ mile =^ ti40 st&tute ftcrvb.
^M
D] louiul mimlrura. }d, per square yard iti £10
p«r fltslnu MfvS
(actually, X'lO U. H(Li.
_J
GA& £NOINE£RS AND HAKAOERS.
4lHk
4,840 sijuftre yards make 1 statute aoi-e.
G150'4
7,840
4,000
4,000
5,760
7,840
10,240
10,240
Scotch acre.
Irish acre,
Devonshire acre,
Somersetelnre acre.
Cornwall acre.
IjiDcaahire acre.
Cheshire aure.
Staffordflliire i^are.
To fiohtf-i} Sttrtfiti' MeafHie to t'nntmnar'j.
Multiply the Dumber of perches statutG mea^urt^, by the square
feet in a square perch statute lueasuro ; divide the product by the
Aqnare feet in a aquare percli customary measure, and the quotient
mil be tlie answer in square perches custoiiutni-
To Redui'f t HaivHuit'j Meaaure to Statute.
Multiply the number of perches customary measure, by the aquare
feet in a square perch customary measure ; divide the product by the
square feet in a square porch stdtuto measure, and the quotient will
be the answer m square perches jttnlnt'-.
Squan* Pennine— I. omi.
bq. Perch.
Acre,
1
Sq< Hoods.
1
4
Sq
Chaiui^.
1
as
10
1
Sq> Links*
10000
^000
lOOOOO
The chain with whicli land is measured is 22 yards long.
Cubic Yard.
1
(iallon.
1
S"fi'l or f 'itlfif Metttiir'-.
Cubic Feet. Cubic Inches,
1 = 1728
27 ^ 4666r>
Pints. (iiUs.
Quarts. 1 = 4
4 = 8 = 82
The standard measure of capacity, both for liquids and dry goods,
is the imperial gallout being equal to a volume of rhstiUed water of
277'274 onbio inches, weighing 10 lbs. avoirdupois, at the temperature
of 62* Fftbr** and 80 inches atmoapljevic pressure.
471)
NBTTBIGGING^S HAUDBOOK FOB
Tnn.
1 =
Liquid Mitutires ii»td by ApoUiMari^-",
1 finid minim = 0-0045 cubic inchefl. (iti)
60 „ minims = 1 dram. (5)
8 drams = 1 os- (J)
I60EB. = Ipint (O)
Wine Meature$* Quftrts.
GftUona. 1 =
Tierces. 1 = 4 =
HhdB. 1 = 42 = 168 ^
Punch- 1 = li = 68 ^ 267 ^
Pipes. 1 = li = 2 = 84 = 886 ^
J = IJ = 2 = 8 = 126 = 504 =
= 8 =4 ^6^ 262^ 1008 =
Alf and Bfer Mfaaure^
Qniuts.
Gallons, 1
Firkins. 1 = 4
KUdkna. 1 = 9 = 36
Barrels. 1 = 2 = IB = 72
Hhds, 1 = 2 = 4 = 86 = 144
Punch. 1 - 1| = 8 = 6 = 64 = 216
BntL 1 =1J = 2=4=8= 72 = 288
1 = li = 2 - 8 = e = 12 = 108 = 482
Pints.
2
8
836
504
672
1008
2016
Pints.
2
8
72
144
288
482
■- 676
= 864
Dry Measure,
Bushels.
Quarters. 1 -
Loads or Weys. 1=8 =
Last. 1 = 5 = 40 =
1= 2 =10 = 80-
3 buabels = 1 aack =
Pecks.
1 =
4
82 =
160 =
320 =
8' 85 cubic feet.
Gallons.
1
2
8
64
820
640
Pints.
8
16
64
512
60
120
12 aacka = 1 chaldron ^ 46-2 cubic feet.
The imperial buahel contains 80 lbs. avoirdupoia of distilled water,
and its content is 2218182 cubic inches, or 1-288 cubic feet.
TahU of Tiine.
Minutes.
Seconds.
Hours. 1
60
Days.
1 = 60
8600
Week. 1
= 24 = 1440
= 86400
1-7
= 168 = 10080
= 604800
AAA BHaniXBB AND HANAQEBS
m
^ days = 1 limAT month.
fid, 29, 80, or 81 dajs = I oftlend&r month.
1 common jeftr = B65 days, or 52 weeks 1 day.
1 le&p year = 866 days, or G2 weeka 2 days.
1 Julian jfiar ^ 866 days 6 boars.
1 solar year ^ 866 days 5 hours 48 minutes 49 aefionda.
80 degrees ^ 1 sign.
12 signs = 1 oirole of tho zodiac.
CmCULAR AND AKaULAR SPACE.
60" (•bxadi) = 1' (minate),
4IP = 1 ooUnt.
860°
= I •fiiUdt.
= A oirola.
nia earth moTei thnTi«;h S60° Id «4 hQUn, tbanfon 15° ^ 1 hoar, ftod
1° =4 lULDDUa
TIME IN WHICH ANY SUM DOUBLES ITSELF. AT HATES
OF INTEBEST BOTH SIMPLE AND COMPOUND.
Yobi id wfa^b Iba inm In
Yeati lb wbfob tbs Wm li
Bate or
dDUblvd, %t
futflor
lDt4ireat
donbtad, ■■
IMttMC
paroeni.
Simple
Compound
par oed(.
BlmpLfl
Cornpaaqd
IntMBit.
Intsnat.
Inlcnac.
InlaeaiL
1
1(0
09^6603
&
ao
H-flOflT
s
60
S6002b
e
lei
11'89B7
4
40
aeoTOi
7
I4f 10-3448
s
8B1
39 '4496
s
lat
9'Ooe4e
B|
9Bt
SOI48fl
9
lU
B-043eS
4
Sft
17'6730a
10
ID 7-37»4
41
331
16 '7473
11
9A 6-64IB9
la
ei e- 11020
473
NEWBI8QlH(i'3 HAKDfiOOK FOB
Frnnahr
Millifframine = Trhsn ^^
Centigramme = ^io ^^
Decigramme = j%
or
Grauue
Decagramme =
10
HectogTamme — 100
Eilogramme
1,000
;d meabubes-
-DECIMAT, SYSTEM.
jreiffhls.
IvD^Hsh.
001 ^-ramrno
■=
001548
grains.
01
01548
If
1
'
1-5482
ri
(
16-482849
»»
0-648
dwt.
1
008215
oz. troy.
'■
n-085ti7
oz- avoir.
1
00022
lb.
1
0-0000197 cwL
1
154-J12
grains.
gramiiK?^
0-8527
oz. avoir.
i
0022
\h. ,.
J
1 ,r.48-28
grains.
,,
ft' 527
ozs- avL\
1
0-2204G
lb. „
l".,482-34f)
gr&ins-
8215
oza.tro)-.
B5-2789
„ avoir.
,,
r
2-2040
IbB.
i
2679
,, ti-oj.
0-01968
cwt.
0-00008
ton.
1
22-046
Ibe, avr.
..
0-196H
cwt.
\
0-009a4
ton.
gram J IK'S —
:i20-4<j ibs. or 1 cwt. 3 qra.
MyriagL'amme = 10,000
Quintal = 100,000
24^ Iba.
Millierorbar = 1.000,000 ,, = 2,204-62 lbs. or 19 cwt 2 qra,
20f tbs.
The Gramme ib the unit of measures of weight, and is tLe weigbt
of a cubic centimetre of distilled water at its maximum density
{89° Fahr.) in i-acu-o, at aea level In tlie latitude of Paris, barometor
29-922 inches.
Grain
Dwt
Dram
Ounce, tvoy .
Ounce, avoirdupois
Pound
FreDcb.
0-064799
granimes.
1-555
1-771846
;H-1086
28-8496
I08-59
0'454
kilogramme
OAS H^TOlNEBfiS AND MAN AQEB3.
ma
p--^-^^ =1 ^'S^.
Cirt - BO-8
1.016-05
Ton -.] 1-01605
1 tonne x
gramraeB.
kilogrammes.
ioune9.
'984.
Lineal or Imu
f Mt'tt/tuiy.
PrvDofa.
EiiF^Uftb.
0-03937
inob.
Miliim^re =
ttAr;
or -001 m^tre -
■"
000328
0-00109
0-3987
foot.
yard.
inch.
OentomAtre =
iAtj
or -01 .. .
: -
0-0828
00109
foot,
yard.
8-9971
inches.
D^im^tre =
A
or -1 ., ,
0-3281
foot.
0-1093
yard.
89 37079
inches.
Mms =
1 .- .
-=
3-2809992
109368305
0'00062
898-7079
feet.
G yardfl.
mile,
inches.
D^ciun^tre =
10 metres -
■=
32-809
10-936
0-0062
H,987-079
feet.
yards.
mile,
inches; -
Hectometre -
100 ., .
= '
828-09
109-36
006214
39,370-79
feet.
yarda.
mile.
inchffl.
Kilometi-e
1,000 .. .
= -
8,280-9
1,093-63
0-62188
893,707-9
feet,
yards,
mile,
inches -
Myriftmitre ==
10,000 „ .
32,809'0
10,936-8
6-21382
feet.
yards.
miles.
LigDe or line
— ;
0-088819
inch.
Ponce or incli
^ 12 lines
=
106568
iktoheftj-
^ed or foot
= 12
poucea .
~
12-78996
1.
Toise = 6 fVench feet ... .
=
76-74
•i
The Mitre is the unit of lineal measure, and is the 10 millionth
put of 90° of the meridian.
474
KfiWBlOGtNO'B HAKD&OOK FOB
Ei^Uah-
Inoh
Foot .
Yud ,
Fftthom
Pole .
GfaAiu .
Furlong
MUe
-I
Preo«b-
25-39954
3-54
0-254
00264
0-8048
0'9I44
1-8287
5*0291
20-116
201-16
0-20116
1,609-815
Dullimitres-
oentuD^treP.
ddoiinitre.
mitre.
mitres.
Idlomitre.
mitres.
1-609S15 IdlomilreB.
Square Mfontrt.
Frenob.
Milliaro
Centiore
or sq.
mitre.
DioUre
Abv or sq. i
dioomitre. t
Dicare
Heotftre
^TTfejor '001 are ) ^
[ oreq.d^mibre, )~
i dMwnitre . - \
f^ or '1 Bq.dica- t
i mitre . . - i "
— 1 sq. dicamitre . = -:
J 10 ares or sq. i
I dioamitrea . . ~
llOO ares or sq. I J
1 dioamitres
EngUrii.
155-00 sq. IDS.
1-0764 „ fest
0-1106 „ Tud.
1,550-0 ,, iiuu
10-764 „ feet.
1-1960S8292 ,. yaid.
003054 „ peroh.
0-00099 „ rood.
0-00025 ,. acre.
15,501-0 t. i&a.
107-64 „ feet.
11-96038 „ yards-
0-3954 ,, peroli.
0-0099 „ rood.
00026 ,, acre
1,076-4 M feet.
119-6033 „ yardfi.
3-954 ., prohe,
0-099 ,, rood.
0-0247 ., acre.
1,196-088 ,. jardB.
39-64 ., prcliB.
0-99 ,, rood.
0-2471 „ acre.
11,960-8 „ jarda.
395-4 „ prtfhB.
9-89 „ roods,
2-4712 ,. aons-
GAB BNGINB£Ba AKD MANAdBBS.
m
The «re, whioh ia a square dScam^tre, is the unit of aqnare
meuore.
tiqnareineh
Square foot
Square yard
Sqii&re pe^[^h -
Square rood .
Square wre > . .
Square mile
Fnnab,
646137 sq. millimetres.
O-0O064fi „ m^tre.
00929
0-8861
25-292 ., metres.
1,011-7
4,046-7
2&d ., kilometres.
Solid Measure,
Milliatere
Centietere
Fr«DDh.
j^or-OOlatere )
or cubic ra^tre , }
fxin oi^'Ol st^re
\ or cubic metre ,
(^ or -1 Btere i
i or oubic metre < I
Deoiatere
3T«>E0r
cubic
metre
DioaAtere = lOsteresorcubic metres=
_ 11 atere or cubic )
~ \ metre . . . f
Heotostere =
Kilostere =
Mp4aetere =
100
-1
1,000
10,000
Tbe Btere^ which ia a cubic metre, la
EDgtiBh.
r 61-028 cubicmchea.
t 0086817 ,, foot.
I 610-28 ,, inchea.
0-86817 „ foot.
I 6,102-8 „ inches.
8-6817 „ feet.
I 01808 „ yard.
( 61,02B-0 ,. inohea.
] 86-817 ,. feet,
( 1-808 „ yards.
85817 ., feet,
18-0802 ,. yards.
8,531-7 .. feet,
180-802 ., yarde.
86.817-0 „ feet.
1,308-02 „ yards.
18,080-224
the umt of solid measure*
Eofllub-
Oubie moh .
Cubic foot .
1,000 cubic feet,
Cubic yard .
=1
FnDob,
0-000016386 stere or cubic metre,
16,896-0 cubic millimetres,
0-028315 atere or cubic metre.
28-815 ateres or cubic metrea.
0-7646181 etere or cubic metre.
47r>
NKWBl GOING'S HANIJBOOK FOK
Itrtf aiid Fluid Metrmie, {< ''ifntriti/,)
MiUiUtre =
Centilitt'G
D^ilitro
LiTBE or
cubic de-
eiracire
Decalitre
Hectolitre =
Kilolitre =
Myiialitre
FreDofa.
lorcubiodocimtstre
__ j j^ or -01 litre or
~ 1 cubic decimetre .
_ lA ^^ "^ ^^'^* *^^
t cubic dt'cim^tre .
(1 litre or
i decimetre
' 10 litres or
\ dm metres
cubic
cubic
00610
000022
0-01028
00022
6-1028
0022
01-028
0-0858
1-76172
0-220215
00275
610-28
0-959
2-2
0-276
6,102-8
8-58171
22-0
a-751
85-9171
220-02
27-512
869'171
2,202-15
276-121
The Liti-e, wbich is a cubic d^cim^tre, is the
capacity.
HnRliih/ PrtDofa.
Cubic inch ^ 0016386 litre.
Cubic foot = 28-815 litres.
1,000 cubic feet - 28.816-0
Imperial pint 0-5676 litre-
Imperial galiou ■l-fi41 lilte:^.
Imperial bnabel -- 86-828
1 100 litres or cubic
t d6cim^tre3 .
r 1,000 litres or ^
I cubic decira^lres . >
r 10,000 litres or
icubic decimetres.
Engliab.
cubic iDcL.
imperial bushel.
cubic icch-
imperial bushel,
cubic inches.
imperial buab«L
cubic inches-
„ foot.
imperial pinta.
salloii,
„ basfael.
cubic inches.
., foot,
imperial giallons.
,, bushel,
cubio inches.
,, feet,
ii uper i al gallous.
„ busbob-
cubic feet.
imperial gallon (t-
j, bttshels-
„ cubic feel.
imperial gallons.
,f bushels.
unit of measures of
0A8 EKOINEEBS AND UANAGEKS. m
MONEY TABLES.
Cantiroe - .^o or WJM.
Frmne — 100 centimes . . . = f)Ad.
Son = C j;-;or'i7fid.
NtpoJfon — 20fi-aQcs. , . . .= 15s. lOtl.
AoeoontB are kept in tence and centiu^cs- For convenience in
Rokomnff, a aon mav be taken bb equal to ^d., a fraur. an 10(1., and
SG fraacfl u SOe.
The Belgian ourrenoy ia in centiinc!>i and fmnof^, liunn^ tlio name
Kngljih money Talne aa thoM of Francir.
To amttrt et^mn ptr cubic ufctrc into pcud- f»i- 1,000 t-uhir ffci.
itNil rice rcvKti.
OentimeB per cubic nselre x -Z^l — puuce per l.(K>0 cubtc fcet-
Penoe per 1,000 cubic feet x 'S7 = oentimw pov cubic metro.
Tu rrmivrf centim.it /-.*■ iiiit- into fciic jin- 1,000 'uhi, jWt,
irnri rice ivjxr.
CentitQea per litre x 2700 — pence poi- 1,000 cable l't>et.
Pence per 1,000 cnbic feet x -OOOHT = ceutJineB per litre.
UNITKI) STATES OF AMEEICA.
NuDB. Liiffliili Valiki-.
Cent. =^ id.
Dollar = 100 cents -^ 1h, tid.
41, or 4-8 dollars, or 1 dollnva HO cvhIb. . i^ £1
Dollars x '8084 = £1
To ivHcert dolfurit lOtd centu p*f 1,000 cab/r tht iiit'i pmcr jui
1,000 cuific /rrt, mid circ ccfu^i.
Dollars and oeots per 1.000 cnbic feet x 50 = pence per 1,000
cubic feet<
Pence per 1,000 cubic feel x 02 =: dollars and cents per 1.00<»
cubic feet.
^^n
^^^1
^H
^^^^-fw
5EVU601Na'd HAUDBOOK por
fl
^^^^
H
^^^^^p Fari'iiin und i'vlunial f^quiiatftiU t}f En^tM Mtmtjf. ^^^^|
^^^^^B {.iHtbal f¥ Appwtiif^aW)t
^j
^^^M oaimmT.
{■nop mr.ktiitii-
AHiiJJini,
^^^^^1
B ArgtBtiiiA B«pub1k .
lOPaUeoborJIalU'*
SC Ctnlimos . ,
I C«BttmA«. ^^^
^H AJDPMft . - , •
LOi FlonDH .
k Florin, or QDi
4 Srviiuen. ^^|
SA rnnoji . . .
It F'Lllt'll
CsntinM, ^^|
7 Bun&r* . . .
JW CtfDiicUV . ,
3 CoQLcau. ^^1
Bfik»ll. - - .
IQ Btilr»lt>
4U Rtli. ^H
C*n4d« - , . -
4! BolUrt , . .
flfi Outa . . .
fl Cvut*. ^H
CtllU . . ^ - - fi^PHOS ^ ^ .
^ GauUvo* . .
11 CuUT«a. ^H
riiibft , . . ■
ft DiiTUn, or ^ii
20 CeEiU. DT II
3 CffQtf ar Jt ^H
(tnUimUla- ^ . .
A PhCM . . .
tU CfdIaVDi . .
^ GraUvoL ^^1
t>0DlllVk- - - -
SO KroDft . -
1 Kraitft , .
l^On. ^H
JC4<4l4dOT - . - .
A P«*M . .
W C*n1iivr4
a OtDtaTOL ^H
Ktry^-t
100 PlMiro< . >
Piutfa . .
FiulAEiJ . . ' -
lUi M4Pkt . . .
II Mvki . . .
Ui ^^1
KrHJDB , , - ,
3A Pnnci . . .
It rnucfl , . .
to CKDlimt*. ^H
Gvraui KmpI'*
90 U«rki
f 1 M^rk or 100k
Si Prcnnli;. 1
OrWAM , > . ^
«■ UnobinK* . .
J| DruihtD.!! .
\0 UpW. ^J
UaJUoi ....
12 FJurJDB^ - .
fiO CcutA. , .
J} CtUtM. ^^M
Unriffifcrj' - . , .
lOt Klanui . . .
1 1 I^Jnriii. nr .'lOI
1 Kfvulxiirt 1 1
Knnt»r«. ^^|
Indtft. . . ■
10 Rupooa «iid Ir
AuuiM . - '
U Aquu , . .
6 ^H
tMly » h\T%. . ■ ■
ItLtm . . .
10 CfloiBAlml, ^^1
Jauu ... - - 1 T#n , , , .
Gfi S*n . , . .
11 ^^1
Jftffn . . , . . IB Ftorirm .
no C*iit«
€«IIUL ^^H
Miilu U Aoadi - -
7 T%'i. 4 rir»Li .
li Ori^nJ. ^^H
HviicO , ' . - If Pi'Bcrt or '■ lltfL^
S& Ctf(lUlV09
g CVnitvo*, ^^H
NoTwftj . a) Kroiw , - -
1 Kronn -
H^Om ^^M
PuvGUiy- ■ - - 4^4 Dollnffe -
US Ci«DtpJiifc . .
3 CaiiteUL ^^H
WtAife JlTomM - - .
19 SbfthiB . . .
1 fliubl. ^^1
V*nt fl Sfil . . . .
fit Dijien-i
OblM. ^^1
rortacU .... 5 UJnlB . , .
£« TeatOf " , ,
au sit^ ^H
RikijiLH *i\ ^<Wer KuciUo*
'18 Co^VDki . ,
Cpprda ^H
S|iHiii . ' . \-Jli PpflPWn , - -
liP^v>u». . ,
S^wadail . . - 2t} Kivti* , ^ .
1 Kruti* -
61 Or*. ^^1
9witfl#rU«a, . . a& PruH .
1}PnDM .
LU Cftt^HoM*. ^^1
Tuhi- . ... 40 Ftutn* - .
a PjUfTVi - .
^^^H
Tuikey . - - 10} FiiiUti . .
S Plftiin;*
I t Pi<HU*\ or '/> ^^1
Peru, ^^1
riiltr^^SUUd - , 1 «E DoLUra. . .
SG CbuM . . .
^^H
1 UruKWiy . . . , 5 Vmm - . -
fl& CateTSB . .
a CsbUTvL ^^H
^^ VtufliualK - - .
s Pt«i« . . .
if& CBtittvat
CantavoL ^^H
^
OAB EHQIHXBBS AJfD UANAGBB8.
470
INDEX.
Abrupt BDgles in pipes and fittinge to be avoided, 261.
Absorption of the hydrocarbons bj india-rubber tubing, 2U7-
of the light-giving conatitucnta bj glycerine^ oil, Uc.^ iKK
'^Acme" regulating burner, 297.
Aol, 1871, Qas Works CkuBes, 14S). 331.
on testing for purity, 149.
on testing for illuminating power, 331.
Act, 1859, bales of Gas, 275, 27l».
provisions as to stamping meter:!, 275.
Advantages of using an exhauster, IIIh
a station governor, 21-t.
Aerorthometer, VerDon Harcourt^s, 344-
Air and gas, loss of light by mixing, SfrO-
pennanent gases expanded by heat, 98-
water, as cooling agents, oompaied, 98-
Airey's table showing the dilatation of gas in contact with water, 292,
Aitken and Young's anaJy^er, 106.
AlgebraicAl and arithmetical signs, i^t^K
Allen's Beale'a eihauater, 112.
Alloys of metala. 444.
Ammonia, affinity for water, 117, 119, 3hl.
carbonate of, 384.
cautftio, purification by, 138.
impurity in coal gaa, 129.
liquid, 873, 368.
mnriate of, or aal ammoniac, H71.
sulphate of, 871.
yield of, per ton of coal, >t72.
test for. 155, 160.
4W
VBWBJO(H5a*» HANDBOOK FOR
tiumpated yt'ilh b^vcliio (craiityi ATS-
Quantiiy of. ob»J*ineil to oiitli?t of Acrubben. 371.
roBult of ap|>iicAtioii oJ> to laiiJ, ^i},
Spt]i:ilii: giAvity aliJ woi^'lit of, V74.
t04tm^ by (mttimtion, fLTn
to oonvort Twaddii] ioto upoaific (frftyitj. 37!i-
WiirH TnerJiml of Ipsstiog. «7fl
Aii^ydiH of coula mid cmmeU, S U> AS.
llio anh ofa good HencMvlin noul, 1.
Aaetly^er, Ailktu uitd Youug's. irxi.
Audereoii'H combined wiaher ftinl flrriiblmr, 123
exhausted 111, U»,
tar fLtrnnce, 7S.
we.f^ber. 118.
Angle of repodo of eartbs witli lion^AoriUMiue, 1^6,
Anglos itj muina, sarv^ocG, ant) inteninl iibtingfl, 281-
AnffEilai' and circular spooe, A71.
AimiialconsumpLJoTi of rotil ior ^aa pui^io^ies in tb« t'liiUd Ki
Aiinaal mcj-eade in gjis conaumpliou, uauhI, 417-
ArmtiUr Jkiinodpboriuul umiLU'Ufiei, VI'-
KirkUani and Wrigbi'*, Oil. 100.
AtmiilftT or ring ibnkA, lCi5» lUH-
Antbrotiite or gluiice oo«h1. L
weight per tiubio j*td. G«.
AppariLtasfor «o«l testing, 57.
requited for tt)fiticignielti&» !i77, lt7«.
UlumiiiiLliii^' IHiwtir. ^90. i^i5.
Aftproxiiimto luiillipiioifi for f&ciliuting ^alculattoimp WK
Arobibectiiritl ami i[L4c]iaiii(^&l diTLwiii^. colours nncd in, lA'l.
Amu iif coul uiv&SLire!} in the Uiiiltid Kiu^dom. R.
Xtea r\^q\iU-^t\ for nimnaplH^ricnl 'cndenBnlloo. HH-
\TVtLs, kc. Ubtc of, 'lU!! lo 4&n-
Awbnd* SuKu'^ [jon^oi^. J^tJ^.
Arithrii«tk%J itnd algi^braionl mi^nii, lotl.
Arnold on the appbcationof SuTpbateof AmmouiR iuBgrioultuvv, 874^,
Aiwin iUO oo cuitsoni'V tank vTill'^t I7fl>
Asocuialoii or stand pipe^, ho.
choking of, 8G.
OAS KMOIKKEHS A^D M^'AQEHS,
4iH
Ash iii«o^nn€eoke, fi to47p
A-sUprui, funiftL'L', fit*.
Ashes in mortAr, 435. 430.
Aspliullo or tor taorUraiid couorutc. LTD. ITLi
tLmoflpUeric&l ctJiideziHAtiou. *^Q to 101.
fiuuiiUr coridviiKei^. 100.
U'fta raquired for, 101.
Oraliam's coiileubtr, 102.
horliont*! condcngmrn^ 101,
nnm BloaiUDum, or gold bronze powdfir, UOU.
utosoatio preasuro cLfunK^r. CowaD'e. 2L({.
Average meter « vuLeiii for public liglLtrJni^H 372^
AT«rag» yicJd of bUnminoiiH i^onl, ilL
^tAx-ioDU worth rernombonnKi ^C^-
Ftklmice and wei^^lita. ciptniui^ijlal, 330.
Bftll i.nd so[^ket jcjnt for main plpi-a, S2U,
graduated pLutoiuuitr. H80,
mtoor 6rc:. m. GT.
Bowt^r procvsH Tor pi-otcDtiug h^n pipes iLiid fittings. 201,
to'l mill fordUtrtbuUng wftter in Hcnibbcra, 122.
BftnnMter and tbtirmomctdf tised in testing [Uuminatiiii: power, 1)^0.
Dfttlei^ or tubular cundettsur, 10&.
ticiiVft^^lmiiiiUT, 111, U% 1J4.
BoaDt:i^i'a hvdroixeUr, 87^.
BcQob, huij^lt and donblv retort. (D.
I ult-ar b^ncK iii froiib uf, .10.
^ f1u«SBrtildrnitgltt. 01>>
BinningLam wju^ ^ruipi*, iliickjitdH of tlio, 181»-
BEfltilpliide of carbon, 1^:^. 13M, i.:;a, nm.
BilttinioouBcoal. ),
ftv«T«^« yield of, i'X
ii\«i|tl)l THir ctibio ^ard, G2.
Blue 01 Beiitfal nru.dld.
Boiler nnd onginp, ntAani, 115.
BotteftDdnaU. 227.442.
Bond ID brickwork, 420.
Books r^iinired iit llie keepiu^ of a Ga^ Compau/V occouuts, HB*
Borders. illuTiiinaU^d, XI 1,
Barf>d and turoed joinla for mala pipes, 2'iO, 2111, SU18.
Bo\'ri r«lorl-lid favtouer. 8^,
Box'fl t4ih1n nf tliti tnnnn ti^np^rahiire ofeverj tontb dny, 99.
Br^keU and rimndflltfirK, hoigLt of. *^'J^.
I
^
4m
KBWBIGQIKO 4 HANDBOOK FUK
Bnddooli'a public lamp, *170.
BrasH lit iron, mi^Lure Tot tuiiiijjff, 502>
BrasB tube, [^Uin, weiglil per foot, Wll.
spiru.] ftndflul^r weight frer foot, tiUl.
BrAsa work foi' Ucqaeriug. bo draii* J)Oii
" Bra»L»e6*' in coal, A4,
BrOi^'A atreei Umpa tnH buraeta, *26D. 'i71.
ventilating globo lights* £00^
BrMing. a02-
Bree/-e mid coko, flGT.
Brdmond on yApblJinUne. 110.
BriclLB and bricltvork, 429.
Loud in briukivork. JSf)-
rniiibor of hr'ni\tH in wftlli of iliffnnnjt arsftB^ 430 to 4S4
unxitd dimcnaiona of brickfl, lUH.
Brick and puddk ituxka. ISO. ICiC. I7fl.
Brick rcilLirtSn 71.
BrJckwoi'h in r«ton detiinge. HI.
Bridge ond dip pipoer, «7, 88.
Brin's oxjgeu process in pTiriGccLLlou. 136.
Bronye, 309.
copper bronee pow<ler. 80H.
gold bronze powders, or AuniTn mosaionm, 808<
groei^ ^iOBh
powi^oi'B. SQH.
BtKo for bronao puwdors, BOX,
Brown or lignite codi, I<
BuckslAves for rt^torl benuli, GB, 61,
BnaBfln pLoLciu^tcir, tb«, 3U0.
numer, " Kcedle " governor, 207»
Burners, nuuiUor rciiuirod for Kglitlug Ui'gi* buiJdinjp. 2118.
objectiona to Lomonlal, 295.
stan<lD.rd. »Sfi,
Bje-pasB mikins and valvca, 12C.
Caking' ciml, I,
Coldnin^ tpont Um«t Htfilop^d prooofifl for, ]H1,
<.Wciuin Bulpliidc, p^irifioatioti hj. 18^2.
Candle, a^iuidard aptinn. fi:^l, l\ii'Z.
buloneo uid weights, 8;il, H32.
eorrcctioQ3 in confiumpticm of, 882. 880,
CanneM.7.
And cobl niita, and sUck or droiifl, 4h,
GAB BNOiH£EB9 AMD MA^AQi£Ba. tt»
Cannel — corUirwfd^
ftnd cools, analysis of, 8 to 68.
weight of, per cubic yardt 52.
Capacity, gasholder, 192, 195.
of co&l stores, 58.
of tar and liquor well, 127, 128.
Captal of gas works, 412 to 417.
Carbon in ooal, 6.
in coal gas, SB8.
in retorts, deposition of, 7B-
Cazbonic acid, test for, 147, 158.
Siieard's apparatus, 147, 148.
Carboniferous series, 2.
(Carbonizing, fuel for, 78.
Carburetting condensers, 106.
Caicel lamp, the, 846.
Carr (W.) on cooking by gas, 868.
Cast and wroughb-iron gaaliolder tanks, 165, 171, 176, 187. 188.
Casting of main pipes, 218.
Cast-iron pipes, 218 to 246.
cost of laying, 235, 2dG.
weight and cost of, per yard, 287 to 24'>,
weight of lead for jointing, 225>
Cost-iron retorts, 64, 72, 444.
duration of, 72.
Eraser's ribbed, 72.
CatheVs washer, 116-
Canstic ammonia, purification by, 188-
Canstic soda and sulphide of sodinm, puriScation by, 138.
Cement, for joining ends of elay retorts, 82.
for jointing retort mouthpieces, 82.
for steam joints, 117.
for stopping leaks in boilers, 116.
glue, to resist moisture, 807.
iron or rust, 82, 225.
mastic, for buildings, 486.
mortar, Portland, 170.
or luting for retort lids, 88.
Portland, 170, 220,
Roman, 220.
Centigrade thermometer compared with Fahrenheit and lUaumur,
108, 109,
Centre and other change valves, 145,
Chains, safe load on, 44S.
1 1 2
404
>'EWBIGOIJfO'S IIASDDOOK FOB
Cbf^fi — f />» ffji iiril.
Cbandeliora and bmokotti, hei^lit 0(, 2lOo.
Cbftii^&r, L'owEUi'e autoiu&iio preaeui'^, 21Q,
Cbarjnn^ abovtb, 63.
cnmiTiori natneH of c4*rtairi olietii'tcal snUatanceB* SflA.
enpansion of liquids from «a^ to 312^' Fftlir,, 108.
IuIeilv'. fur cfLpenm^iils in ubt!iJiiHti>, 40C
epodr^c gravity, weight nnil ^ntnNlity m wntor, of vaHooil
apiTcihc licut of Holies fmd liquids. 407*
Aab»t!int:<.'H. diiripla and rompoiind. BR7.
traUr, inoxnorandA relating tn, 40<I.
Cherry coal, 1.
Cbief kiodnuf l-uuIh 1.
Cliimiioy HUt](« fcr rKort bou^es^ 70,
rult' for ii/c of, 71*
GblonUf? fiiicl duiiibjUlJ' l4^tt 46.
ChoJiiirK of a^o-^ir^ion pi(>es,8fl*
CiroulAi- and j^ii^^lai- spftCQp 471'
Circuiufortii<;ta, l^<.\, Inll? of, W2 to ■(tJ-?.
Ctdleni for tav and lii^uui\ i^levHlod, 127,
Clasaificjf lion cf ]tm*>si.ou*'q, 1M4,
ClaiLu'ii in-tiooi^s of if«nfioatioiL hy nmmonia gas, 188.
Clay KDd irau r«toH aetlln^a, combmcd, 72'
Clay. Are, IHIt, 1.S7.
conftiiinerU of, 487.
CJay ptiddK ITI.
day r^lorta. 04 to 7]<
tem|ifHintur9 of earboniintioir wtlli, t^Ik. 7l>.
ihiokneBs of, ti5.
Cleirs's comiitiioiiB atolrfop raaohineiy, 8<».
C3«laud'a &lon'S{>ee(1 cunden^er. 101.
Riiii Kfrriing's uteani jet (jxliatiKtcr. Ill, 114-
Oonl, M to OH,
aaaly»ia of H to ^8.
analytija of ihf nsh of n ROod Newcastle. 4.
annual ponHUCiption of, for fta* purpo«i^si ui t'iiLt«4 Kitigdoiu. OS,
ai)tljLu?it'^ 01' >{[nnnOr I, 52*
aali in. 3 to 47.
hitnTninniiH, 1 m ^M. *
GAS BHQINBBBB AND UAKAGEHS.
'' brasses" iu, 51
brown or ligmte, 1.
carbon in, 8.
chief ingredients of wliich it is composed, B.
chief kinds of, 1.
coke, prodnctioD of^ from, 3 to id.
Cnmberland, 11,24.
Derbyshire, 8, 12, 24.
deterioration of, by exposure, 58.
gnses occluded in, 55.
glance, or anthracite, 1, 52,
GloncestersLire, 8, 12.
hydrogen in, 8.
in hoc climatea, deterioration of, &d>
iron pyrites in, 5, 5i.
XiUicaehire, 3, 12, 24, 49.
lignite or browD, 1.
measures, area of, in the United Kingdom, 5.
mixture of, v^ith other substances. 26, 27, 2H.
nitrogen in, 8.
Newcastle, 3. 4, 13,28.49.
nuts, slack and droaa, 48-
oiygen in, 8.
parrot or eannel, 1, G2.
production of coke from, 3 to 49.
products, 381 to 894.
Scotch, 4.
sheds, 58.
Somersetshire and other, 4, 15.
Sta£FordBhire, 10, IG. 24.
storage, 58.
solpharin, 3 to 47.
testiug, 56 to 58.
value of, in poutida of sperm, 50.
volatile matter io, 7 to 19.
Welsh, 6, 17,24,83.
Wigan, 49.
5'eld of sulphate of ammonia, per too, 872.
orksbire, 18, 24.
Coatmg and painting of gasholders, 194.
of main pipes, 229.
Coefficients : cost of Gas Works, 422 to 428.
Cockey's charging barrow, 84,
im
KHWJ1lGtiU40'» HANDBOOK KOU
Cclf« and bru«zo, D67.
jLsUiu. 7 to 47.
bre&kuit: Ummiier. 868.
brt*»kiiig i«icliinei7. 867. 868.
proiuctioii oi', h<rm coai, 8 to il.
alakinK or qiienoUing of, 7B,
Hiiljihur in, G to 47-
Coloiirod mau foi' iUuiuinutioDt 311.
Oi imp]i>u. 3 lis.
liUOplill.
piupltj, fill.
whlto laai&D, 818.
f«llow<ai2,
Coloiii^ gla9», losB cf tight through, 21t0.
Cobura of iiigli tomperalare^, 71*.
u«ed in mcohajiical anil arcliitootural drowing, 46*.
Cu)uLj||]H. h(>Lg[it of lamp. Sr>^
Combino'1 uMtiiigs o( day and iron retorta, 72.
tLLntoBplionocLl anJ ^c^tct coiiiloiiBer, 10^.
Oomniei-ciftl anti atructurjil vfilue, 417-
Gitamun njimea of o^Pt^in oLtinicsfcl eiibsUnwH, flIW.
Com^ariaan of Falironkuit^a, Hcaumur'fl, and Iha C-«il1f;nid« tlur-
mometers, 10b, 101).
Conipvus&tiiE-,' melera, 275.
HuiU'h. 27<i-
8ami«rs and Uoiiovekn'e* 2Ti>.
UrqaUfli't's ' ItBli&nce." 270.
Wanit-raiitl Cowan's, 275.
Composite ia.nk\i, 1W5.
Compoi'itiuii of gab liine. and ita tifio in a^'ricuJtiiro, 879.
Compouilion ptpuB. .'lOl.
Cnnnrfite and niortfti\ 109. 170, 171, 4flfl-
Ccriiireto Unks, 1(EU, ltf6.
ConilcriMEitiou* tlfi.
HiptLnuioii of air ftnci permanent gnws by Ij^t. 98.
oxt«nt of» ^i^,
loea of ilhiminatmcf properly in ooftl g&s on oicpoflurc to tb«
leiupeiiiUiEv of itf^mig point. ST<
meau U'iiiperaliiv(? of pvery tenth clay in tliAyear, M.
tapid or eudilcn m well aa eiceaeiTe, 117.
B^^^fl
^H
QMS £X01M:URS Ah'D UANAOEllS.
^1
Vandenaaiion — rinttimafii. ^^^^t
Te\\ii^ve ci^ecis of wator and ^ur u ^^ooling ftgertts, 9^ ^^^^|
rnlti'! for vulculatin^ Ihtf orva roqoired for ntmo^piiorical oon- ^^^^|
hluitaalii)!], 101. ^^^H
(cmriuriture a» urTlining r«^tration, UT- ^^^^|
Coiidetipars, 1ii>. ^^^H
Aitk^Q (tn>l Voiiiike'Hftualy^«r, 100. ^^^^|
dutimUi HtnEOi^tiliencjil* S^lf, 100 ^^^^|
urea reiuirt^d for, ruiva for ciUouUtin^, 101. ^^^H
buttery or luijuUr, 10ft ^^^H
hVH T^n KV TTI n h ■« A A Tl iv U41 1 T^A4 V^h¥^ i V J I ^^^^^^^1
I'JD'piMU ULEUlf-? lUlLl TttlVva lUI. la\>. ^^H
4:srlmrcUL]i^. lOiv ^H
Cioland'n Jiiow-epood, lOL
cotcbinntl ntmosplLerical mid water, lOi}.
GOiidr-ji^n^ Rurfuce nl aevertU Lundon gAa-workH 1 1^71)* IDT.
lUjr HorubborM luj conflenserp, 105, ^_
Urahain'it humontui, ]'>2^ ^|
boriisontul ntmovphi^rical, 10], 102- ^M
Kirk hum and Wnglil'n BTinuhir, 9j>, 100. ^M
St, John and Rockwoll appnmuti. lOti. ^^
lubukr (ir ImtUry* lOil.
undorgLMurul, lOr^.
TOrtioal ntmo*]JhflHeaI, 09, lOO.
W'anicr P juinuUr. 10], ^^
WaUi clmTmc^l. lOG. H
CoEiili-tiiilbli- ljjdriiiT;irljf>iis, W1*. ^M
C<>iiductiiif^ licat, relative power of mctoli f6r, 408. ^^
Cojuicctin^' pipoji for puriiiprs, Hi.
ronsuiiK-'m' ^M tui^Lors. 27n,
nppTkTEittiFi rorjiiir^t) fur tcabiiig, STTt 2TH.
compunmUat-, 375.
dilAtatimi of t^n^ in oi^ntoot ^^itll watery SiD2.
dry inuUr. [InMcriptimi uf thiv ^7C-
effi^Cl of ovttr-driviitff llio mulur wheel, ^70.
Umit'i meter, !i7R.
mspectioD of* 27<I.
ptrcoiilAgt' LjiUhh for It^titiiif^v 27-L
protct^tion of i»i>tc*TK from froat, S70. 1
proTisioAii vt Huk^s of Uu,!i Aot, 1850, «« to fftflmping. 275.
niivs of lUtiti-rin d4^airiLl>l« to be iia<<d, 2Td, 20d<
tvKtint'. S7T, L<7t'' ^1
UrqulAUtt'a *' Koliauce " mater, 270- ^H
Warner and CoAan'a melor, 27C- ^H
wcL lUi^Lt-r. dcFwri plii lit vi \.\iv. £7^- ^^^^M
KEWfilOOU^Oe U1>'I>1KjOX vom
OousntuptJon aitd pressure, 217.
Oohbii mpticiD of cnil fnr g^ piirpnHi?fl in tli« UniCMl Kinpddir, rti.
of gn3 by one burner per inr>ijih aiLd for 1^ tnontJifi, ^Ib,
of gtie per hotkil ofpopiLltUioTi, 417.
of gas ppr mile of maiiin -IIT.
Contrnctioi] of c&st'ircQ pipes in cooling, '2:2*2.
Cooking, uso of rab foi\ yoa, a^J,
Copper bronze powder, 30^
Cormctiona Tor ttinipera,t]]r», presanrfi anrl tnoindirw, 1 AD. AA^. H^n, Jll
iu consumption of gas oiid fltnnilfti'il cun^ll^, 888.
GoGt of gas per Itoai- Aviien biiiat at ri.TlJuu t^{t}t>, 421.
CoHt of gns W'oi'ks, 412 to 45^,
CcunUrbdkncLng of f^osliolderB, ll'l.
Cowa.n'a nutomfttic prosfiiira cb>.n}ior, :£1FI.
ifuveniur. Sni.
vezitOuting globe lights* 2llli.
Cone's 6vst«m of inuiijiedr otarta, 66.
Orim&on coloured ^o, ^1^.
Croi^lt^y'n prt^Huru niid «\hmuat r^gistenij ICtf, 164,
Cubic foot ini^&suro, Btfcrecs', }^H\}.
CuniterontliG LLbsorptionoftheUg]it-g:ivi[igccnstitn«)UofoOftltt:AB.!W.
D-sliapeil rptoi'U, tl5.
Damp or wet coaIs, Tfisn\t of using, 5, G3.
DfrOtpftr to oontrol drnti^bl, 70-
Day and nigbt. rulv Lo liud tLu leu^tlj of, 27£.
r>Bcigannii And sepLern, 'Kift.
Deoim&l And frAciioiLnl pnrt^. '15^-
Pet^inoftl sysLflin cf wcighta aiul ineiuiLiro«. J72 to fl7ti>
Denipst«r'nfjxJiAiiMter( JU,
Deposiuon of carbon in retorts. IK
Uerbyebire coaIs, », Iti, iii»
DeWrictation of coal by eicpoaure to neatlier, G3.
in hfit climntea, 5^.
Devico« foi' piibbc ill nminii lions, SO*J to K'iU*
coloured fires. H\i.
illnmiJiatecI bj^rlers, Hit,
prio^Rof, BIO.
Devotiiaii rooks » t£,
DjAimtera, Ac.t tftble of. 462 to4t!5.
Diff&r^nlinl or rljfltrirt gdvernnrii^ £17-
Dilfttatiou of ^s in conuet wklj vALvr, 2U2-
DuaQCauions of thn prinoi|)Al luateiiAli in gftaboldtrs in ftctuiJ ^horkm^i
is>7 toSia.
OAS B!(OtXB<S AM> UANA0ER3.
I
I
Diiumf^rL^ iystom o( gad making, Bl
Pip in the bydrauliomuii^>^Hto9d.
Dip pipvfi. 87.88.
Dip-well for MftUng pipes, 127>
Piee ibir lestuiKtUuDUuatinit powor, 880.
DiMOont for eweXj pft7D]«]ib of fcas ^Ule, 4(1.
DIstuice apart r.if public: Uriipn, 2fl9.
DJstriot ov rlidei^iitial govok'iLora, 217.
DdnkJn's eili&u£t«i\ lid.
Doitbls reluii beiicLctJ. 59,
T>oiigW8 inalriiclioTia for pri>paring rrincroU, 160.
Dnofibt uid fiuoe, UU.
Ddp or syphon neTIs, 22P, 230, i(>l.
Droi7"» mftin ch^rmomei^r, 14U.
ProAaoraUck, ^t*.
Vry m«Ur, dasoiiijlioii of the, 27G-
Dty or vUni) piff) tfi^IIs for p-Filioltler tiinlcfi. 171 ,
Pry aerubbors aa cciuJ4j))eor», 105,
Prying ^ob, tJTocl of. 110,
Diuons oil ibe bnnjin^ of liyilrogeii. carbon, and carbouic oiide, 70.
PunkbUity Uat, AH,
Puntfton of roto^'ia* HI, ftO>
Eftrlb», iiftturftl etlopi! of, IBri,
413(1 rockfi. wf-igLt of various. IGG.
■■ BollpM " waaLur d^ubbor, 125.
£coaonay ^ gu comp&rixL ^litli olUer li^^lib- giving tn^ilcrialB, 401 » -102.
Bdge'a naetltod uf ^nirflrtg KtorU. 7^.
EIT«ol of ov«r-drtviiia a moUr vrhooi. */,ie.
of eionll and bad pipou luid fittinxd, 208,
KlomvQt&E'V 0u1>!itiujcoci, titblo of, Jj!)(t.
R]«vAt«d tar and Ji'^uor cislom. i'^7.
Ki«vaiiug apparatus for punfymgixialcrial, 110-
Elliotr^ uiccnaaical ntoltinf: arraii^joment. ti6,
EtigiuujUid iHjilrr. slta.\ii. HA.
gae, HO, SG'l.
Kpilome cf mviiauriLLjon, 4C0i
Equival«iitA of lingliab inonej. forcljn* and eolomalt 478,
Kvaits*} ftnnlyniK uf coaIh euiiI [<utiiiel^. 21^, ^3»
Evu)Qt«tJi>[i froui i^ator E»Ldo ptuibLriLa, Ut provcnt. 1ilf&,
Eviia att«tidiu»- Uiu u«i- of RuifLlI piji^ci, Ac, Hii^.
Ktauiplt<*i of cifiDiLrij<:l[rjii uf i^liotdera. lf^7 Co 215.
of gssboliier tanks, ITil to JW).
^
^KWrnGOmO'S HAIfl>DOOK I'OU
ExodTattDna for gaahold&r tauka, lt>5, lUC-
Exhattetcrfl, 111,
advaiit^i^es of uemg* 111.
Alleu'HBGale's. 112,
AcdnrsCD s, 1 1H>
Jfeflle'f. 112,
byepitHS maiita ruid valves for, 120.
CUIand ant) Korting's steAm jel, IH.
Dcmp^lor'o, 111.
Doukm^a Bbde's, 112.
goveninr for, 115.
Gwyiui«'a Deale'ff, lL-1.
Jouea'3, 112.
LniJIjtw'a. 112.
M^tthveuB. 111.
MuggfavoE, 111.
Pater3on"3 iB. 0.} experimoutfl vith steam j«t» 112,
roUrj uiiiJ vepipnxiftting. 11 L
WftllGt'B, 112,
Expaaeio^ joints for maiQ pipef, 224i,
nf air (mil pnrmauent gA^es by lieat. 08,
of liquids in volnme from ^2^ lo S12' F»br.. 40K,
of metals, lOH.
EiperimenUJ eoveroor, 390.
Explosions in main pip«at 282.
Fabr«KiIieit'9 tliermonD«t«r ooEup&r«J wjtb R^AUifiiiii'a aud tho Oenti-
yiwJi^, lOS, IfKL
FflTJa on PorttpHoJ <n>mentj 170.
I'iddea^ audyeiu of co&la and cncneJs, 2U, U9t, 84, tK.
proposed at&udard Ijjjjlit. 340.
Pii-e-claj. J3«,
ooiistiludiitt) ofthti chtdf Eiiglial) and for»igii, 4V7.
retcita, C4.
Fire or gralt Ulis, fifl.
FireSj coloured, for itlninfnftUoiiB, ^1 K
Ftttiiigs, iuUrua.L, \&i)h.
aufTicu. 200 10 20hi,
Flanges jmnU for muiii pipe^> fl2~2. 3tT,
Floor, retort houeo, fi9.
FliMB witl dmuglit. 08, U4. «l^
Fluxes for poldyring. 802,
GAS HirGI??SBn& AHD UjLNAOHBS
tfl
VbnlgB tqninlMttv of English nm^afif, 47tf.
Forma, f AL
AQihoritj to pay dividends. 4^d>
oftrtiilcatiA showitig that Inrnrao inn has hetn tlt^dni^ttiA. 4t^4^
dooluntioii for losa of scaled sJielto oerti^catos. 4A2-
dcclftration of tmr^siaiaaiou of Bli(ir«s, from wif« to huebtvud, in
cdiLtriiuf^ucB of rnATTJftge. 4^8,
ind«innitv for Ions of shure certiflcfitM or dividond w&riuDt.
of proxj» 104,
rfiioutii!cntt?rit cf pro|Kised new iuniB on tli« tTttnHfbr of olil
rauMiLciatinn of ^aree nawly Allotted, 4SL
Foulia'e h>dnmli(? stnkor, 94.
FiHottOTml pirls iktid eqairnknt decimalv, l^M.
Fnuikland (ProfessorMEi thn valiimoj ufv&rioiifl gavoa abBorb^ bj^
lOOvohiuKa of walL^r. 120.
oQ vanatitini* in illimiiiiitting powrr, flfiO,
FVaaer's nlili^id irryu retorts, 72.
Fi-^OEuiR of water m ^ulioldor tankLi. 11)^.
of waUt in govfltnor tanks, 217.
Fide^liig puinL lotm of iHqminnting prop«i't}- in otyxl giu on iM^eitire
10 thfr Umjierntuiff of, fl7.
Frocdt voifchts and inensures. 472 to 4T7.
Frocil. proloction ofniek-rs diiiin^. 27G.
public liffhtii dunnff, ^v,\t.
Fuel for carbonidnif, 111.
tar as. 79.
F»riLaci«<. ijrnnnitnr niid regeTteratJYB, 7^.
r«lort. flfl,
F)-fl>'fl (Dr,^ oUIorino and dciL-nbilit)' t«at, 4H,
Godd'i [irinciple of guiding lioldtTo* lfn£-
Oa]vanu«d ptpcf, tjBI, X^?, HO^.
Gdji, absorption of Ibc liffht jnvinK coriatitM^nu of ooqI. 00>
and iur> eApniiHioii cf, by li«bi, i^fS.
dilntftt^on of, m rontftcl wilh watei; *i02.
increase in jUuininAtin^po'ver by dryii^;;. 134).
lose of illuminatiiijir propfHyin, onoipo^uro to tiho luiupcraturo
cf ft^eiini; poirjt, 07-
valu« ofp per ci^btr' foot in grains of sperm, 60-
Ga« enjcii-ie. Ub. it^3lj>
ifras mdiialr? uf tliu Trited Kiii'.^om. the. 401) to 4\t.
aa
MCWUIGGISIVS HANDBOOK F03
E.'ft4«tt occluded ill coAlt 5<T.
varioaa. tlieir sptmina gravity, wtight attd solubility iii naier,
riaaholdor*, 1«U to 218.
uapucitj. lfiI.lU2. 1D5.
uoiiLJt4?rbaliLn»w]v lOL
dimvUBJciiH of tlid principul m^torials in, 197.
paiutmjf of. lOi.
pruLiJiuLiuus Co be obswi'^ieil in bUti wuvlimu oft lOfi.
preaaiir^ of, to asirerlain, 197,
recijio for aoiLtuig, 1!>4,
riae in the crown ot 192,
single lift, 191, lJ)7io 20fi.
ieli?«couif, 11*1, a04 lo *2i:^,
iTUdUOu fl^iiJ unbruaseti rooGi, iUSJ*
wvigliL of. to a^cj^iUun, liiii.
wiiiioiit giiulo framing, l*ja,
Gaaholdor laultfl. lUS lo iW.
annular, Iflfi. 189.
Ai'^11 (M.)h on masoiify ivullit of. 172.
aepbulte or tiu- c-oncrute aud mort&r fi>r, 170, 171.
brick and puJdle, lil7. 17tt.
coal niA nrougliL inm. 114. I IG. l(j^, )0d, 175. 167 to 15?0.
cein**nL mortar for, 170,
oompoaito, IKG-
concrete, lOlJ, 165.
DougIaf«"a EiiBtrnt^tions for preparm^ cuncrcle, 169<
(Iry ^«I|h, 171-
viamplca of ooustruotion of, 171* to 11*0,
escavationa for, 100.
Kaija on I'orUaud oempnlp 170.
Jiydruubc limo mortar f<tr. 170.
leakage of wnter fi'nra iron, 171.
maLnriulH uf vsh'ich UiilLrt art {!omftr[ict«J. IdO.
iiatnral alopo of varlhk. 166.
Pole (l>r.) on masonry wallo of, 17S.
puJ^llo cUy for, 171.
aton». 166. 186,
tbickaeBiE of ffnUs of, 172 lo 17l^.
wc^aht of various cflrtba'cmcl rooks, 10»J.
wroiLgbt'imii, U>fl, IliO.
Gu liiTie, 375.
its composjtioup and ubu in agrioalturo, lATV-
GAS ENaiNEBBS AND MANAGERS. 49t
resTilts obtained by applying cerUia mftnur^ to Und, 860 |
Gas managers, golden mlea for, 422. t
Gaa meters, consomers', 275.
apparfttufl required for testing, 277. 27H.
compensAting. 275.
dilatation of gas in contact with water, 202.
dry, description of the, 275.
efrect of overdriving the measuring wheel of, 276-
Hiint*B compensating, 276. 1
inspection of, 276. I
percentage tables for use in testing, 27!1 to 2!>2.
protection of, hom froat, 276.
provisions of Sales of Gas Act, 1650, Qs to stamping, 275.
Sanders and Donovan's, 275.
sizes of, desirable to be used, 276, 20^.
testing, 277-
to ascertain the number of lights a meter will supply, 294.
Urquhart'a " Eeliance," 276.
Warner and Cowan's, 275,
wet, description of the, 275,
Gas works, buildings and apparatus of a, Hi.
capital of, 412 to 423.
conduct of a, 415.
cost of, 417,422 to 428.
design of, 414-
omamBntation in, 414-
site for a, 41d.
Gas- Works Clauses Act, 1971, on testing for illuminating power, 381.
on testing for purity, 149.
Gauges, pressure, 162.
coloured water for, 169.
differential, 163.
King's, 163, 830.
Referees'. 842.
to clean the glass tubes of, 1G8-
Generator and regenerative furnaces, 70, 75,
Siemens', 76.
Webber on, 76.
Gesner on the distillation of Newcastle cannel for gas and oil, id.
Glance or anthracite coal, 1, 52.
Gloss, loss of light through. 298, 29D.
for public lamps, weight and thickness of, 272-
Globe and sun lights, ventilating, 296.
m
XHWJtIOGINU'S JEAM»UO0K KOB
Globeft and abudcB, lose oriigUt Uu-ougb, 29ti, 2[J8.
Glim i^^mt>nL to resist moiBtnii?. ^07.
GotUard on et'urfijig I'^toris. 78.
Gold bron^i! powdura, or mrura moMiouui. UQQ*
Ocld^L rules fgt j^aa mitnagei^p 422,
Govt^mor, diBtrici or dilfm^itiaJ. 217.
presBurt iiTid ounsumptJon, 211.
QcTcxnor. eiLtbttetfiT* 115.
Oovcrtmr. expeiLiiietital. BGO,
GnvornoT or regnlnrr^i- for iniemil fittings. 2OT.
Governor, utiilioii, 2M,
BdvaiiLi>'uft uf the, 211-
Brtuldtick"8, 'il5,
byo puss Tijnii-ifl and vah-as for. 12U.
ooiutruction oi Uie, ^14.
Cavtuna '2lli.
CrOWH.n'fJ anktrrmr.ic preti^nre cLan^er for, 2)ii.
Ji-oeEiag of water in tanke of, 217.
llortlti/s improvementfl ic, 31C,
Pe^ltus'e. 215.
Bti^uni atovo for governor house, 217<
valves as goveniorH of prcBbsurt^, 214.
yari^ious of pr^ssut-e w^cwrdiag to level, 217.
(iroduEitod bar of photometer , S80.
(iraham'B liori^oDtnl condeni^i^r, 102.
Omvitf, »potiifj<;, i^rid wcjj^IjL of vitrioits ffubstanceK. 44fr.
to covtvert into T^ttddel^ J09.
(irovD coloute<l (^re. 812,
tirice'H 8ctr'4*ejiliiig retort h'da, 8J^,
Owyiinee Beal«'f Exh&Qster. IIJ.
H or bridge pipe*. 67.
Tla-niraer for Weaking ^oKe. SftS.
Handy tttulliplier for rtiought-iron. 4H8.
rtile for asocrtainin&t blie weight of gfls in a holi)ei'> 160.
nilefor fiiiLlijig the coitteiilofapipcingi^IonHajid oaLicfeel. t59>
Harcourt's neronJiometar, fl44.
proposed poutane ^ua stAodfl^ liglit, 847* U4tl-
siilphur teat, I5Q.
HftrtTuj^'rt cxpBrinumtB on lh<^ lose of liglit through sbmt glflfls, fflobcR.
GAB £HOnfBBBB AND MANAQ2BS. i05
Hartie;' & — continued .
improvementa in atatioc goTemora, 215.
Hawkitu's method of revivifying oxide of iron in ntu, 185, 186.
Heat-condacting power of metals, 406.
expansion of &ir find permanent gases by, 98.
specific, of solids aod liquidSt 407.
Beating, use of gas for, 362.
Heats of retorts, 64, 69. 72.
Height of brackets and chandeliers, 295.
of retort-houae chimneys, 70.
Hemp ropes, to find the weight of, 443.
Henry's (BtpI table of quality of gas at dlfierent periods of distilla-
tion, 80,
Hiira eiperimentfl on punfication by means ofammonia, 188*
Hislop's practical analysis of Scottish oannel coals. 36^
process for calcinmg spent lime, 181.
HoldfjTS, gas, 190 to 218.
capacity, 192. 196.
counterbalanced, 191.
dimensionB of the principal materials in, 197<
painting of, 194.
precautions to be observed in the working of, 192.
preamre of, to ascertain, 197.
recipe for coating, 194.
rise in tbe crown of. 192.
single lift, 190, 197.
telescopic. 190, 198, 204.
trussed and untruSBod roofs, 192.
weight of, to ascertain, 196.
without upper guide- framing, 192.
Holman'a eccentric fastener for retort-lids, 88.
HorizoDtat burners, objectionable, 295.
condensers, 101, 102-
HouTS, number of, during which gas is usually burned, 274.
Hnghee's classification of limeatones, 184.
Hnlett's service cleanser, 261.
Hunt'a compensating meter. 276.
station governor, 216.
Hydraulic centre-vaJve, 145.
Hydraulic lime mortar for gasholder tanks, 170.
Hydraulic late for purifier covers, 148.
Hydraulic main, 67.
dip in the, 89.
rize of the, 87.
90$
NRWBlOtllNOli HAKDBOOK FOB
Uydranlic main — cantiiiHid.
the "'Livea©y,'"89.
HydrDCArbons abHorlwrl by indin-ruhbyv tubing, 297.
gaaeoas, 00.
vokuie, 90.
Hyilrogen in eoa!, 3.
Hydrom^lof, Beitum^'B, ST5.
Twadd&l'a. 87210 374.
THntninfttiTig power, 880,
ftnd vfiEue of eo&is and gaa m potnids of fl|N)tair 60.
Cbppariitus for teaLint: iht;, b^Q.
l^vuxHim |>}]Olomt^tpr, fl.SO,
cftlcuIatioTH for oorracUona in tho constimplion of gM ftnd tbo
atandai'd uaudio, 8Sdto»87.
candle baluiiot] a.rid wej^'hts> ^^0.
correction!* fctr lerapeiatiirp nnd pressure* 983 to SS7.
disc for toelJDg, 830.
o^perlmenCol Roveroor, 8flO.
i^jiperiinenlal ineter. a/iS, fiSO. HRl*.
torn diffort>nt coala aud c&iin^lSp 11^ to 47<
;-faduak4 bur of photomettM', HbO.
iLupnriUeB aad, 150.
inqlriiutions of B«fereo4 on t^Mlin^ for, fl»1 .
King'fi pvussnre r^au^^t, 3!W.
Kirkliaui uud &ngc'a bcilIi; forjot photouicuir, 8^.
Li!t]iuby-Ituu-i(*n puolDmeter, i)80.
lo»« of, OH uxpasiire to freezing point, 07-
loaa ot, tbrou^b g-lobo»r s'u^oBi and tiat plft89. !^!M, U(K>>
Lotve'aji^t photometer. 851-
moiiff oru<'4Lin^ fnr. SSI.
Erossuro tin(\, IL^7.
etere^ cubic foot meftBEire, 880.
t'o^iiilratiou nfobfiiii^iitioEis. 83ti, 88^.
Btmdard bTii-iiers for lewtin^, S8S-
BltLndEird dpi^rm camlk', 9H0'. 881. 8tM£.
nUtviupnt of bcatm^s for, ilfl^,
Mtatulory ifgulalionH for taming!. 881.
hugg'B itluKitQAtitig pow^T meter, 858.
BTi^'j^'fi pbotonif^triou ttible. 818.
tbermomvti^r lUid LaromvU.'r. 880^
Tliorpo ftnd Taker's jet pliotomM«r, 8Ji.
vadatboH in tbu, S50.
GAS BKGmSBS AVD UANAGERfi,
y^tiatiH pcop08t^(3 aLauJArOs \>i U^ltU, H46.
lUuminAiing pow^i* ni«ter, HAH,
Bnutfwicli BUt-s, dlO.
oolmrvd Hrw. fill.
ithuninatod bordu's, }ill.
Inttt^m, r^ini^Ic ftQd double lined. UOU.
turvli- {if Miippiv and cb^rg^ for ^a^ flOT^
servit^e or BHppIj pipoH, IJOW.
lllnmuuLtions, p^iblic. HOT to B30.
ImpiuUie^ uid illifiiiicititiug power. lAO-
in Gaul ga«, l2iJ.
t^stE! for the dstoction of, ll(i.
India-rubber tubing, absorption of ihc hydrocorbotii bj, 2^.
\iiniL*h for. 2D7.
Ii]gr«djcnta. thiuf, of inshidi coal iu compottd, 9>
iDptrucCionii foi pmpnring c^Dcrete, lO)).
iifUnf Lcjndon (ins rcfetti'S, US, &»!.
Inl«nuKl iittinga, 2liM lc> ycX»,
aboorplioii i>f tlic L^dio^arboiia by tndin- rubber tubbg, 2tf7-
Bra/'n vnittilnciii^ globe Lights, 21J0.
biirii«rii iTi ibu homoiita.! poftitiun, oLjuvtlonabloH 112S.
Cowun's vculiiutirii^' ^*[o!>o U^jhltf, Ui}ii.
uficot of taiinll und bud iij|itn riiitl Hltm^. 20Q.
lmnJ>- I'Lilu Ibr t-rti.iiLjJiUii^ ilie number uf burners Icir Ugbling
lui'^b buililiti^d. 29H,
kt-igbt (if cbuudcborH and hrt^kHs, )t\ia.
ligbUiL^ of ordiimry roitmci. 2Dfj.
lu^iofTigljt llimu|jb -^fiHilM, t'LobeM. ueicI JIjU ^!a8S. S9K, S99.
Poeblcn'a '*Nl4hU[? ' governor buruorT !iSi7.
preHau]« Aad ilUuciiiiating pow«r. 297*
r^ifulitUoim Ufl tu, 1£9^h
re^At^r or governor Tor, S97-
a&Ud od lit wtftU'].' diiflu poudaule. to pi^uvuiit cyaporution, 'JUu.
■bsM oud leujiftLfl uf piptH for iiutubur of lijfbt» ftvipplied. 3lfi4.
Hlsei of lUt'ttiJ-H titr number orii^blf^ ALippbeil, 2f)0.
6[rodo'« vootiJating auu light, :e9»(,
&ii^'« Tcutilatiu;; i:lob« lii;liLa, ^t;.
VUXusb lo prevL-ut llic tiFici^i' of i^AH IbrouinEb iiidu'i'ubber
tubing, a«7.
verjiilftting globe and eun bgbt^, :J1>0.
4K NEWBIGOINQ'S HANDBOOK FOR
iQtem&l Fitlmg&—contiiiufiK
ventilation of rooms, 296.
Wright'B " Acme " regnl&ting burner, 207.
Iron and brass, mixture for tinning, 802.
breaking weight of ropes of iron and steel wire, 448.
contraction of cast-iron in cooling, 222-
corrugated-iron roofing, 442.
fiat bar, 438-
handy multiplier, for wrought, 488.
hoop-iron, 441.
lineal expansion of metaU, 408.
nuts and bolt heads. 442.
round bar, 438.
safe load on chaina, 448.
sheet-iron and steel, 489.
square bar, 430>
steel, 440.
taper angle-iron of equal sides, 441.
taper T-iron, 441.
to resist tbe action of fire, 444.
weightof a spbere 1 inch in diameter, 441.
weight of a superficial foot of iron, 440.
weight of chains, 448-
Whitworth's screws with angular threads. 442.
Iron gasholder tanks, 165, 167, 171, 175, 187 to 190.
leakages of water from, 171-
IroiL, lead, and composition pipes for internal supply, 298, 801.
Iron, oxide of, purification by means of, 181, 182, 188, 148,
Iron pyrites in coal, 54.
Iron retorts. 64, 72.
clay and, combined settings of, 72.
dimensions of, 72.
duration of, 72.
Fraser's ribbed, 7:3.
acurfingof, 72.
temperature suitable for, 72.
weightof, 72.
Jet photometer, 851.
Lowe's, 861-
soale, 852.
Thorp and Taaker's, S54.
Jet. steam exhaustev, 111, 114.
Joining the ends of clay retorts, cement for, 82*
OAS ENGINEERS AJUD MANAGERS. IQ>
Jointing retort moiitbpieeo8» S2.
Jointing space in main pipes, 219, 225.
JointH of main pipes, 219 to 224.
service- pipes, 260 to 266.
Jones's exbaueter, 112.
Eeates's moderator lamp as a proposed standard of light, 846.
" Kimberley '' joint for wrooght-iron main pipes, 228.
fking's pressure gauge, 1G8, 350.
Eing's table showing loss of light through glass shades or globes, 896.
KirUiam and Sugg's improved Lowe's jet photometer, 861.
scale for jet photometer, 862.
Eirkham and Wright's annular condenser, 99, 100.
Kirkham, Hnlett, and Chandler's washer-scrubber, 124,
£5rting and Cleiand's steam jet exhausteri 111, 114.
Lacquer and varnish, 804,
deep gold, 805.
fine pale, 805.
gold, 805.
green, 806.
iron, 806.
red, BOG.
simple pale, 805.
yellow, 806.
Lacquering brass work, 806-
Laidlaw's exhauster, 112.
Laming'H eiperimenta in purification by means of ammonia, 186,
Lamp, the Carcel, 34G.
Eeates's moderator, 846.
Lamp columnB, S69, 270.
distance apart of, 2G9.
height of, 269.
size of pipe in, 269.
Lamps, street, 270 to 272.
average meter system for, 272.
Bray's, 269, 271.
regulators for, 272.
Siemena's, 270, 271.
Sugg's, 269, 271.
supply of gas to, 272.
thickness and weight of glass for, 272.
Idnoashire ooais, 8, 12, 21.
Law teims, 454.
K K 2
m
NEWBIOGINO'S HANDBOOK POH
httjet% cf pmiO'in^ inQtoiiftl in puritiers, 1441.
Leii^ &ad OompoaiLioQ pipes, 29i. i»OL
tengttm juid weiglib per yart^, i^H.
Lead, moltcti, ^2i.
L-ed ii»i] irhiU, 221.
wfiigh; uf, fur jointuig mojn.i. 22&.
Le*/1 piil)er, to prtpare, U9.
Lead rio^c tbr jointing. 227.
L«iv! aejvice pi pea, £00.
L(?Jilcage in boiffirs, cecoeiit for stojj^iiu^. 110.
imlionLor. Ljon'fi. 234.
CQELm pjpcB, 21», 282 to 28L
oT water fjrom jroii suLoEder tuJu. 171.
rarvice [}i[)e8 and flltingH. :fiOO>
Lvaaea* tenna for. 4fi4.
Lenf^b of <la:r iLud ui^Ltf rulo to £»d Uio, ^212.
hoihahy (Dr.k i^i]m[KiHitiQii of Loudoti gas [i>tOGi, -lOO.
ruiitliod of determining iho BpeeLfic gravity nf j^ftH, ftB6.
eombufitiOD, t'jiii{iorature, explosive power, and m»c1i&nicil
power of b'&ai^3i 404-
on proponirin of producl* from coul tar, flfttJ.
on pnnficftiioii of gas. ISB-
ou valoiM of dxtfortfikt illuminating agents. 101.
Lethebr-BuuMQ pbotomelvr. tJ30.
LiHfl QTid lid fasteners for retorts, 81-
i-etort, luting for, H3-
retort, Murton'a and other Pelf fit nling, SH.
[rurifier. jLp]>iii'at lj& for raiding. H4,
Lifting itppiiratus for punfier covers. 141.
Ligilt. l03B of. Uiroiigh gJobas and tiat ^UiA elio»ti>. 19H, SE99.
through mixing air with gan, 3£pD,
Light, aUndnrda of. aao, 84S,
Lighting of largQ buildings, 298.
i5 ordiaary roome, 2IJ6-
public. SOD (o2T4.
Liglitd, colourud. 8M.
nuiiLb(.>r of. supplied by different diameters and tengtliB of pi|>«,
201.
ivombflr of, HupplieO by different sized meter?, 308-
veniihiiiK^ tjlob'' iiml Hiin, 20*J.
lAgaiiv or brown coal, 1-
LSoiC ^oloui^d liro, 33] L
Liuie, FoiHtairb iufcU'UetioDs for pi:epflirii]gi for the punliet*, 180.
QA& BN'OtSEBBS AKD UANAOHRd,
Be, or ipent, STl^.
UIop s procoSB for CAlomiiiff sp^t* 1E1.
liydrtLulic, 170.
prcpamiioti cf. far ptiri^ing. 141*.
pnnficaticin by, V2{t.
qoiuitity of. rfiqiiiiml to purify llir gaf obtainod ti^m oftnnoT
Limu wiitcri tc prcpbro, U?.
weight and mucianit^mtnt of. ISC.
LiuiuntiiriL-n. dn'tfiifictttUHj cjf, 184,
tb«ir ooJiipoHitiou aud apvciljo j^xrity, 185.
Liquids. »utbamou of, 1(>^.
Liquklfti midif* rapoum* and goacs, apvcifjc ht^al of, 407.
LSqaor. unmoniaeu, 371.
Utmoap^cr, to prtpuro, llci.
Ltvee«y*»ftii(LljHiB ori:ohl Sfl,
L-\[H.-rimeiitM iti puriljctttioii Iry [luimunut. lAB.
Euboldor, wliliotit guid« fnuuing, i03.
Iiyi3nulic Mnh 19d<
BCLTultMir. IIS).
w&tlior. IIH
LondOD Ar^nUkd, No. 1, fiu^jc'e. 386.
London t.'Tu. tiuuijiualtioii oftlS^Itlf. 400,
London tlias Tfef^j^aea' ciibii]- font mftaBni'e, 8Sft.
ijuuu<ttioD8 for toaling. l£i>, H8r
pressure fc&uge, M^^
sulphur iBi^t, mO.
London Gas-Work^, condensing bthImoii nt anviinil. 107.
Lorn of ilbmiaaling property in coal gtis on oxposcira to fre«emg
poini, 97.
of !ig)it Ijf miting mir with gii^, A*^0.
through glob«G and f^Al shccUt of glOrttk, 2KI6, 209.
Late or ^ral, depth of. foi^ puridor oover«, liS.
Iiating for retort hils, 83,
of jaiiiU in ohemitwl iriLperimMitA. 100.
Lyon*A Wkn^c indicator, iJJM,
UM?liiii4»nr nKMi fnr charging nnd dUuUnrgiiig reUtrla, Si-
iiACid foi' cokQ breaking, ^iil.
llaiDtHydranLicr dip in ihci dl>-
fioa
SEWBlOOlKG^ft HANDBOOK POU
Main laying, ^31)
ftverago cost per yord or» S86, 288,
Mnin pipes, ^lQto2Cfl.
npplinnces «pod in Uying, 230,
ftvcrago cost por yard of laying, 2^5, 2»it.
ball tmd sockt^t joints for, 226.
cjtaLiiig of> 216.
coating of, 229.
iUgcharpo of ^aa per liour through, 2IR to 259.
diraenaioos of BocKeta *it, 221,
ilriporayphon wella for, 2flO, 28-1.
«lC|raiiGtOii JoJntd for, S^B.
exploaiona in. QS2.
flttngoa jointa of. 228, 237.
formnk for (ULkulHlini^ tlie weii^lii of, ilS.
iron 01* raet L^omonU for joint of, 2^5,
joinlitig Epaco iTi. 210, 220. 228.
jomtfiof. 21S> to22fl.
"Kirab&rluv" joint for wrought ti-on, ^^f*.
U/in^ of. 22S, 220 to 2S]f,
leakage From. 2td, 2;)2 to 2iJ4,
f ijoo'ii l(*!<.kage in^lii-ator for, 2JI4 »
luotalof, 218
open joitjt^ for, 210.
ovt^rvreigLL iu, 21^.
rweifl foT \i*aA in fmnl of hirnnil joint, 220, 22!-
ted BJid tvhii^ l^<^ for joints of, 228. 221,
«houM be drilled, not cn&, for the i^iwrtion of llt« s«ririce papc«,
testing nf. 21«, 28a.
teetiu^ of, in tho ^^ronnd, 2d^-
torued oud bored joint:^, 220, 221,
Upwftrd'B drilUog ^ippHrntuK for. 201,
vulcnnised indm- rubber jottt Is for, 223. 226,
w^igbl ivnii cost pffr yt,u\ of, 287 to 2-U.
wulgbl of lead rei|uirei1 for jointing. 22£. 228.
WTOtig)it.irDii, 228-
MdinE, consumption of ^a^ ptr mile of, 1 17,
population p€r mile of, 417-
ti^iital iH?r mile of, 417,
Main thermometer* Drory's. I4li,
Mnlftm'3 ArTOni'<'m6nt of piiriliers, 1-iO,
Monn'E a^^mbber, 121.
QAS BNGINBEBG AKD MAHAGEB3.
Maecmry tank walls, 172.
Maatio cemeat for biiilding3» 48tf-
Materials in gaaboldera, dimensions of, 197^
of which gftQhoIder tanks are constructed, 176.
Mean temperature of every tenth day in the year, 99.
Measure, Referees' cubic ^t, 839,
Measuring wheel or drum of a meter, 160. 161, 276, 298.
Measitres and weights, 466 to 470.
decimal system of, 472.
Meofaanical and architectural drawing, colours used in, 455^
Melting points, table of, 409.
Memoranda, chemical and other, 80&-
mJBcellaneous articles, 447.
office. 44d.
relating to water, 406-
Mensnration, epitome of, 466.
approximate multipliers, 460.
arithmetical and algebraical signs, 460.
circle, cylinder, and sphere, 466.
diameters, Gircumferences, areas of circles, and sides of equal
squares, 402.
elhpses, cones, and frustums, 457-
evolution, or tiie extraction of roots, 4o0>
involution, or the raising of powers, 459.
square, rectangle, and cube. 457.
triangles and polygons, 457>
Metals, expansion of, 408.
heat conducting power of, 408.
power of, for reflecting heat, 408.
Meter, average system, for public lighting, 272.
station, 160.
Meters, consumers', 275 to 202.
apparatus required for testing, 277, 278.
compensating, 275.
dry meter, description of the, 275.
effect of overdriving a measaring wheel. 276-
Hunt's compensating, 276.
inspection of, 276,
Parkinson's motive power, 277.
percentage tables used in testings 279 to 202.
repayment, 277,
protection of, from frost, 276.
provisions of Sales of Gas Act, 1860. aa to stamping, 276.
&uider and Donovan's, 276.
B04 NEW&IGOINQ'S HANDBOOK FOB
Meters, conflumere" — continueiL
size of meters desirable to be uaed, 27G, 2AiS.
testing ot 277-
UrquhftTt's '* Reliance," 276-
Warner and Cowan's, 275.
wet meter, description of the, 275,
Methven's exhauster, 111^
proposed standard of light, 84(;.
Meyer and Playfair^s (Drs-) on the gases occluded Id coal, 55<
Uillar's table of amount and speoific gravity of gas at different period*
of distillation, 79.
Millboard for jointing Ganges, 227.
MisceUaneous articles, mDmorauda, 447.
Mixing of air and gas, effect of, S50.
Mixing of the ingredients for coloured fires, 813.
Mixture for tinning brass and iron, 302.
Miitores of canneland coal, 2C.
coal and other substances, 23.
different coals, 27.
Moderator lamp, Keates', Mb,
Moisture, corrections for, 857, 858-
gliie cemeut to resist, 807.
Moon's rising and setting, 272.
Mortar and concrete* 169, 170, 485.
bine lias lime concrete, 109, 435.
cement mortar, 169, 185-
coarse mortar, 485.
hydraulic lime mortar, 169, 485,
kind of, employed for tanks, 169.
mastic cement mortar for buildings. 48(J.
Portland cement concrete, 169, 485,
tar mortal and concrete. 170, 171.
Morton's self-sealing retort lids, 88,
Motive power gas meter, 277.
Motive power, use of gas for, 8G2.
Mounting&ofretort bench, 63.68, 81.87. 88
bucks taves, OS-
eoke slaking apparatus, (iH.
fornace ash pans, 6H.
hydraulic main, 87, 89.
lids and lid fasteners, 81.
retort mouthpieces, 81.
Monthpieces, retort. 81.
Mutiplier for wi-ought^iron. 438.
I
GAS BNGIKEERB AND MANAaERS, fiM
Miiltipliem for fftcilitating oalculfttiona, 4;ifi, 400^
Mcri&to of ammonia, 671, 889.
Muagnv6*B oxhaiiater, 111.
Naphthftiine. 92. 109.
Br^mond onj 110.
Natural elope of earths, 166.
" Needle " governor burner^ Feoblea'B, 297<
Newoafitle coaU and canneU, B, 4, ISi 23, 40.
difltiilation of. for ga.a and oil, 48-
production per ton of, 4U.
New red sandstone, 2.
Night and day, to find the length of, 272.
Nitrogen in coal, 8.
Number of bricks in walls of dJEFerent areas. 430 to 484.
Number of burners required to light large rooms. 298.
Number of hours during which gas is usually bunied, 274.
Nntfl, cannel and coal, 48.
Objections to burners placed hori:tontally, 295.
Obstruction of light by globes and fiat glass, 296, 299.
Odling (Dr.) on purification. 1*42.
Office memoranda, 448.
approximate multipliers, 460.
arithmetical and algebraical signs, 469.
authority to pay dividends, 453.
books required in the keeping of a gas company's accounts* 44B
to 451.
certificates showing that income-tax has been deducted, 454.
colours used in mechanical and architectural drawing, 455-
declaration for loss of sealed share certificates, 452.
declaration of transmission of shares, 453.
discount for early payment of gas bills^ 451.
epitome of mensuration. 456.
French weights and measures, 472 to 476.
indemuity for loss of share certificates or dividend warrant, 452-
law terms, 454.
renouncement of proposed new issue on the transfer of old
shares, 451.
renunciation of ahares newly allotted, 451.
sizes of drawing paper, 456.
terms for leases, 454.
weights and measures, 466 to 477.
Ohren, experiments in cooking by gaB> 864.
AM KEWBIQQIHG'S HANDBOOK FOE
Ohren — cvitlinueil.
on the application of sulphate of ammonift in agncnltnrei 877.
OiJ, salad, bo prevent evaporatioD from water elide pendantB, fi95.
Old red sandstone, 2.
Ornamentation in Gas- Works, 414,
Oval retorts, 65.
Ovens and retorts of fire bricks and tiles, 71.
Oxidation of pipes, 229, 260.
Oxide of iron, 131, 184.
average composition of native bog ore, 182.
precautions required in using fresh, 132.
purification by, 131, 184.
spent, 877, 892.
Oxygen in coal, 8.
Oxygen, pure, use of. in purification, 136.
Paddon'a washer- scrubber, 133.
Paper disc for testing gas, 330.
Paper, lead, to prepare, 149.
litmus, to prepare* 147.
tumeric, to prepare, 146.
Paper, sizes of drawing, 456.
Parkinson's motive power gas meter, 277.
Parlby's self-sealing retort-lids, 88.
Parrot or cannel coal, 1.
Patcrson's (J.) analysis of coals and cannels, 87 to 47.
Paterson's (B. 0.) experiments with the steam jet exhauster, 112,
Patterson's (R. H.) discoveries in purification, 181 to 184, 186.
on keeping gas 
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